Asp 3020
Asp 3020
La revue du GERAS
15-18 | 1997
Anglais et français de spécialité
Édition électronique
URL : https://journals.openedition.org/asp/3020
DOI : 10.4000/asp.3020
ISSN : 2108-6354
Éditeur
Groupe d'étude et de recherche en anglais de spécialité
Édition imprimée
Date de publication : 1 décembre 1997
Pagination : 157-183
ISSN : 1246-8185
Référence électronique
Gilles Mathis, « Stylistique et discours scientifique », ASp [En ligne], 15-18 | 1997, mis en ligne le 25 mai
2012, consulté le 24 avril 2024. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/asp/3020 ; DOI : https://doi.org/
10.4000/asp.3020
Le texte seul est utilisable sous licence CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Les autres éléments (illustrations, fichiers
annexes importés) sont « Tous droits réservés », sauf mention contraire.
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