Previous Page: (Conrinued)

Previous Page
35 0.592 0.110 5 0.018 77 0.002 23 1 1.602 0.510 4 0.032 30 0.004 12 0.016 66 0.000 142 5
40 0.530 0.097 3 0.017 75 0.002 075 1.438 0.459 0 0.029 15 0.003 66 0.016 44 0.000 138 4
45 0.479 0.086 0 0.016 90 0.001 933 1.322 0.422 8 0.026 60 0.003 27 0.016 24 0.000 134 1
50 0.436 0.076 1 0.016 15 0.001 797 1.225 0.392 5 0.024 59 0.002 94 0.016 08 0.000 128 7
60 0.359 0.057 6 0.014 88 0.001 522 1.023 0.329 5 0.021 77 0.002 39 0.016 00 0.000 117 8
70 - - 0.014 40 0.001 276 0.862 0 279 3 0.019 48 0.001 85 0.016 0 0.000 102
80 - 0.014 30 0.000 980 0.683 0.222 7 0.018 26 0.001 34 0.016 0 0.000 079
90 - - 0.014 2 0.000 57 0.39 0.127 0.017 6 0.000 8 - - 0.016 0 0.000 046
100 - - 0.014 1 0.000 00 0.00 0.000 0.017 2 0.000 0 - - 0.016 0 0.000 000
0 4.670 0.706 6 0.055 63 0.003 959 0.073 81 0.009 833 0.023 54 0.002 942 0.048 89 0.006 945 79.789 22.83
1 4.522 0.683 9 0.054 01 0.003 842 0.071 84 0.009 564 0.022 97 0.002 869 0.047 58 0.006 756 77.210 22.09
2 4.379 0.661 9 0.052 44 0.003 728 0.069 93 0.009 305 0.022 41 0.002 798 0.046 33 0.006 574 74.691 21.37
3 4.241 0.640 7 0.05093 0.003 619 0.068 09 0.009 057 0.021 87 0.002 730 0.045 12 0.006 400 72.230 20.66
4 4.107 0.620 1 0.049 46 0.003 513 0.066 32 0.008 816 0.021 35 0.002 663 0.043 97 0.006 232 69.828 19.98
5 3.977 0.600 1 0.048 05 0.003 410 0.064 61 0.008 584 0.020 86 0.002 600 0.042 87 0.006 072 67.485 19.31
6 3.852 0.580 9 0.046 69 0.003 312 0.062 98 0.008 361 0.020 37 0.002 537 0.041 80 0.005 918 65.200 18.65
7 3.732 0.562 4 0.045 39 0.003 217 0.061 40 0.008 147 0.019 90 0.002 477 0.040 80 0.005 773 62.973 18.02
8 3.616 0.544 6 0.04413 0.003 127 0.059 90 0.007 943 0.019 45 0.002 419 0.039 83 0.005 632 60.805 17.40
9 3.505 0.527 6 0.042 92 0.003 039 0.058 46 0.007 747 0.019 02 0.002 365 0.038 91 0.005 498 58.697 16.80
10 3.399 0.511 2 0.041 77 0.002 955 0.057 09 0.007 560 0.018 61 0.002 312 0.038 02 0.005 368 56.647 16.21
11 3.300 0.496 0 0.040 72 0.002 879 0.055 87 0.007 393 0.018 23 0.002 263 0.037 18 0.005 246 54.655 15.64
12 3.206 0.481 4 0.039 70 0.002 805 0.054 70 0.007 233 0.017 86 0.002 216 0.036 37 0.005 128 52.723 15.09
13 3.115 0.467 4 0.038 72 0.002 733 0.053 57 0.007 078 0.017 50 0.002 170 0.035 59 0.005 014 50.849 14.56
14 3.028 0.454 0 0.037 79 0.002 665 0.052 50 0.006 930 0.017 17 0.002 126 0.034 86 0.004 906 49.033 14.04
15 2.945 0.441 1 0.036 90 0.002 599 0.051 47 0.006 788 0.016 85 0.002 085 0.034 15 0.004 802 47.276 13.54
16 2.865 0.428 7 0.036 06 0.002 538 0,050 49 0.006 652 0.016 54 0.002 045 0.033 48 0.004 703 45.578 13.05
17 2.789 0.416 9 0.035 25 0.002 478 0.049 56 0.006 524 0.016 25 0.002 006 0.032 83 0.004 606 43.939 12.59
18 2.717 0.405 6 0.034 48 0.002 422 0.048 68 0.006 400 0.015 97 0.001 970 0.032 20 0.004 514 42.360 12.14
19 2.647 0.394 8 0.033 76 0.002 369 0.047 85 0.006 283 0.015 70 0.001 935 0.031 61 0.004 426 40.838 11.70
20 2.582 0.384 6 0.033 08 0.002 319 0.047 06 0.006 173 0.015 45 0.001 901 0.031 02 0.004 339 39.374 11.28
21 2.517 0.374 5 0.032 43 0.002 270 0.046 25 0.006 059 0.015 22 0.001 869 0.030 44 0.004 252 37.970 10.88
22 2.456 0.364 8 0.031 80 0.002 222 0.045 45 0.005 947 0.014 98 0.001 838 0.029 88 0.004 169 36.617 10.50
23 2.396 0.355 4 0.031 19 0.002 177 0.04469 0.005838 0.014 75 0.001 809 0.029 34 0.004 087 35.302 10.12
24 2.338 0.346 3 0.030 61 0.002 133 0.043 95 0.005 733 0.014 54 0.001 780 0.028 81 0.004 007 34.026 9.76
25 2.282 0.337 5 0.030 06 0.002 091 0.043 23 0.005 630 0.014 34 0.001 751 0.028 31 0.003 931 32.786 9.41
26 2.229 0.329 0 0.029 52 0.002 050 0.042 54 0.005 530 0.014 13 0.001 724 0.027 83 0.003 857 31.584 9.06
(Continued)
(Conrinued)
1.313
1.314
TABLE 1.67 Solubility

Solubility of Gases in Water (Continued)
(Continued)
Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Chlorine Ethane Ethylene Hydrogen

Temp.
"C ff 9 a 9 1 4 a q a q (Y q
26 2.229 0.329 0 0.029 52 0.002 050 0.042 54 0.005 530 0.014 13 0.001 724 0.027 83 0.003 857 31.584 9.06
27 2.177 0.320 8 0.029 01 0.002 011 0.041 88 0.005 435 0.013 94 0.001 698 0.027 36 0.003 787 30.422 8.73
28 2.128 0.313 0 0.028 52 0.001 974 0.041 24 0.005 342 0.013 76 0.001 672 0.026 91 0.003 718 29.314 8.42
29 2.081 0.305 5 0.028 06 0.001 938 0.040 63 0.005 252 0.013 58 0.001 647 0.026 49 0.003 651 28.210 8.10
30 2.037 0.298 3 0.027 62 0.001 904 0.040 04 0.005 165 0.013 42 0.001 624 0.026 08 0.003 588 27.161 7.80
35 1.831 0.264 8 0.025 46 0.001 733 0.037 34 0.004 757 0.012 56 0.001 501 0.024 40 0.003 315 22.489 6.47
40 1.660 0.236 1 0.023 69 0.001 586 0.035 07 0.004 394 0.011 84 0.001 391 0.023 06 0.003 082 18.766 5.41
45 1.516 0.211 0 0.022 38 0.001 466 0.033 11 0.004 059 0.011 30 0.001 300 0.021 87 0.002 858 - -
50 1.392 0.188 3 0.021 34 0.001 359 0.031 52 0.003 758 0.010 88 0.001 216 0.020 90 0.002 657 - -
60 1.190 0.148 0 0.019 54 0.001 144 0.029 54 0.003 237 0.010 23 0.001 052 0.019 46 0.002 274
70 1.022 0.110 1 0.018 25 0.000 926 0.028 10 0.002 668 0.009 77 0.000 851 0.018 33 0.001 856
80 0.917 0.076 5 0.017 70 0.000 695 0.027 00 0.001 984 0.009 58 0.000 660 0.017 61 0.001 381
90 0.84 0.041 0.017 35 0.000 40 0.026 5 0.001 13 0.009 5 0.000 38 0.017 2 0.000 79
100 0.81 0.000 0.017 0 0.000 00 0.026 3 0.000 00 0.009 5 0.000 00 0.017 0 0.000 00
*Atmospheric nitrogen containing 98.815% N,2 by volume + 1.185%

98.8156 N 1.185% inert gases.
TABLE 1.67
1.67 Solubility of Gases in Water
Substance 0" 10" 20" 30" 40" 60" 80"
Argon ff 0.052 8 0.041 3 0.033 7 0.028 8 0.025 1 0.020 9 0.018 4

Helium A 0.009 8 0.009 11 0.008 6 0.008 39 0.008 41 0.009 02 0.009 4270~
Hydrogen bromide 1 612 582 53325' 46950' 40675'
Hydrogen chloride ff 512 415 442 412 385 339
Krypton ff 0.110 5 0.081 0 0.062 6 0.051 1 0.043 3 0.035 7
Neon A 0.011 19' 0.010 6 0.010 0 0.009 4842' 0.009 8473'
Nitrous oxide A 0.88 0.63
Ozone g ' L-' 0.039 4 0.029 912 0.021 019' 0.013927' 0.004 2 0
Radon ff 0.510 0.326 0.222 0.162 0.126 0.085
Xenon ff 0.242 0.174 0.123 0.098 0.082
1.315
1.316
TABLE 1.68
1.68 Solubility
Solubility of Inorganic Compounds and Metal Salts of Organic Acids in Water at Various Temperatures
Solubilities substance of stated molecular formula which when dissolved in 100

Solubilities are expressed as the number of grams of substance 100 g of water make a saturated
saturated solution
solution
at the temperature stated (°C).
("C)
Substance Formula 0" 10" 20" 30" 40° 60" 80° goo 1ooo
Aluminum chloride 43.9 44.9 45.8 46.6 47.3 48.1 48.6 49.0
fluoride 0.56 0.56 0.67 0.78 0.91 1.1 1.32 1.72
nitrate 60.0 66.7 73.9 81.8 88.7 106 132 153 160
perchlorate 122 128 133 182
sulfate 31.2 33.5 36.4 40.4 45.8 59.2 73.0 80.8 89.0
thallium(1) sulfate 3.15 4.60 6.39 9.37 14.39 35.35
Ammonium aluminum
sulfate 2.10 5.00 7.74 10.9 14.9 26.7
azide 16.0 25.3 37.1
bromide 60.5 68.1 76.4 83.2 91.2 108 125 135 145
chloride 29.4 33.2 37.2 41.4 45.8 55.3 65.6 71.2 77.3
chloroiridate(IV) 0.56 0.71 0.95 1.20 1.56 2.45 4.38
chloroplatinate(lV) 0.289 0.374 0.499 0.637 0.815 1.44 2.16 2.61 3.36
chromate 25.0 29.2 34.0 39.3 45.3 59.0 76.1
chromium(tLI)sulfate 3.95 18.8 32.6
cobalt(Q sulfate 6.0 9.5 13.0 17.0 22.0 33.5 49.0 58.0 75.1
dichromate 18.2 25.5 35.6 46.5 58.5 86.0 115 156
dihydrogen arsenate 33.7 48.7 63.8 83.0 107 122
dihydrogen phosphate 22.7 29.5 37.4 46.4 56.7 82.5 118 173
dithionate 133 151 166 179
formate 102 143 204 311 533
hydrogen carbonate 11.9 16.1 21.7 28.4 36.6 59.2 109 170 354
hydrogen phosphate 42.9 62.9 68.9 75.1 81.8 97.2
hydrogen tartrate 1.00 1.88 2.70
iodide 155 163 172 182 191 209 229 250
iron@) sulfate 12.5 17.2 26.4 33 46
Ammonium magnesium
sulfate 11.8 14.6 18.0 21.7 25.8 35.1 48.3 65.7
nickel sulfate 1.oo 4.00 6.50 9.20 12.0 17.0
nitrate 118 150 192 242 297 421 580 740 87 1
oxalate 2.2 3.21 4.45 6.09 8.18 14.0 22.4 27.9 34.7
perchlorate 12.0 16.4 21.7 27.7 34.6 49.9 68.9
selenite 96 105 115 126 143 192
sulfate 70.6 73.0 75.4 78.0 81 88 95 103
sulfite 47.9 54.0 60.8 68.8 78.4 104 144 1so 153
tartrate 45.0 55.0 63.0 70.5 76.5 86.9
thioantimonate(V) 71.2 91.2 120
thiocy anate 120 144 170 208 234 346
vanadate 0.48 0.84 1.32 2.42
zinc sulfate 7.0 9.5 12.5 16.0 20.0 30.0 46.6 58.0 72.4
AntimonyCm) chloride 602 910 1087 1368 [completely miscible at 72"]
fluoride 385 444 562
Arsenic hydride
(760 mm), cc 42 30 28
oxide (pent-) 59.5 62. I 65.8 69.8 71.2 73.0 75.1 76.7
oxide (tri-) 1.20 1.49 1.82 2.31 2.93 4.31 6.1 1 8.2
Barium acetate 58.8 62 72 75 78.5 75.0 74.0 74.8
azide 12.5 16.1 17.417'
bromate 0.29 0.44 0.65 0.95 1.31 2.27 3.52 4.26 5.39
bromide 98 101 104 109 114 123 135 149
n-butyrate 37.0 36.1 35.4 34.9 35.2 37.2 41.7 45.5 48.Ig5'
caproate 11.71 8.38 6.89 5.87 5.79 8.39 14.71 19.28
chlorate 20.3 26.9 33.9 41.6 49.7 66.7 84.8 105
chloride 31.2 33.5 35.8 38.1 40.8 46.2 52.5 55.8 59.4
chlorite 43.9 44.6 45.4 47.9 53.8 66.6 80.8
fluoride 0.159 0.160 0.162
formate 26.2 28.0 29.9 31.9 34.0 38.6 44.2 47.6 51.3
hydroxide 1.67 2.48 3.89 5.59 8.22 20.94 101.4
iodate 0.035 0.046 0.057
iodide 182 201 223 250 264 29 1 301
nitrate 4.95 6.67 9.02 11.48 14.1 20.4 21.2 34.4
nitrite 50.3 60 12.8 102 151 222 26 1 325
perchlorate 239 336 416 495 575 653
propionate 57.2 56.8 57.5 59.0 62.0 67.8 73.0 82.7
isosuccinate 0.421 0.432 0.418 0.393 0.366 0.306 0.237
sulfamate 18.3 22.3 26.8 32.5 38.5 49.6 61.5 73.5
sulfide 2.88 4.89 1.86 10.38 14.89 27.69 49.91 67.34 60.29
tartrate 0.021 0.024 0.028 0.032 0.035 0.044 0.053
Beryllium nitrate 91 102 108 113 125 178
sulfate 37.0 37.6 39.1 41.4 45.8 53.1 67.2 82.8
Boric acid 2.61 3.73 5.04 6.12 8.72 14.81 23.62 30.38 40.25
Cadmium bromide 56.3 75.4 98.8 129 152 153 156 160
(Continued)
(Continued)
1.317
1.318
TABLE 1.68
1.68 Solubility of Inorganic Compounds and Metal Salts of Organic Acids in Water at Various Temperatures (Continued)
(Continued)
Substance Formula 0" 100 20" 30" 40' 60" 800 90" 100"
chlorate Cd(ClOJ2 299 308 322 348 376 455

chloride CdC1, 2.5H20 90 100 113 132
CdC12 H2O 135 135 135 135 136 140 147
formate Cd(CHOz)z 8.3 11.1 14.4 18.6 25.3 59.5 80.5 85.2 94.6
iodide Cd2 78.7 84.7 87.9 92.1 100 111 125
nitrate Cd(NO,), 122 136 150 167 194 310 713
perchlorate Cd(ClO,), 6Hz0 180 188 195 203 22 1 243 272
selenate CdSeO, 72.5 68.4 64.0 58.9 55.0 44.2 32.5 27.2 22.0
sulfate CdSO, 75.4 76.0 76.6 78.5 81.8 66.7 63.1 60.8
Calcium acetate Ca(OAc), 2H20 37.4 36.0 34.7 33.8 33.2 32.7 33.5 31.1 29.7
benzoate Ca(OBz), . 3H20 2.32 2.45 2.72 3.02 3.42 4.71 6.87 8.55 8.70
bromide C a r 2 6H2O 125 132 143 185j4' 213 278 295 312105'
butyrate Ca(C4H702), 20.31 19.15 18.20 17.25 16.40 15.15 14.95 15.85
cacodylate Ca(C,H,AsO,), 9H20 48 52 59 71
chloride CaCl, 6H20 59.5 64.7 74.5 100 128 137 147 154 159
chromate CaCrO, 4.5 2.25 1.83 1.49 0.83
(mn) CaCrO, . 2 H z 0 17.3 16.6 16.1
formate Ca(CHOJ2 16.15 16.60 17.05 17.50 17.95 18.40
gluconate Ca(C,H,,O,), H 2 0 3.72 5.29 12.11 36.80 57.2¶,'
hydrogen carbonate Ca(HCOd, 16.15 16.60 17.05 17.50 17.95 18.40
hydroxide Ca(W2 0.189 0.182 0.173 0.160 0.141 0.121 0.086 0.076
Calcium iodate Ca(IO,), . 6H,O 0.090 0.24 0.38 0.52 0.65 0.66 0.67
iodide Car, 64.6 66.0 67.6 69.0 70.8 74 78 81
lactate Ca(C,H,O,), .5H,O 3.1 5.41' 7.9
1evu1inate WC,P,,O,). 2H20 38.1 45.1 55.0 70.3"' 88.755'
malonate Ca(C3H204) 0.29 0.33 0.36 0.40 0.42 0.46 0.48
nitrate Ca(NO,), .4H,O 102 115 129 152 191 358 363
nitrite Ca(NO,), 4H,O 63.9 8451" 104 134 151 166 178
propionate CalC3H5O21, H,O 42.80 39.85 38.25 39.85 42.15 48.44
selenate CaSeO, .2H,O 9.73 9.77 9.22 8.79 7.14
succinate Ca(C,H,O,), .3H,O 1.127 1.22 1.28 1.18 0.89 0.68 0.66
sulfamate CalS03NH2), 56.5 62.8 72.3 84.5 100.1 150.0 215.2 24Zq5'
sulfate CaSO, . %H,O 0.32 0.2925' 0.2635' 0.2145' 0.14F 0.1275' 0.071
CaSO, .2H,O 0.223 0.244 0.25518' 0.264 0.265 0.24465' 0.23475' 0.205
tartrate CaC,H,06. 4H,O 0.026 0.029 0.034 0.046 0.063 0.091 0.130
uranyl carbonate Ca,UO,(CO,), . 10H,O 0.1 0.4,, 0.8 1.F'
valerate 9.82 9.25 8.80 8.40 8.05 7.78 7.95 8.20 8.78
isovaierate 26.05 22.70 21.80 21.68 22.00 18.38 16.88 16.65 16.55
Carbon disulfide 0.204 0.194 0.179 0.155 0.111
oxide sulfide (STP)
mLil00 mL 133.3 83.6 56.1 40.3
tetrafluoride (STP)
mLil00 g CFL 0.595 0.490 0.4 15 0.366
Cerium(II1) ammonium
nitrate 242 276 318 376 68 1
(IV)ammonium
nitrate 135 150 169 213
(m)ammonium
sulfate 5.53 4.49 3.48 2.02 1.33
(mselenate 39.5 37.2 35.2 33.2 32.6 13.7 4.6 2.1
sulfate 21.4 9.84 7.24 5.63 3.87
9.43 7.10 5.70 4.04
Cesium aluminum sulfate 18.8 0.30 0.40 0.61 0.85 2.00 5.40 10.5 22.7
bromate 0.21 3.6625' 4.53 5.3035'
chlorate 3.8 6.2 9.5 13.8 26.2 45.0 58.0 79.0
chloride 2.46 175 187 197 208 230 250 260 27 1
chloroaurate(II1) 161 0.5 0.8 1.7 3.3 8.9 19.5 27.7 37.9
chloroplatinate(lV) 0.0047 0.0064 0.0087 0.0119 0.0158 0.0290 0.0525 0.0675 0.0914
formate 335 381 450 533 694
iodide 44.1 58.5 76.5 96 12445' 150 190 205
nitrate 9.33 14.9 23.0 33.9 47.2 83.8 134 163 197
perchlorate 0.8 1.0 1.6 2.6 4.0 7.3 14.4 20.5 30.0
sulfate 167 173 179 184 190 200 210 215 220
Chlorine dioxide 2.76 6.00 8.701s'
Chromium(lLI) nitrate 108'' 12415' 130,'' 15235'
(woxide 164.8 167.2 172.5 183.9 191.6 206.8
(111) perchlorate 104 123 130
Cobalt(II) bromide 91.9 112 128 163 227 24 1 257
chlorate 135 162 180 195 214 316
chloride 43.5 47.7 52.9 59.7 69.5 93.8 97.6 101 106
iodate 1.02 0.90 0.88 0.82 0.73 0.70
nitrate 84.0 89.6 97.4 111 125 174 204 300
nitrite 0.076 0.24 0.40 0.61 0.85
sulfate 25.5 30.5 36.1 42.0 48.8 55.0 53.8 45.3 38.9
44.8 56.3 65.4 73.0 88.1 101
(Continued)
(Continued)
1.319
1.320
a
wN
0
TABLE 1.68
(Continzied)
Substance Formula 0" 10= 20" 30" 40" 60" 80" 90" 100"
Copperm) ammonium chloride 28.2 32.012' 35.0 38.3 43.8 56.6 76.5 16.5
ammonium sulfate 11.5 15.1 19.4 24.4 30.5 46.3 69.7 86.1 107
bromide 107 116 126 128 1315@
chloride 68.6 70.9 73.0 77.3 87.6 96.5 104 108 120
fluorosilicate 73.5 76.5 81.6 84.Iw 91.250' 93.275'
nitrate 83.5 100 125 156 163 182 208 222 247
potassium sulfate 5.1 7.2 10.0 13.6 18.2
selenate 12.04 14.53 17.51 21.04 25.22 36.50 53.68
sulfate 23.1 21.5 32.0 37.8 44.6 61.8 83.8 114
tartrate 0.02015' 0.042 0,089 0.142 0.197 0.144
Gadolinium bromate 50.2 70.1 95.6 126 166
sulfate 3.98 3.30 2.60 2.32
Germanium(IV) oxide 0.49 0.43 0.50 0.61
Holmium sulfate 8.18 6.7lU' 4.52
Hydrazinium (1+) nitrate 175 266 402 607 2127
(2+) sulfate 2.87 3.89 4.15 9.08 14.39
(1+) sulfate 22 1 300 554
Hydrogen bromide 221.2 210.3 204.015- 171.55u 150.575' 130.0
chloride 82.3 77.2 72.1 67.3 63.3 56.1
selenide, mL at STF' 386 35 1 289
Iodine 0.014 0.020 0.029 0.039 0.052 0.100 0.22s 0.315 0.445
Iridium(IV) ammonium chloride 0.556 0.706 0.77 1.21 1.57 2.46 4.38 dec
sodium chloride 34.4615' 56.17 96.00 191.2 279.3
I r o n 0 ammonium
sulfate 17.23 31.0 36.47 45.0
(II)bromide 101 109 117 124 133 144 168 176 184
(II)chloride 49.7 59.0 62.5 66.7 70.0 78.3 88.7 92.3 94.9
(111) chloride 74.4 91.8 106.8
(II) fluoro-
silicate 72.1 74.4 77.02*' 83.75u 88.175' 100.1'~'
(JI)nitrate 113 134 266
(III) nitrate 112.0 137.7 175.0
(III) perchlorate 289 368 422 478 172
(II) sulfate 28.8 40.0 48.0 60.0 73.3 100.7 79.9 68.3 57.8
Lanthanum bromate 98 120 149 200
nitrate 100 136 168 247
selenate 50.5 45 45 45 45 18.5 5.4 2.2
sulfate 3.00 2.72 2.33 1.90 1.67 1.26 0.91 0.79 0.68
Lead(Q acetate 19.8 29.5 44.3 69.8 116
bromide 0.45 0.63 0.86 1.12 1.50 2.29 3.23 3.86 4.55
chloride 0.67 0.82 1.lo 1.20 1.42 1.94 2.54 2.88 3.20
fluorosilicate 190 222 403 428 463
Germanium(IV) oxide 0.49 0.43 0.50 0.61
Holmium sulfate 8.18 6.71"' 4.52
Hydrazinium (1 +) nitrate 175 266 402 607 2127
(2+) sulfate 2.87 3.89 4.15 9.08 14.39
(1+) sulfate 221 300 554
Hydrogen bromide 221.2 210.3 204.0'5' 171.55v 150.575' 130.0
chloride 82.3 77.2 72.1 67.3 63.3 56.1
selenide, mL at STF' 386 35 1 289
Iodine 0.014 0.020 0.029 0.039 0.052 0.100 0.225 0.315 0.445
Iridium(IV) ammonium chloride 0.556 0.706 0.77 1.21 1.57 2.46 4.38 dec
sodium chloride 34.4615' 56.17 96.00 191.2 279.3
I r o n 0 ammonium
sulfate 17.23 31.0 36.47 45.0
(II)bromide 101 109 117 124 133 144 168 176 184
(II)chloride 49.7 59.0 62.5 66.7 70.0 78.3 88.7 92.3 94.9
(III) chloride 74.4 91.8 106.8
(II)fluoro-
silicate 72.1 74.4 77.OZ5' 83.75v 88.175- 100.1'06.
(II) nitrate 113 134 266
(III) nitrate 112.0 137.7 175.0
(III) perchlorate 289 368 422 478 772
(11) sulfate 28.8 40.0 48.0 60.0 73.3 100.7 79.9 68.3 57.8
Lanthanum bromate 98 120 149 200
nitrate 100 136 168 247
selenate 50.5 45 45 45 45 18.5 5.4 2.2
sulfate 3.00 2.72 2.33 1.90 1.67 1.26 0.91 0.79 0.68
Lead(II) acetate 19.8 29.5 44.3 69.8 116
bromide 0.45 0.63 0.86 1.12 1.50 2.29 3.23 3.86 4.55
chloride 0.67 0.82 1.00 1.20 1.42 1.94 2.54 2.88 3.20
fluorosilicate 190 222 403 428 463
(Continued)
1.321
1.322
wN
N
TABLE 1.68
(Continued)
Substance Formula On 100 20" 30" 40' 60' 80' 90" 1000
iodide PbI, 0.044 0.056 0.069 0.090 0.124 0.193 0.294 0.42
nitrate Pb(NO& 37.5 46.2 54.3 63.4 72.1 91.6 111 133
Lithium acetate LiC2H,02 31.2 35.1 40.8 50.6 68.6
ammonium sulfate LiPuiH,SO, 55.2 55.9 56.1 56.5
azide LiN3 61.3 64.2 67.2 71.2 75.4 86.6 100
be N oate LiC,H,02 38.9 41.6 44.7 53.8
borate (meta-) LiB0, 0.90 1.3 2.7 5.7 10.9
bromate LiBrO, 154 166 179 198 221 269 308 329 355
bromide LiBr 143 147 160 183 211 223 245 266
carbonate Li,CO, 1.54 1.43 1.33 1.26 1.17 1.01 0.85 0.72
chlorate LiCIO, 24 1 283 372 488 604 777
chloride LiCl 69.2 74.5 83.5 86.2 89.8 98.4 112 121 128
chloroaurate(III) LiAuC1, 113 136 167 206 324 599
cyanoplatinate(II) Li,R(CN), 105 141 153 160 178 216 239
formate LiCH02 32.3 35.7 39.3 44. I 49.5 64.7 92.7 116 138
hydrogen phosphite Li,HPO, 9.97 7.61 7.11 6.03 4.43
hydroxide LiOH 11.91 12.11 12.35 12.70 13.22 14.63 16.56 19.12
iodide LiI 151 157 165 171 179 202 435 440 481
molybdate Li2Mo0, 82.6 79.5 79.4 78.0 73.9
nitrate LiNO, 53.4 60.8 70.1 138 152 175
ninite LiN02 70.9 82.5 96.8 114 133 177 233 272 324
perchlorate LiCIO, 42.7 49.0 56.1 63.6 72.3 92.3 128 151
phosphate (meta-) LiPO, 0.101 0.058"' 0.048
selenite Li,SeO, 25.0 23.3 21.5 19.6 17.9 14.7 11.9 11.1 9.9
sulfate Li,SO, 36.1 35.5 34.8 34.2 33.7 32.6 31.4 30.9
tamate (d-) Li,C,H,O, 42.0 31.8 27.1 26.6 27.2 29.5
thiocyanate LiSCN 114 131 153
vanadate Li,VO, 2.50 4.82 6.28 4.38 2.67
Magnesium acetate ug(C2H302)2 56.7 59.7 53.4 68.6 75.7 118
bromide MgBr, 98 99 101 104 106 112 125
chlorate MdC10,)2 114 123 135 155 178 242 268
chloride MgC1, 52.9 53.6 54.6 55.8 57.5 61.0 66.1 69.5 73.3
fluorosilicate MgSiF, 26.3 30.8 34.9 44.4
formate W!(CHO2)2 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.9 15.9 17.9 20.5 22.2 23.9
iodate %(Io3)2 7.2 8.6 10.0 11.7 15.2 15.5 15.6
iodide w 2 120 140 173 186
Magnesium nitrate 62.1 66.0 69.5 73.6 78.9 78.9 91.6 106
selenate 20.0 30.4 38.3 44.3 48.6 55.8
sulfate 22.0 28.2 33.7 38.9 44.5 54.6 55.8 52.9 50.4
sulfite 0.339 0.446 0.573 0.751 0.959 0.779 0.642 0.622
tartrate 0.54 0.78 1.06 1.02
Manganese bromide 127 136 147 157 169 197 225 226 228
chloride 63.4 68.1 73.9 80.8 88.5 109 113 114 115
fluoride 1.06 0.67 0.44 0.48
nitrate 102 118 139 206
oxalate 0.020 0.024 0.028 0.033
sulfate 52.9 59.7 62.9 62.9 60.0 53.6 45.6 40.9 35.3
Mercury@) bromide 0.30 0.40 0.56 0.66 0.91 1.68 2.77 4.9
(II) chloride 3.63 4.82 6.57 8.34 10.2 16.3 30.0 61.3
(I) perchlorate 282 325 367 407 455 499 541 580
Molybdenum trioxide 0.134 0.285 0.454 1.08 1.74
Neodymium bromate 43.9 59.2 75.6 95.2 116
chloride 96.7 98.0 99.6 102 105
nitrate 127 133 142 145 159 211
selenate 46.2 44.6 41.8 39.9 39.9 43.9 7.0 3.3
sulfate 13.0 9.7 7.1 5.3 4.1 2.8 2.2 1.2
Nickel bromide 113 122 131 138 144 153 154 155
chlorate 111 120 133 155 181 221 308
chloride 53.4 56.3 60.8 70.6 73.2 81.2 86.6 87.6
fluoride 2.55 2.56 2.56 2.59
iodate 1.15 1.06 1.M)
0.74 1.09 1.43
iodide 124 135 148 161 174 184 187 188
nitrate 79.2 94.2 105 119 158 187 188
perchlorate 105 107 110 113 117
Nickel sulfate (pale 40.1 43.6 47.6
blue)
(green) 44.4 46.6 49.2 55.6 64.5 70.1 76.7
26.2 32.4 37.7 43.4 50.4
Osmium tetroxide 5.26 5.75 6.43
Oxalic acid 3.54 6.08 9.52 14.23 21.52 44.32 84.5 120
Potassium acetate 216 233 256 283 324 350 381 398
aluminum sulfate 3.00 3.99 5.90 8.39 11.7 24.8 71.0 109
azide 41.4 46.2 50.8 55.8 61.0 106
benzoate 65.8 70.7 76.7 82.1
(Continued)
(Conrinued)
1.323
wN
w
1.324
a
wN
P
TABLE 1.68
iContmued)
Substance ula O0 1on 20" 30" 40° 60" 80° goo 1ooo
bromate 3.09 4.72 6.91 9.64 13.1 22.7 34.1 49.9

bromide 53.6 59.5 65.3 70.7 75.4 85.5 94.9 99.2 104
cadmium bromide 116 133 150 170 191 233 276 298 325
cadmium chloride 26.6 32.3 38.9 45.6 53.1 67.5 83.5 101
carbonate 105 108 111 114 117 127 140 148 156
chlorate 3.3 5.2 7.3 10.1 13.9 23.8 37.6 46.0 56.3
chloride 28.0 31.2 34.2 37.2 40.1 45.8 51.3 53.9 56.3
chloroaurate(III) 38.3 61.8 94.9 145 405
chloroplatinate(IV) 0.48 0.60 0.78 1.oo 1.36 2.45 3.71 5.03
chromate 56.3 60.0 63.7 66.7 67.8 70.1 74.5
citrate 153 172 194
cobalt@) sulfate 8.5 11.7 15.5 19.3 23.3 32.5 47.7
copper(II) sulfate 5.1 7.2 10.0 13.6 18.2
cyanoplatinate(II) 11.6 19.8 33.9 52.0 78.3 139 177 194
dichromate 4.7 7.0 12.3 18.1 26.3 45.6 73.0
dihydrogen phosphate 14.8 18.3 22.6 28.0 33.5 50.2 70.4 83.5
dithionate 2.6 4.2 6.6 9.3
femcyanide 30.2 38 46 53 59.3 70 91
ferrocyanide 14.3 21.1 28.2 35.1 41.4 54.8 66.9 71.5 74.2
fluoride 44.7 53.5 94.9 108 138 142 150
fluorogermanate(IV) 0.25 0.36 0.50 0.66 0.96
fluorosilicate 0.077 0.102 0.151 0.202 0.253
fluorotitanate(IV) 0.55 0.91 1.28
formate 313 337 361 398 47 1 580 658
hydrogen carbonate 22.5 27.4 33.7 39.9 47.5 65.6
Potassium hydrogen 24.5 30.1 39.2 46.8 56.5 78.8 114
fluoride
hydrogen selenite 115 162 215 300 408 900
hydrogen sulfate 36.2 48.6 54.3 61.0 76.4 96.1 122
hydrogen tartrate 0.231 0.358 0.523 0.762
hydroxide 95.7 103 112 126 134 154 178
iodate 4.60 6.27 8.08 10.3 12.6 18.3 24.8 32.3
iodide 128 136 144 153 162 176 192 198 206
iron(II) sulfate 19.6 24.5 32.1 39.1 449 57.2
magnesium sulfate 14.0 19.5 25.0 30.4 36.6 50.2 63.4
nickel sulfate 3.37 4.50 5.94 7.12 9.85 15.4 23.0 27.8 33.4
nitrate 13.9 21.2 31.6 45.3 61.3 106 167 203 245
nitrite 279 292 306 320 329 348 376 390 410
oxalate 25.5 31.9 36.4 39.9 43.8 53.2 63.6 69.2 75.3
perchlorate 0.76 1.06 1.68 2.56 3.73 7.3 13.4 17.7 22.3
periodate 0.17 0.28 0.42 0.65 1.o 2.1 4.4 5.9
permanganate 2.83 4.31 6.34 9.03 12.6 22.1
peroxodisulfate 1.65 2.67 4.70 7.15 11.0
perrhenate 0.34 0.63 0.99 1.47 2.2 4.58 8.7
phosphate 81.5 92.3 108 133
salicylate 21.2 32.4 47.1 61.3 18.6 116 156
selenate 107 109 111 113 115 119 121 122
selenite 169 186 203 217 217 220 217
sulfate 7.4 9.3 11.1 13.0 14.8 18.2 21.4 22.9 24.1
sulfite 106 106 107 107 108 112
tellurate 8.8 27.5 50.4
thioantirnonate(V) 306 320 302 315 381
thiocyanate 177 198 224 255 289 372 492 571 675
thiosulfate 96 155 175 205 238 293 312
zinc sulfate 13.0 18.9 25.9 35.0 44.9 72.1
Praseodymium bromate 55.9 73.0 91.8 114 144
nitrate 112 162 178
selenate 36.2 32.4 31.2 30.4 5.43 3.6
sulfate 19.8 15.6 12.6 9.89 2.56 5.04 3.5 1.1 0.91
Rubidium aluminum
sulfate 0.72 1.05 1.50 2.20 3.25 7.40 21.6
bromate 3.6 5.1
bromide 90 99 108 119 132 158
chlorate 2.1 3.4 5.4 8.0 11.6 22 38 49 63
chloride 77 84 91 98 104 115 127 133 143
chloroaurate(III) 4.8 9.9 15.5 21.5 36.2 54.6 65.8 19.2
chloroplatinate(IV) 0.014 0.020 0.028 0.040 0.056 0.090 0.182 0.247 0.33:
chromate 62.0 67.5 73.6 78.9 85.6 95.1
cobalt sulfate 5.10 7.47 10.8 14.5 18.2 30.2 44.9 55.0 70.1
dichromate (mn) 5.9 10.0 15.2 32.3
(hit) 5.8 9.5 14.8 32.4
formate 443 554 614 694 900
iron(IE) sulfate 8.0 20 35 52
nitrate 19.5 33.0 52.9 81.2 117 200 310 374 452
(Continued)
(Conrinued)
1.325
wN
VI
1.326

TABLE Solubility of
of Inorganic
Inorganic Compounds
Compounds and
and Metal
Metal Salts
Salts of
of Organic
Organic Acids
Acids in
in Water
Water at
at Various
Various Temperatures
Temperatures (Continzied',
(Continued)
Substance
Substance Formula 0" 10" 20" 30" 40° 60" 80° gos 100"
perchlorate 1.09 1.19 1.55 2.20 3.26 6.27 11.0 15.5 22.0
salicylate 187 212 238 268 324
sulfate 37.5 42.6 48.1 53.6 58.5 67.5 75.1 78.6 81.8
Samarium bromate 34.2 47.6 62.5 79.0 98.5
chloride 92.4 93.4 94.6 96.9
Selenic acid 426 567 1328
Selenious acid 90.1 122.2 166.7 235.6 344.4 383.1 383.1 385.4
Selenium dioxide 222 257 29 1 335 440
Silver acetate 0.73 0.89 1.05 1'23 1.43 1.93 2.59
bromate 0.11 0.16 0.23 0.32 0.57 0.94 1.33
chlorate 10.4 15.3 20.9 26.8
fluoride 85.9 120 172 190 203
nitrate 122 167 216 265 311 440 585 652 733
nitrite 0.16 0.22 0.34 0.51 0.73 1.39
perchlorate 455 484 525 594 635 793
sulfamate 2.30 4.82 7.53 10.3 15.3 28.5
sulfate 0.57 0.70 0.80 0.89 0.98 1.15 1.30 1.36 1.41
Sodium acetate 36.2 40.8 46.4 54.6 65.6 139 153 161 170
aluminum sulfate 37.4 39.3 39.7 41.7 43.8
azide 38.9 39.9 40.8 55.3
benzoate 62.6 62.8 62.8 62.9 63.1 64.5 68.6 70.6 73.3
borate (penta-) 6.4 8.6 12.0 16.4 22.0 37.9 63.4 83.5 108
borate. (tetra-) 1.11 1.60 2.56 3.86 6.67 19.0 31.4 41.0 52.5
bromate 24.2 30.3 36.4 42.6 48.8 62.6 75.7 90.8
bromide 80.2 85.2 90.8 98.4 107 118 120 121 121
carbonate 7.00 12.5 21.5 39.7 49.0 46.0 43.9 43.9
chlorate 79.6 87.6 95.9 105 115 137 167 184 204
chloride 35.7 35.8 35.9 36.1 36.4 37.1 38.0 38.5 39.2
chloroaurate(III) 139 151 178 227 900
chloroiridate(IV) 31.6 39.3 56.2 96.1 192 279
chromate 31.7 50.1 84.0 88.0 96.0 115 125 126
cyanide 40.8 48.1 58.7 71.2
dichromate 163 172 183 198 215 269 376 405 415
diethyl barbiturate 12.7 21.5 24.7 48.0
dihydmgen
phosphate (ortho-) 56.5 69.8 86.9 107 133 172 21 1 234
dihydrogen
phosphate (pyre) N%HJ'207 4.47 6.95 12.0 17.1 18.4
dithion ate N%S206 6.3 11.1 15.1 19.6 24.7 36.1 49.3 56.3 64.7
dodecanesulfonate NaC,,H,SO, 0.13 0.25 6.54
dodecanoate NaC12H2302 4.58 22.7 105 170
EDTA (Y)* Na,H,Y 2H20 10.6 11.1 12.8 14.2 17.0 22.2 24.3 27.0"'
ferrocyanide Na,Fe(CN), 11.2 14.8 18.8 23.8 29.9 43.7 62.1
fluoride NaF 3.66 4.06 4.22 4.40 4.68 4.89 5.08
fluoroberyllate N%BeF, 1.33 1.44 1.92 2.24 2.62 2.73
fluorogermanate Na,GeF 1.52 1.68 2.25 2.83 3.36
fluorosilicate NiSiF, 4.35 5.7 7.2 8.6 10.3 14.3 18.7 21.5 24.5
formate NaCH02 43.9 62.5 81.2 102 108 122 138 147 160
germanate NkGeG 14.4 18.8 23.8 28.7 37.2 65.0 116
hydrogen arsenate N%HAsO, 5.9 13.0 33.9 49.3 69.5 144 186 188 198
hydrogen carbonate NaHCO, 7.0 8.1 9.6 11.1 12.7 16.0
hydrogen phosphate N%WQ 1.68 3.53 7.83 22.0 55.3 82.8 92.3 102 104
hydrogen phosphite N%HpO3 418 424 429 566
hydrogen succinate NaC,H,O, 17.5 25.3 34.8 47.7 61.6 74.5 90.1
hydroxide NaOH 98 109 119 129 174
hydroxostannate(IV) N%sn(OH)6 46.0 43.7 42.7 38.9
hypochlorite NaClO 29.4 36.4 53.4 100 110
iodate NaIO, 2.48 4.59 8.08 10.7 13.3 19.8 26.6 29.5 33.0
iodide NaI 159 167 178 191 205 251 295 302
molybdate N%MoO, 44.1 64.7 65.3 66.9 68.6 71.8
&ate NaNO, 73.0 80.8 87.6 94.9 102 122 148 180
nitrite NaN02 71.2 75.1 80.8 87.6 94.9 111 133 160
oxalate N%C204 2.69 3.05 3.41 3.81 4.18 4.93 5.71 6.50
perchlorate NaC10, 167 183 20 1 222 245 288 306 329
periodate NaIO, 1.83 5.6 10.3 19.9 30.4
phosphate Nap04 4.5 8.2 12.1 16.3 20.2 29.9 60.0 68.1 77.0
potassium tartrate NaKC,H,06 31.9 46.6 67.8 102
salicylate NaC,H,03 44.7 95.3 111 117 130 144
selenate N%SeO, 13.3 25.2 26.9 77.0 81.8 78.6 74.8 73.0 72.7
selenite Na&.O, 78.6 81.2 86.2 94.2 96.5 91.6 86.6 84.5 82.5
sulfate N%SQ 4.9 9.1 19.5 40.8 48.8 45.3 43.7 42.7 42.5
N%SO,. 7H2O 19.5 30.0 44.1
sulfide N%S 9.6 12.1 15.7 20.5 26.6 39.1 55.0 65.3
sulfite N%sO3 14.4 19.5 26.3 35.5 37.2 32.6 29.4 27.9
thioantimonate(V) Na3SbS4 13.4 20.0 27.9 37.2 49.3 53.8 88.3
thiocyanate NaSCN 111 134 164 176 192 210 218
(Continued)
(Conrinued)
1.327
w
Y
1.328
TABLE 1.68
(Continued)
Substance 0" 10" 20" 30" 40° 60" 80° goo 1ooo
thiosulfate 50.2 59.7 70.1 83.2 104

tungstate 71.5 73.0 77.6 90.8 97.2
vanadate 19.3 22.5 26.3 33.0 40.8
Strontium acetate 37.0 42.9 41.1 39.5 38.3 36.8 36.1 36.2 36.4
bromide 85.2 93.4 102 112 123 150 182 223
chloride 43.5 47.7 52.9 58.7 65.3 81.8 90.5 101
chromate 0.085 0.090 0.058
Strontium fluoride 0.0113 0.01 17 0.01 19
formate 9.1 10.6 12.7 15.2 17.8 25.0 31.9 32.9 34.4
hydroxide 0.91 1.25 1.77 2.64 3.95 8.42 20.2 44.5 91.2
iodide 165 178 192 218 270 365 383
nitrate 39.5 52.9 69.5 88.7 89.4 93.4 96.9 98.4
nitrite 65 72 19 97 130 134
oxide 1.03 1.05 3.40 9.15 13.13 12.15
sulfate 0.0113 0.0129 0.0132 0.0138 0.0141 0.0131 0.0116 0.0115
Sulfamic acid 14.7 18.6 21.3 26.1 29.5 37.1 47.1
Telluric acid 16.2 33.8 41.6 50.0 57.2 77.5 106 155
Terbium bromate 66.4 89.7 117 152 198
Thallium(1) wide 0.171 0.236 0.364
bromide 0.022 0.032 0.048 0.068 0.097 0.177
carbonate 5.3 12.2 27.2
chlorate 2.00 3.92 12.7" 36.6 57.3
chloride 0.21 0.25 0.33 0.42 0.52 0.80 1.20 1.80
hydroxide 25.4 29.6 35.0 40.4 49.4 73.3 106 126 150
iodide 0.002 0.006 0.015 0.035 0.070 0.120
nitrate 3.90 6.22 9.55 14.3 21.0 46.1 110 200 414
nitrite 17.9 28.9 40.3 53.2 83.6 216 1150 750
perchlorate 6.00 8.04 13.1 19.7 28.3 50.8 81.5
picrate 0.135 0.40 0.57 0.83 1.73
selenate 2.17 2.80 8.50 10.8
sulfate 2.73 3.70 4.87 6.16 7.53 11.0 14.6 16.5 18.4
Thorium nitrate 186 187 191
sulfate 4.04 1.63
0.74 0.99 1.38 1.99 3.00
Tina)iodide 0.99 1.17 1.42 2.11 3.04 3.58 4.20
Uranium(IV) sulfate 10.1 9.0 7.7
11.9 17.9 29.2 55.8
Uranyl nitrate 98 107 122 141 167 317 388 426 474
oxalate 0.45 0.50 0.61 0.80 1.22 1.94 3.16
Ytterbium sulfate 44.2 37.5 22.2 17.2 10.4 6.4 5.8 4.7
Yttrium bromide 63.9 75.1 87.3 101 116 123
chloride 77.3 78.1 78.8 79.6 80.8
nitrate 93.1 106 123 143 163 200
sulfate 8.05 7.67 7.30 6.78 6.09 4.44 2.89 2.2
Zinc bromide 389 446 528 591 618 645 672
chlorate 145 152 200 209 223
chloride 342 363 395 437 452 488 541 614
formate 3.70 4.30 5.20 6.10 7.40 11.8 21.2 28.8 38.0
iodide 430 432 445 467 490 510
nitrate 98 138 211
sulfate (rh) 41.6 47.2 53.8 61.3 70.5 75.4 71.1 60.5
sulfate (mn) 54.4 60.0 65.5
tartrate 0.022 0.041 0.060 0.104 0.059
*Properly called dihydrogen

&hydrogen ethylenediaminetetraacetate
ethplenediaminetetraacetate (Na 2H2 EDTA ⋅ 2H
(Na2H2 2O).
2H20).
1.329
1.330 SECTION ONE
TABLE 1.69 Dissociation Constants of Inorganic Acids
The dissociation constant of an acid Ka may conveniently be expressed in terms of

the pKa value where pKa = −log10 (Ka/mol dm−3). The values given in the following
table are for aqueous solutions at 298 K: the pK1, pK2, and pK3 values refer to the
first, second, and third ionizations respectively.
Name Formula pKa

Aluminium ion (hydrated) [Al(H2O)6]3+ 4.9 (pK1)
Ammonium ion NH4+ 9.25
Arsenic(III) acid H3AsO3 9.22 (pK1)
Arsenic(V) acid H3AsO4 2.30 (pK1)
Boric acid H3BO3 9.24 (pK1)
Bromic(1) acid HOBr 8.70
6.38a (pK1)
Carbonic acid H2CO3
{ 10.32 (pK2)
Chloric(I) acid HOCl 7.43
Chloric(III) acid HClO2 2.0
Chromium(III) ion (hydrated) [Cr(H2O)6]3+ 3.9 (pK1)
Hydrazinium ion N2H5+ 7.93
Hydrocyanic acid HCN 9.40
Hydrofluoric acid HF 3.25
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 11.62 (pK1)
Hydrogen sulphide H2S
{ 7.05 (pK1)
12.92 (pK2)
+
Hydroxyammonium ion NH3OH 5.82
Iodic(I) acid HOI 10.52
Iodic(V) acid HIO3 0.8
Iron(III) ion (hydrated) [Fe(H2O)6]3+ 2.22 (pK1)
Lead(II) ion (hydrated) [Pb(H2O)n]2+ 7.8 (pK1)
Nitrous acid HNO2 3.34
Phosphinic acid H3PO2 2.0
Phosphoric(V) acid H3PO4 2.15 (pK1)
{ 7.21 (pK2)
12.36 (pK3)
Phosphonic acid H3PO3
{ 2.00 (pK1)
6.58 (pK2)
Silicic acid H2SiO3
{ 9.9 (pK1)
11.9 (pK2)
Sulphuric acid H2SO4 1.92 (pK2)
Sulphurous acid H2SO3
{ 1.92 (pK1)
7.21 (pK2)
a
Some of the unionized acid exists as dissolved CO2 molecules rather than H2CO3: pK1 for
the molecular species H2CO3 is approximately 3.7.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1.331
TABLE 1.70
1.70 Ionic Product Constant of Water
This table gives values of pKw on a modal scale,

scale. where Kw is the ionic activity product constant of water.
Values are from W. L. Marshall and E. U. Franck, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 10:295 (1981).
Clzem. Re$ (1981).
Temp., Temp., Temp.,

“C PKW “C pKw “C pKw
0 14.938 45 13.405 95 12.345

5 14.727 50 13.275 100 12.264
10 14.528 55 13.152 125 11.911
15 14.340 60 13.034 150 11.637
18 14.233 65 12.921 175 11.431
20 14.163 70 12.814 200 11.288
25 13.995 75 12.711 225 11.207
30 13.836 80 12.613 250 11.192
35 13.685 85 12.520 275 11.251
40 13.542 90 12.431 300 11.406
TABLE 1.71
1.71 Solubility Product Constants
Constants
The data refer to various temperatures

temperatures between 1818 and 25°C,
25°C and were complied from values cited by Bjerrum,
Bjermm,
Schwarzenbach,
Schwarzenbach. and Sillen,
Sillen. Stability
Stabilih Constants of
of Metal Complexes,
Complexes. Part II,
11. Chemical Society,
Society. London,
London. 1958,
1958.
and values taken from publications of the IUPAC Solubility Data Project:
Project: Solubility Data Series, international
Solubilin Dara international
Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1979–1992;
1979-1992; H. L. Clever, and F. J. Johnston,
J. Phys
Phjs Chem. Ref. Data,
Clzeni. Re$ Data. 9:751 (1980);
(1980): Y. Marcus,
Marcus. Ibid.
Ibid. 9:1307 (1980);
(1980): H. L. Clever,
Clever. S. A. Johnson,
Johnson. and M. E.
Derrick,
Demck, Ibid. 14:631 (1985),
(1985), and 21:941 (1992).
(1992).
In the table.
table, “L” is the abbreviation of the organic ligand.
Compound
Compound Formula
Formula pK
PKS,sp K
KSspP
Actinium
hydro xi de ~cioni, 15
Alununum
ammate 1S.YLI
cupfrrrdte 18.64
hydrovide 32.89
phosphate 20.0 I
8-quinnlinolatr 29.00
Eelentde 24.4
sulfidc 6.7
,Americium
(HI) hydroxide 19.57 2.7 X
(IV) hydroxide 56 1 x 10-56
Ammonium
uranyl asenate 23.77 1.7 x 10-24
Anenic
(ILI) sulfide 2. I x 10-22
(Continued)
(Continued)
1.332
1.332 SECTION ONE
TABLE 1.71
1.71 Solubility Product Constants (Continued)
(Continued)
Compound Formula pKsp

PKsp K
K%sp
Barium
arsenate 50.11 8.0 x 10-51
bromate 5.50 2.43 x 10-4
carbonate 8.59 2.58 x 10-9
chromate 9.93 1.17 X
ferricyanide 6-hydrate 1.49 3.2 X
fluoride 6.74 1.84 x 10-7
hexafluorosilicate 6 1x 10-6
hydrogen phosphate 6.49 3.2 x 10-7
hydroxide 8-hydrate 3.59 2.55 x 10-4
iodate hydrate 8.40 4.01 x 10-9
molybdate 7.45 3.54 x 10-8
niobate 16.50 3.2 x 10-17
nitrate 2.33 4.64 x 10-3
oxalate 6.79 1.6 x 10-7
oxalate hydrate 7.64 2.3 X
permanganate 9.61 2.5 X
perrhenate 1.28 5.2 X
phosphate 22.47 3.4 x 10-23
pyrophosphate 10.50 3.2 X
8-quinolinolate 8.30 5.0 x 10-9
selenate 7.47 3.40 X lo-*
sulfate 9.97 1.08 X
sulfite 9.30 5.0 X 10-lo
thiosulfate 4.19 1.6 x 10-5
Beryllium
carbonate 4-hydrate 3 1 x 10-3
hydroxide (amorphous) 21.16 6.92 X
molybdate 1.49 3.2 X lo-,
niobate 15.92 1.2 x 10-16
Bismuth
arsenate 9.35 4.43 x 10-10
cupferrate 27.22 6.0 x
hydroxide 30.4 6.0 x 10-31
iodide 18.11 7.71 x 10-19
oxide bromide 6.52 3.0 x 10-7
oxide chloride 30.75 1.8 x 10-31
oxide hydroxide 9.4 4x 10-10
oxide nitrate 2.55 2.82 x 10-3
oxide nitrite 6.3 1 4.9 x 10-7
oxide thiocyanate 6.80 1.6 x 10-7
phosphate 22.89 1.3 x 10-23
sulfide 97 1x
Cadmium
anthranilate 8.27 5.4 x 10-9
arsenate 32.66 2.2 X
benzoate 2-hydrate 2.7 2x 10-3
borate, meta 8.64 2.3 x 10-9
carbonate 12.0 1.0 x 10-12
cyanide 8.0 1.0 x 10-8
ferrocyanide 16.49 3.2 x 10-17
fluoride 2.19 6.44 x 10-3
TABLE 1.71
1.71 Solubility
Solubility Product Constants (Continued)
(Continued)
Compound Formula pK
PKS,sp K
KSspP
hydroxide Cd(OH), fresh 14.14 7.2 x 10-15
iodate Cd(I03)z 7.60 2.5 X
oxalate 3-water CdC204 3H20 7.85 1.42 X
phosphate CddP04)z 32.60 2.53 X
quinaldate CdL, 12.30 5.0 x 10-13
sulfide CdS 26.10 8.0 x 10-27
tungstate CdWO, 5.7 2x 10-6
Calcium
acetate 3-water Ca(OAc),. 3H20 2.4 4x 10-3
arsenate C~,(ASO,)~ 18.17 6.8 X 10-19
benzoate 3-water CaL2.3H20 2.4 4x 10-3
carbonate CaCO, 8.54 2.8 x 10-9
carbonate (calcite) CaCO, 8.47 3.36 x 10-9
carbonate (aragonite) CaCO, 8.22 6.0 x 10-9
carbonatomagnesium Ca[Mg(CO,),] dolomite 11 1x 10-11
chromate CaCrO, 3.15 7.1 x 10-4
fluoride CS2 8.28 5.3 x 10-9
hexafluorosilicate Ca[SiF,] 3.09 8.1 x 10-4
hydrogen phosphate CaHPO, 7.0 1.0 x 10-7
hydroxide Ca(OH), 5.26 5.5 x 10-6
iodate 6-water Ca(I0,),~6H20 6.15 7.10 x 10-7
molybdate CaMOO, 7.84 1.46 X
niobate Ca(Nb03), 17.06 8.7 X 10-l8
oxalate hydrate CaC,O, H 2 0 8.63 2.32 x 10-9
phosphate Ca,(PO,), 28.68 2.07 x 10-29
8-quinolinolate C& 11.12 7.6 X lo-'*
se1enate CaSeO, 3.09 8.1 x 10-4
selenite CaSeO, 5.53 8.0 X lo-,
silicate, metu CaSiO, 7.60 2.5 X
sulfate CaSO, 4.31 4.93 x 10-5
sulfate dihydrate CaSO, .2H20 4.50 3.14 x 10-5
sulfite CaSO, 7.17 6.8 x
sulfite 0.5-water CaS03.0.5H,0 6.51 3.1 x 10-7
tartrate dihydrate CaL.2H20 6.11 7.7 x 10-7
tungstate CaWO, 8.06 8.7 x 10-9
Cerium
(111) fluoride 15.1 8X 10-l6
(111) hydroxide 19.80 1.6 x
(IV) hydroxide 47.7 2x 10-48
(111) iodate 9.50 3.2 X 1O-la
(IV) iodate 16.3 5x 10-17
(111) oxalate 9-water 25.50 3.2 X
(111) phosphate 23 1x 10-23
(111) selenite 24.43 3.7 x 10-25
(111) sulfide 10.22 6.0 x lo-"
(111) tartrate 19.0 1.0 x 10-19
Cesium
bromate 1.7 5x 10-2
chlorate 1.4 4 x 10-2
cobaltihexanitrite 15.24 5.7 x 10-16
hexachloroplatinate(1V) 7.50 3.2 X
hexafluoroplatinate(1V) 5.62 2.4 X
hexafluorosilicate 4.90 1.3 x 10-5
(Continued)
1.334 SECTION ONE
TABLE 1.71
(Continued)

PKS, K
K\*sp
perchlorate CSC10, 2.40 3.95 x 10-3

periodate CSIO, 5.29 5.16 X
permanganate CsMnO, 4.08 8.2 X
perrhanate CsReO, 3.40 4.0 x 10-4
tetrafluoroborate Cs[BF4I 4.7 5 x 10-5
Chromium(I1)
hydroxide Cr(OH), 15.7 2 x 10-16
Chromium(II1)
arsenate CrAsO, 20.11 7.7 x 10-21
fluoride CrF, 10.18 6.6 X
hydroxide Cr(OH), 30.20 6.3 x 10-31
phosphate 4-water CrPO, 4H,O green 22.62 2.4 x 10-23
violet 17.00 1.0 x 10-17
Cobalt
anthranilate COL, 9.68 2.1 x 10-10
arsenate Co3(AsO& 28.17 6.80 x 10-29
carbonate coco, 12.84 1.4 x 10-13
ferrocyanide Coz[Fe(CN)& 14.74 1.8 x 10-15
hydrogen phosphate CoHPO, 6.7 2x 10-7
(11) hydroxide Co(OH), fresh 14.23 5.92 X
(111) hydroxide Co(OH)3 43.80 1.6 X
iodate CO(Iod2 4.0 1.0 x 10-4
phosphate CO~(PO~)Z 34.69 2.05 x 10-35
selenite CoSeO, 6.80 1.6 x 10-7
quinaldate COL, 10.80 1.6 X
8-quinolinolate COL, 24.80 1.6 x 10-25
sulfide ff-cos 20.40 4.0 X
p-cos 24.70 2.0 x 10-25
Copper(1)
azide CuN, 8.31 4.9 x 10-9
bromide CuBr 8.20 6.27 x 10-9
chloride CUCl 6.76 1.72 x 10-7
cyanide CuCN 19.46 3.47 x 10-20
hydroxide CuOH 14 1x 10-14
iodide CUI 11.90 1.27 X 10-l2
sulfide cu,s 47.60 2.5 x 10-48
tetraphenylborate CUL 8.0 1.0 x 10-8
thiocyanate CuSCN 12.75 1.77 x 10-13
Copper( 11)
arsenate 35.10 7.95 x 10-36
azide 9.20 6.3 x
carbonate 9.86 1.4 x 10-10
chromate 5.44 3.6 X
dithiooxamide 15.12 7.67 X
ferrocyanide 15.89 1.3 X
hydroxide 19.66 2.2 x 10-20
iodate 7.16 6.94 x
oxalate 9.35 4.43 x 10-10
phosphate 36.85 1.40 x 10-37
pyrophosphate 15.08 8.3 X 10-l6
quinaldate 16.80 1.6 x 10-17
TABLE 1.71
1.71 Solubility
(Continued)
Compound Formula pK
PK,,sp K
KSsp
P
selenite 7.68 2.1 x 10-8
sulfide 35.20 6.3 x 10-36
Dysprosium
chromate 10-water 8 1 x 10-8
hydroxide 21.85 1.4 X
Erbium
hydroxide 23.39 4.1 x 10-24
Europium
hydroxide 23.03 9.38 x 10-24
Gadolinium
hydrogen carbonate 1.7 2 x 10-2
hydroxide 22.74 1.8 x 10-23
Gallium
hydroxide 35.14 7.28 x 10-36
Germanium
oxide 57.0 1.0 x 10-57
Gold(1)
chloride 12.70 2.0 x 10-13
iodide 22.80 1.6 x 10-23
Gold (111)
chloride 24.50 3.2 x 10-25
hydroxide 45.26 5.5 x 10-46
iodide 46 1x 10-46
oxalate 10 1x 10-10
Hafnium
Holmium
hydroxide 22.3 5.0 x 10-23
Indium
hydroxide 33.2 6.3 x 10-34
quinolinolate 31.34 4.6 x 10-32
selenite 32.60 4.0 x 10-33
sulfide 73.24 5.7 x 10-74
Iron(I1)
carbonate 10.50 3.13 X lo-"
fluoride 5.63 2.36 X
hydroxide 16.31 4.87 x 10-17
oxalate dihydrate 6.50 3.2 x 10-7
sulfide 17.20 6.3 x 10-l8
Iron( 111)
arsenate 20.24 5.7 x 10-2'
phosphate dihydrate 15.00 9.91 x 10-16
quinaldate 16.89 1.3 x 10-17
selenite 30.70 2.0 x 10-31
Lanthanum
bromate 9-water 2.50 3.2 x 10-3
fluoride 16.2 7 x 10-17
(Continued)
(CoiitiiziieR
1.336 SECTION ONE
TABLE 1.71
(Continued)
Compound Formula pK
PKS,sp K sp
Ksp
hydroxide 18.70 2.0 x 10-19

iodate 11.12 7.50 X 10-l2
molybdate 20.4 4x 10-21
oxalate 9-water 26.60 2.5 x 10-27
phosphate 22.43 3.7 x 10-23
sulfide 12.70 2.0 x 10-13
tungstate trihydrate 3.90 1.3 x 10-4
Lead
acetate Pb(OAc), 2.75 1.8 x 10-3
anthranilate PbL, 9.81 1.6 x 1O-Io
arsenate Pb3(AsO4)3 35.39 4.0 x 10-36
azide Pb(N3)z 8.59 2.5 x 10-9
borate, meta Pb(BOz)3 10.78 1.6 X lo-"
bromate Pb(BrOJ2 1.70 2.0 x 10-2
bromide PbBr, 6.82 6.60 X
carbonate PbCO, 13.13 7.4 X lO-I4
chloride PbC1, 4.77 1.70 x 10-5
chloride fluoride PbClF 8.62 2.4 x 10-9
chlorite Pb(C1Oz)z 8.4 4x 10-9
chromate PbCrO, 12.55 2.8 x 10-13
ferrocyanide Pbz [Fe(CN),I 14.46 3.5 x 10-15
fluoride PbF, 7.48 3.3 x 10-8
fluoride iodide PbFI 8.07 8.5 x 10-9
hydrogen phosphate PbHPO, 9.90 1.3 X 1O-Io
hydrogen phosphite PbHPO, 6.24 5.8 x 10-7
hydroxide Pb(OH)z 14.84 1.43 x 10-15
hydroxide bromide PbOHBr 14.70 2.0 x 10-15
hydroxide chloride PbOHCl 13.7 2x 10-14
hydroxide nitrate PbOHN03 3.55 2.8 x 10-4
iodate Pb(IO3)z 12.43 3.69 x 10-13
iodide PbI, 8.01 9.8 x 10-9
molybdate PbMoO, 13.00 1.0 x 10-13
niobate Pb(NbO3)z 16.62 2.4 x 10-17
oxalate PbC20, 9.32 4.8 X 1O-Io
phosphate Pb3(P04)2 42.10 8.0 x 10-43
quinaldate PbL, 10.60 2.5 X lo-"
selenate PbSeO, 6.84 1.37 x 10-7
selenite PbSeO, 11.50 3.2 X
sulfate PbS0, 7.60 2.53 X
sulfide PbS 27.10 8.0 X
thiocyanate Pb(SCN), 4.70 2.0 x 10-5
thiosulfate PbS203 6.40 4.0 x 10-7
tungstate PbWO, 6.35 4.5 x 10-7
Lead(IV)
Lithium
carbonate Li2C03 1.60 2.5 X
fluoride LiF 2.74 1.84 x 10-3
phosphate Li3P04 10.63 2.37 X lo-"
uranylarsenate LiUO,AsO, 18.82 1.5 x 10-19
Lutetium
hydroxide Lu(OH)3 23.72 1.9 x 10-24
TABLE 1.71
(Continued)
Compound Formula pK
PKS,sp Ksp
K%
Magnesium
ammonium phosphate 12.60 2.5 x 10-13
arsenate 19.68 2.1 x 10-20
carbonate 5.17 6.82 X
carbonate trihydrate 5.62 2.38 X lo-,
fluoride 10.29 5.16 X 10-l)
hydroxide 11.25 5.61 X 10-l2
iodate 4-water 2.50 3.2 x 10-3
niobate 16.64 2.3 x 10-17
oxalate dihydrate 5.32 4.83 X lo-,
phosphate 23.98 1.04 x 10-24
8-quinolinolate 15.40 4.0 X 10-l6
selenite 4.89 1.3 x 10-5
sulfite 2.50 3.2 x 10-3
Manganese
arsenate 28.72 1.9 x 10-29
carbonate 10.63 2.34 x lo-"
iodate 6.36 4.37 x 10-7
hydroxide 12.72 1.9 x 10-13
oxalate dihydrate 6.77 1.70 x 10-7
selenite 6.90 1.3 x 10-7
sulfide 9.60 2.5 X 1O-Io
12.60 2.5 x 10-13
Mercury( I)
azide 9.15 7.1 X 1O-Io
bromide 22.19 6.40 x 10-23
carbonate 16.44 3.6 x 10-17
chloride 17.84 1.43 X 10-l8
cyanide 39.3 5x 10-40
chromate 8.70 2.0 x 10-9
ferricyanide 20.07 8.5 x
fluoride 5.51 3.10 X lo-,
hydroxide 23.70 2.0 x 10-24
iodate 13.71 2.0 x 10-14
iodide 28.72 5.2 x 10-29
oxalate 12.76 1.75 x 10-13
quinaldate 17.90 1.3 X 10-l8
selenite 14.20 8.4 x 10-15
sulfate 6.19 6.5 x 10-7
sulfite 27.0 1.0 x 10-27
sulfide 47.0 1.0 x 10-47
thiocyanate 19.49 3.2 X
tungstate 16.96 1.1 x 10-17
Mercury(I1)
bromide 19.21 6.2 X
iodate 12.49 3.2 x 10-13
iodide 28.54 2.9 x 10-29
1,lO-phenanthroline 24.70 2.0 x 10-25
(Continued)
(Continued)
1.338
1.338 SECTION ONE
TABLE 1.71
(Continued)

PKS, K
Ksp
sp
quinaldate 16.80 1.6 x 10-17

selenite 13.82 1.5 x 10-14
sulfide 52.4 4 x 10-53
51.80 1.6 x 10-52
Neodymium
carbonate 32.97 1.08 X
Neptunyl(V1)
Nickel
ammine perrhenate 3.29 5.1 x 10-4
anthranilate 9.09 8.1 X 1O-lo
arsenate 25.51 3.1 x
carbonate 6.85 1.42 x 10-7
hydrazine sulfate 13.15 7.1 x 10-15
iodate 4.33 4.71 x 10-5
oxalate 9.4 4 x 10-10
phosphate 31.32 4.74 x 10-32
pyrophosphate 12.77 1.7 x 10-13
quinaldate 10.1 8 X
8-quinolinolate 26.1 8 x 10-27
selenite 5.0 1.0 x 10-5
a-sulfide 18.50 3.2 x 10-19
P-sulfide 24.0 1.0 x 10-24
y-sulfide 25.70 2.0 x 10-26
Palladium
(11) hydroxide 31.0 1.0 x 10-31
(IV) hydroxide 70.20 6.3 x 10-71
quinaldate 12.90 1.3 x 10-13
thiocyanate 22.36 4.39 x 10-23
Platinum
(IV) bromide 40.50 3.2 x 10-41
(11) hydroxide 35 1X
Plutonium
(111) fluoride 15.60 2.5 x 10-l6
(IV) fluoride 19.20 6.3 X
(IV) hydrogen phosphate 27.7 2x 10-28
(111) hydroxide 19.70 2.0 x 10-20
(IV) hydroxide 55 1x 10-55
(IV) iodate 12.3 5x 10-13
(VI) carbonate 12.77 1.7 x 10-13
(V) hydroxide 9.3 5x 10-10
(VI) hydroxide 24.7 2x 10-25
Polonium
sulfide 28.26 5.6 x 10-29
Potassium
hexabromoplatinate 4.20 6.3 x 10-5
hexachloropalladinate 5.22 6.0 X
hexachloroplatinate 5.13 7.48 X
hexafluoroplatinate 4.54 2.9 x 10-5
TABLE 1.71
1.71 Solubility
(Continued)
Compound Formula pK
PKS,sp K
KSspP
hexafluorozirconate 3.3 5 x 10-4
iodate 3.43 3.74 x 10-4
perchlorate 1.98 1.05 x
sodium cobaltinitrite 10.66 2.2 x 10-1'
hydrate
tetraphenylborate 7.66 2.2 x 10-8
uranyl arsenate 22.60 2.5 x 10-23
uranyl carbonate 4.20 6.3 x 10-5
Praseodymium
hydroxide 23.45 3.39 x 10-24
Promethium
hydroxide 21 1 x 10-21
Radium
iodate 8.94 1.16 x 10-9
sulfate 10.44 3.66 X
Rhodium
Rubidium
cobaltinitrite 14.83 1.5 x 10-15
hexachloroplatinate 7.20 6.3 X
hexafluoroplatinate 6.12 7.7 x 10-7
perchlorate 2.52 3.0 x 10-3
periodate 3.26 5.5 x 10-4
Ruthenium
Samarium
hydroxide 22.08 8.3 x 10-23
Scandium
fluoride 23.24 5.81 x 10-24
hydroxide 30.65 2.22 x 10-31
Silver
acetate 2.71 1.94 x 10-3
azide 8.54 2.8 x 10-9
bromate 4.27 5.38 x 10-5
bromide 12.27 5.35 x 10-13
carbonate 11.07 8.46 X 10-l2
chloride 9.75 1.77 X 10-lo
chlorite 3.70 2.0 x 10-4
chromate 11.95 1.12 x 10-12
cobaltinitrite 20.07 8.5 X
cyanamide 10.14 7.2 X lo-"
cyanate 6.64 2.3 x 10-7
cyanide 16.22 5.97 x 10-17
dichromate 6.70 2.0 x 10-7
dicyanimide 8.85 1.4 x 10-9
hydroxide 7.71 2.0 x 10-8
hyponitrite 18.89 1.3 x 10-19
iodate 7.50 3.17 X
(Continued)
(Continued)
1.340
1.340 SECTION ONE
TABLE 1.71
(Conrznued)
Compound Formula pK
PKS,sp K
Ksp
sp
iodide 16.07 8.52 x 10-17

molybdate 11.55 2.8 X lo-',
nitrite 3.22 6.0 x 10-4
oxalate 11.27 5.40 X lo-',
phosphate 16.05 8.89 x 10-17
quinaldate 16.89 1.3 x 10-17
perrhenate 4.10 8.0 x 10-5
se1enate 7.25 5.7 x 10-8
selenite 15.00 1.0 x 10-15
selenocyanate 15.40 4.0 X 10-l6
sulfate 4.92 1.20 x 10-5
sulfite 13.82 1.50 x 10-14
sulfide 49.20 6.3 x 10-50
thiocyanate 11.99 1.03 X
vanadate 6.3 5 x 10-7
tungstate 11.26 5.5 x 10-12
Sodium
ammonium cobaltinitrite 10.66 2.2 x 10-11
antimonate 7.4 4 x 10-8
hexafluoroaluminate 9.39 4.0 x 1O-Io
uranyl arsenate 21.87 1.3 X
Strontium
arsenate 18.37 4.29 x 10-19
carbonate 9.25 5.60 X 1O-Io
chromate 4.65 2.2 x 10-5
fluoride 8.36 4.33 x 10-9
iodate 6.94 1.14 x 10-7
iodate hydrate 6.42 3.77 x 10-7
molybdate 6.7 2x 10-7
niobate 17.38 4.2 X 10-l8
oxalate hydrate 6.80 1.6 x 10-7
phosphate 27.39 4.0 X
8-quinolinolate 9.3 5x 10-10
se1enate 3.09 8.1 x 10-4
selenite 5.74 1.8 x 10-6
sulfate 6.46 3.44 x 10-7
sulfite 7.4 4x 10-8
tungstate 9.77 1.7 X 1O-Io
Terbium
hydroxide 21.70 2.0 x 10-22
Tellurium
hydroxide 53.52 3.0 x 10-54
Thallium(1)
azide TlN, 3.66 2.2 x 10-4
bromate TlBrO, 4.96 1.10 x 10-5
bromide TlBr 5.43 3.71 X
chloride TlCl 3.73 1.86 x 10-4
chromate T1,Cr04 12.06 8.67 x 10-13
fenocyanide dihydrate T14[Fe(CN)6]'2H,O 9.3 5x 10-10
hexachloroplatinate Tl,[PtCl,] 11.40 4.0 X
iodate TlIO, 5.51 3.12 x
iodide T1I 7.26 5.54 x 10-8
TABLE 1.71
(Continued)
Compound Formula pK
PK,,sp K
KSspP
oxalate 3.7 2x 10-4
selenate 4.00 1.0 x 10-4
selenite 38.7 2x 10-39
sulfide 20.30 5.0 X
thiocyanate 3.80 1.57 x 10-4
Thallium( 111)
hydroxide 43.77 1.68 X lo-"
8-quinolinolate 32.40 4.0 X
Thorium
hydrogen phosphate 20 1 x 10-20
iodate 14.60 2.5 x 10-15
oxalate 22 1 x 10-22
phosphate 78.60 2.5 x 10-79
Thullium
hydroxide 23.48 3.3 x 10-24
Tin
(11) hydroxide 27.26 5.45 x 10-28
(IV) hydroxide 56 1 x 10-56
(11) sulfide 25.00 1.0 x 10-25
Titanium
(111) hydroxide 40 1 x 10-40
(IV) oxide hydroxide 29 1 x 10-29
Uranium(1V)
fluoride 2.5-water 21.24 5.7 x 10-22
Uranyl(VI)(2+)
carbonate 11.73 1.8 X 10-l2
hydrogen arsenate 10.50 3.2 X lo-"
hydroxide 21.95 1.1 x 10-22
iodate hydrate 7.50 3.2 X
oxalate trihydrate 3.7 2 x 10-4
phosphate 46.7 2 X
sulfite 8.58 2.6 x 10-9
thiocyanate 3.4 4 x 10-4
Vanadium
(IV)hydroxide 22.13 5.9 x 10-23
(111) phosphate 24.1 8x
Ytterbium
hydroxide 23.60 2.5 x 10-24
Yttrium
carbonate 2.99 1.03 x 10-3
fluoride 20.06 8.62 X
hydroxide 22.00 1.00 x 10-22
iodate 9.95 1.12 x 10-10
oxalate 28.28 5.3 x 10-29
Zinc
anthranilate 9.23 5.9 x lo-=
borate hydrate 10.18 6.6 X
carbonate 9.94 1.46 X 10-lo
(Continued)
(Continued)
1.342
1.342 SECTION ONE
SECTION ONE
TABLE 1.71
Solubility Product
Product Constants
Constants (Continued)
(Continued)
Compound
Compound Formula
Formula pK
PKS,
sp K
K\*
sp t
fluoride ZnF, 1.52 3.04 X lo-,

hydroxide Zn(OH), 16.5 3x 10-17
iodate dihydrate Zn(1O3),~2H,O 5.31 4.1 X
oxalate dihydrate ZnC,04. 2H,O 8.86 1.38 x 10-9
phosphate Zn,(PO,), 32.04 9.0 x 10-33
quinaldate ZnL, 13.80 1.6 x 10-14
8-quinolinolate ZnL, 24.30 5.0 x 10-25
selenide ZnSe 25.44 3.6 X
selenite hydrate ZnSeO, .H,O 6.80 1.57 x 10-7
sulfide a-ZnS 23.80 1.6 x 10-24
0-ZnS 21.60 2.5 X lo-,,
Zirconium
oxide hydroxide ZrO(OH), 48.20 6.3 x 10-49
phosphate Zr3(PO4), 132 1 x 10-132
TABLE 1.72
TABLE 1.72 Stability
Stability Constants
Constants of Complex Ions
of Complex Ions
The stability
The stability constant
constant of
of aa complex
complex ion
ion is
is aa measure
measure of its stability
of its stability with
with respect
respect to
to dissociation
dissociation into
into its
its constituent
constituent
species at
species at aa given
given temperature, e.g.
e.g. the formation
formation ofof the tetra-amminecopper(II)
tetra-amminecopper(I1) ion may be represented by the
equation
Cu 2+
Cu2' ++ 4NH
4NH33 == [Cu(NH 2+
[Cu(NH,)J2'
3)4]
stability constant
and the stability constant is given
given by
[Cu( NH 3 )24+ ]
Kstab =
[Cu 2 + ][NH 3 ]4
The higher the stability

The stability constant
constant the more stable
stable the complex
complex ion. denotes the stoichiometric
ion. vI: denotes stoichiometiic number of aa
or ion, and is positive for
molecule, atom or for a product and
and negative
negative for
for aa reactant.
K stab
Kstab  Kstab 
−3 Σv
log10  −3 Σv 
Equilibnum
Equilibrium (mol ⋅ dm
dm")" )  (mol ⋅ dm ) 
Ag'+ ++ 2CN- == [Ag(CH)
Ag [Ag(CH)J 2]
−
1.0 ×x 10
1⋅0 10"21 21⋅0
21.0
Ag'+ ++ NH
Ag NH,3 == [Ag(NH
[Ag(NH,)]+ 3)]
+
2.5 ×x 10
2⋅5 3
103 3⋅4
3.4
[Ag(NH
[Ag(NHdI+
3 )] +
+ NH
NH3 3 =
= [Ag(NH
[Ag(NH3),1+ )
3 2 ]+
6.3 ×x 10
6⋅3 3
103 3⋅8
3.8
Ag' ++ 2NH
Ag +
2NH,3 == [Ag(NH
[Ag(NH,),]+3)2]
+
1.7 ×x 10
1⋅7 7
107 7⋅2
7.2
Ag+
Ag +
+ 2S
+ 2−
2O3 =
2S20:- [Ag(S20&I2-
= [Ag(S 2O3)2]
3−
1.0 ×x 10
1⋅0 13
1013 13⋅0
13.0
A12+
Al 3+
++ 6F
6F-− == [AlF
[A1F6I3-
6 ]3−
6 ×x 1019 19⋅8
19.8
Al(OH),3 ++ OH− == [Al(OH)
Al(OH) [Al(OH),] 4]
−
40 1⋅6
1.6
−
Cd 2+
Cd2' + 4CN 4CN- == [Cd(CN)
[Cd(CN)J2- 4]
2−
7.1 ×x 10
7⋅1 16
1016 16⋅9
16.9
Cd'+
Cd 2+
++ 4I
41− == [CdI
[CdIJ2
4 ] 2−
2 ×x 106
lo6 6⋅3
6.3
Cd 2+
Cd2' ++ 4NH
4NH33 == [Cd(NH
[Cd(NH&]'+ 3)4]
2+
4.0 ×x 10
4⋅0 6
106 6⋅6
6.6
Co 2+
Co'++ 6NH,3 == [Co(NH
+ 6NH [Co(NH&]" )
3 6 ] 2+
7.7 ×x 10
7⋅7 10,4 4⋅9
4.9
Co 3+
CO'' + + 6NH
6NH,3 = [Co(NH
[Co(NH&]'+ 3)6]
3+
4.5 ×
4⋅5 x 1033
1033 33⋅7
33.7
Cr(OH)?
Cr(OH) 3++ OHOH-− = [Cr(OH)
[Ci(OH)J4]− 11 × lo-'−2
x 10 −2
-2
Cu+
Cu +
++ 4CN− = [Cu(CN)
[Cu(CN),]' 4]
3−
2.0 ×
2⋅0 x 1027
1027 27⋅3
27.3
−
Cu 2+
Cu" + + 4Cl
4C1- = [CuCl
[CuC1J2-4]
2−
4.0 ×
4⋅0 10'5
x 10 5⋅6
5.6
CU'+ +
Cu + 2NH
2NH33 = [Cu(NH
[Cu(NH?)']'3)2]
+
11 × 10"11
x 10 11
11
TABLE 1.72 Stability Constants of Complex Ions (Continued)
Kstab  Kstab 
log10  −3 Σv 
Equilibrium (mol ⋅ dm −3 ) Σv  (mol ⋅ dm ) 
Cu2+ + NH3 = [Cu(NH3)]2+ 2⋅0 × 104 (K1) 4⋅3

[Cu(NH3)]2+ + NH3 = [Cu(NH3)2]2+ 4⋅2 × 103 (K2) 3⋅6
[Cu(NH3)2]2+ + NH3 = [Cu(NH3)3]2+ 1⋅0 × 103 (K3) 3⋅0
[Cu(NH3)3]2+ + NH3 = [Cu(NH3)4]2+ 1⋅7 × 102 (K4) 2⋅2
Cu2+ + 4NH3 = [Cu(NH3)4]2+ 1⋅4 × 1013 13⋅1
(K = K1K2K3K4)
Fe2+ + 6CN− = [Fe(CN)6]4− ca. 1024 ca. 24
Fe3+ + 6CN− = [Fe(CN)6]3− ca. 1031 ca. 31
Fe3+ + 4Cl− = [FeCl4]− 8 × 10−2 −1⋅1
Fe3+ + SCN− = [Fe(SCN)]2+ 1⋅4 × 102 2⋅1
[Fe(SCN)]2+ + SCN− = [Fe(SCN)2]+ 16 1⋅2
[Fe(SCN)2]+ + SCN− = Fe(SCN)3 1 0
Hg2+ + 4CN− = [Hg(CN)4]2− 2⋅5 × 1041 41⋅4
Hg2+ + 4Cl− = [HgCl4]2− 1⋅7 × 1016 16⋅2
Hg2+ + 4I− = [HgI4]2− 2⋅0 × 1030 30⋅3
I− + I2 = I3− 7⋅1 × 102 2⋅9
Ni2+ + 6NH3 = [Ni(NH3)6]2+ 4⋅8 × 107 7⋅7
Pb(OH)2 + OH− = [Pb(OH)3]− 50 1⋅7
Sn(OH)4 + 2OH− = [Sn(OH)6]2− 5 × 103 3⋅7
Zn2+ + 4CN− = [Zn(CN)4]2− 5 × 1016 16⋅7
Zn2+ + 4NH3 = [Zn(NH3)4]2+ 3⋅8 × 109 9⋅6
Zn(OH)2 + 2OH− = [Zn(OH)4]2− 10 1⋅0
TABLE 1.73 Saturated Solutions
The following table provides the data for making saturated solutions of the substances listed at the temperature designated. Data are
provided for making saturated solutions by weight (g of substance per 100 g of saturated solution) and by volume (g of substance per
100 ml of saturated solution and the ml of water required to make such a solution).
To make one fluid ounce of a saturated solution: multiply the grams of substance per 100 ml of saturated solution by 4.55 to obtain
the number of grains required, by 0.01039 to obtain the number of avoirdupois ounces, by 0.00947 to obtain the number of apothe-
caries (Troy) ounces; also multiply the ml of water by 16.23 to obtain the number of minims, or divide by 100 to obtain the number
of fluid ounces.
To make one fluid dram: multiply the grams of substance per 100 ml of saturated solution by 0.5682 to obtain the number of
grains required; also multiply the ml of water by 0.60 to obtain the number of minims required.
ml
water/
g/100 g g/100 ml 100 ml
Temp, satd satd satd Specific
Substance Formula °C soln soln soln gravity
acetanilide C6H5NHCOCH3 25 0.54 0.54 99.2 0.997
p-acetophenetidin C6H4(OC2H5)NHCH3CO 25 0.0766 0.0766 99.92 1.00
p-acetotoluide CH3CONHC6H4CH3 25 0.12 0.12 99.7 0.9979
alanine CH3CH(NH2)COOH 25 14.1 14.7 89.5 1.042
aluminum ammonium sulfate Al2(SO4)3(NH4)2SO4 ⋅ 24H2O 25 12.4 13 92 1.05
aluminum chloride hydrated AlCl3 ⋅ 6H2O 25 55.5 75 60 1.35
aluminum fluoride Al2F6 ⋅ 5H2O 20 0.499 0.5015 100.0 1.0051
aluminum potassium sulfate AlK(SO4)2 25 6.62 7.02 99.1 1.061
aluminum sulfate Al2(SO4)3 ⋅ 18H2O 25 48.8 63 66 1.29
(Continued)
1.344 SECTION ONE
TABLE 1.73 Saturated Solutions (Continued)
ml
water/
g/100 g g/100 ml 100 ml
o-aminobenzoic acid C6H4NH2COOH 25 0.52 0.519 99.4 0.999
DL-a-amino-n-butyric acid CH3CH2CH(NH2)COOH 25 17.8 18.6 86.2 1.046
DL-a-aminoisobutyric acid (CH3)2C(NH2)COOH 25 13.3 13.7 89.5 1.031
ammonium arsenate NH4H2AsO4 20 32.7 40.2 83.0 1.228
ammonium benzoate NH4C7H5O2 25 18.6 19.4 84.7 1.040
ammonium bromide NH4Br 15 41.7 53.8 75.2 1.290
ammonium carbnonate 25 20 22 88 1.10
ammonium chloride NH4Cl 15 26.3 28.3 79.3 1.075
ammonium citrate, dibasic (NH4)2HC6H5O7 25 48.7 60.5 61.5 1.22
ammonium dichromate (NH4)2Cr2O7 25 27.9 33 85 1.18
ammonium iodide NH4I 25 64.5 106.2 58.3 1.646
ammonium molybdate (NH4)6Mo7O24 ⋅ 4H2O 25 30.6 39 88 1.27
ammonium nitrate NH4NO3 25 68.3 90.2 41.8 1.320
ammonium oxalate (NH4)2C2O4 ⋅ H2O 25 4.95 5.06 97.0 1.019
ammonium perchlorate NH4ClO4 25 21.1 23.7 88.7 1.123
ammonium periodate NH4IO4 16 2.63 2.68 99.2 1.018
ammonium persulfate (NH4)2S2O8 25 42.7 53 71 1.24
ammonium phosphate, (NH4)2 ⋅ HPO4 14.5 56.2 75.5 58.8 1.343
dibasic
ammonium phosphate, NH4H2PO4 25 28.4 33 83 1.16
monobasic
ammonium salicylate NH4C7H5O3 25 50.8 58.2 56.4 1.145
ammonium silicofluoride (NH4)2SiF6 17.5 15.7 17.2 92.3 1.095
ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4 20 42.6 53.1 71.7 1.248
ammonium sulfite (NH4)2SO3.H2O 25 39.3 47.3 73.2 1.204
ammonium thiocyanate NH4CNS 25 62.2 71 43 1.14
amyl alcohol C5H11OH 25 2.61 2.60 96.9 0.995
aniline C6H5NH2 22 3.61 3.61 96.2 0.998
aniline hydrochloride C6H5NH2 ⋅ HCl 25 49 54 56 1.10
aniline sulfate (C6H5NH2)2 ⋅ H2SO4 25 5.88 6 96 1.02
L-asparagine NH2COCH2CH(NH2)COOH 25 2.44 2.46 98.2 1.007
barium bromide BaBr2 20 51 87.2 83.8 1.710
barium chlorate Ba(ClO3)2 25 28.5 36.8 92.6 1.294
barium chloride BaCl2 20 26.3 33.4 93.8 1.27
barium iodide BaI2 ⋅ 712 H2O 25 68.8 157.0 71.1 2.277
barium nitrate Ba(NO3)2 25 9.4 10.2 97.9 1.080
barium nitrite Ba(NO2)2 17 40 59.6 89.4 1.490
barium perchlorate Ba(ClO4)2 25 75.3 145.8 47.8 1.936
benzamide C6H5CONH2 25 1.33 1.33 98.6 0.999
benzoic acid C7H6O2 25 0.367 0.367 99.63 1.00
beryllium sulfate BeSO4 ⋅ 4H2O 25 28.7 37.3 93.0 1.301
boric acid H3BO3 25 4.99 5.1 97 1.02
n-butyl alcohol CH3(CH2)2CH2OH 25 79.7 67.3 17.1 0.845
cadmium bromide CdBr2 ⋅ 4H2O 25 52.9 94.0 83.9 1.775
cadmium chlorate Cd(ClO3)2 ⋅ 12H2O 18 76.4 174.5 54.0 2.284
cadmium chloride CdCl2 ⋅ 212 H2O 25 54.7 97.2 80.8 1.778
cadmium iodide CdI2 20 45.9 73.0 86.3 1.590
cadmium sulfate 3(CdSO4) ⋅ 8H2O 25 43.4 70.3 91.8 1.619
calcium bromide CaBr2 20 58.8 107.2 75.0 1.82
ml
water/
g/100 g g/100 ml 100 ml
calcium chlorate Ca(ClO3)2 ⋅ 2H2O 18 64.0 110.7 62.3 1.729
calcium chloride CaCl2 ⋅ 6H2O 25 46.1 67.8 79.2 1.47
calcium chromate CaCrO4 ⋅ 2H2O 18 14.3 16.4 98.7 1.149
calcium ferrocyanide Ca2Fe(CN)6 25 36.5 49.6 86.2 1.357
calcium iodide CaI2 20 67.6 143.8 69.0 2.125
calcium lactate Ca(C3H5O3)2 ⋅ 5H2O 25 4.95 5 96 1.01
calcium nitrite Ca(NO2)2 ⋅ 4H2O 18 45.8 65.7 77.8 1.427
calcium sulfate CaSO4 ⋅ 2H2O 25 0.208 0.208 99.70 0.999
camphoric acid C8H14(COOH)2 25 0.754 0.754 99.246 1.00
carbon disulfide CS2 22 0.173 0.173 99.63 0.998
cerium nitrate Ce(NO3)3 ⋅ 6H2O 25 63.7 119.9 68.2 1.880
cesium bromide CsBr 21.4 53.1 89.8 79.5 1.693
cesium chloride CsCl 25 65.7 126.3 65.9 1.923
cesium iodide CsI 22.8 48.0 74.1 80.5 1.545
cesium nitrate CsNO3 25 21.9 26.1 92.9 1.187
cesium perchlorate CsClO4 25 2.01 2.03 99.0 1.010
cesium periodate CsIO4 15 2.10 2.13 99.5 1.017
cesium sulfate Cs2SO4 25 64.5 129.8 71.7 2.013
chloral hydrate CCl3CHO ⋅ H2O 25 79.4 120 31 1.51
chloroform CHCl3 29.4 0.703 0.705 99.57 1.0028
chromic oxide CrO3 18 62.5 106.3 64.0 1.703
chromium potassium sulfate Cr2K2(SO4)4 ⋅ 24H2O 25 19.6 22 90 1.12
citric acid (CH2)2COH(COOH)3 ⋅ H2O 25 67.5 88.6 42.7 1.311
cobalt chlorate Co(ClO3)2 18 64.2 119.3 66.5 1.857
cobalt nitrate Co(NO3)2 18 49.7 78.2 79.1 1.572
cobalt perchlorate Co(ClO4)2 26 71.8 113.5 44.7 1.581
cupric ammonium chloride CuCl2 ⋅ 2NH4Cl ⋅ 2H2O 25 30.3 35.5 82 1.17
cupric ammonium sulfate CuSO4 ⋅ (NH4)2SO4 19 15.3 17.3 96.0 1.131
cupric bromide CuBr2 25 55.8 102.5 81.2 1.84
cupric chlorate Cu(ClO3)2 18 62.2 105.2 64.1 1.692
cupric chloride CuCl2 ⋅ 2H2O 25 53.3 80 70 1.50
cupric nitrate Cu(NO3)2 ⋅ 6H2O 20 56.0 94.5 74.3 1.688
cupric selenate CuSeO4 21.2 14.7 17.2 99.4 1.165
cupric sulfate CuSO4 ⋅ 5H2O 25 18.5 22.3 98.7 1.211
dextrose C6H12O6 ⋅ H2O 25 49.5 59 60 1.19
ether (C2H5)2O 22 5.45 5.34 93.0 0.985
ethyl acetate CH3COOC2H5 25 7.47 7.44 92.1 0.996
ferric ammonium citrate 25 67.7 97 46 1.43
ferric ammonium oxalate Fe(NH4)3(C2O4)3 ⋅ 3H2O 25 51.5 65 61 1.26
ferric ammonium sulfate FeSO4 ⋅ (NH4)2SO4 16.5 19.1 22.4 94.3 1.165
ferric chloride FeCl3 25 73.1 131.1 48.3 1.793
ferric nitrate Fe(NO3)3 25 46.8 70.2 79.8 1.50
ferric perchlorate Fe(ClO4)3 ⋅ 10H2O 25 79.9 132.1 33.2 1.656
ferrous sulfate FeSO4 ⋅ 7H2O 25 42.1 52.8 72.7 1.255
gallic acid C6H2(OH)3COOH ⋅ H2O 25 1.15 1.15 99.05 1.002
D-glutamic acid C5H9O4N 25 0.86 0.86 99.15 1.0002
glycine NH2CH2COOH 25 20.0 21.7 86.8 1.083
hydroquinone C6H4(OH)2 20 6.7 6.78 94.4 1.012
m-hydroxybenzoic acid C6H4OHCOOH 25 0.975 0.975 99.03 1.000
(Continued)
1.346 SECTION ONE
ml
water/
g/100 g g/100 ml 100 ml
lactose C12H22O11 ⋅ H2O 25 15.9 17 90 1.07
lead acetate Pb(C2H3O2)2 25 36.5 49.0 85.1 1.340
lead bromide PbBr2 25 0.97 0.98 99.6 1.006
lead chlorate Pb(ClO3)2 18 60.2 117.0 77.3 1.944
lead chloride PbCl2 25 1.07 1.08 99.6 1.007
lead iodide PbI2 25 0.08 0.08 99.7 0.998
lead nitrate Pb(NO3)2 25 37.1 53.6 91.0 1.445
DL-leucine C6H13O2N 25 0.976 0.975 98.9 0.999
L-leucine C6H13O2N 25 2.24 2.24 97.85 1.0012
lithium benzoate LiC7H5O2 25 27.7 30.4 79.6 1.100
lithium bromate LiBrO3 18 60.4 110.5 72.5 1.830
lithium carbonate Li2CO3 15 1.36 1.38 100.0 1.014
lithium chloride LiCl ⋅ H2O 25 45.9 59.5 70.2 1.296
lithium citrate Li3C6H5O7 25 31.8 38.6 82.8 1.213
lithium dichromate Li2Cr2O7 ⋅ H2O 18 52.6 82.9 74.8 1.574
lithium fluoride LiF 18 0.27 0.27 99.9 1.002
lithium formate LiCHO2 18 27.9 31.8 80.4 1.140
lithium iodate LiIO3 18 44.6 69.9 86.8 1.566
lithium nitrate LiNO3 19 48.9 64.5 67.5 1.318
lithium perchlorate LiClO4 ⋅ 3H2O 25 37.5 47.6 79.5 1.269
lithium salicylate LiC7H5O3 25 52.7 63.6 57.1 1.206
lithium sulfate Li2SO4 ⋅ H2O 25 27.2 33 88.5 1.21
magnesium bromide MgBr2 ⋅ 6H2O 18 50.1 83.1 82.8 1.655
magnesium chlorate Mg(ClO3)2 18 56.3 90.0 69.7 1.594
magnesium chloride MgCl2 ⋅ 6H2O 25 62.5 79 47.5 1.26
magnesium chromate MgCr2O4 ⋅ 7H2O 18 42.0 59.7 82.5 1.422
magnesium dichromate MgCrO7 ⋅ 5H2O 25 81.0 138.8 32.6 1.712
magnesium iodate Mg(IO3)2 ⋅ 4H2O 18 6.44 6.95 100.8 1.078
magnesium iodide MgI2.8H2O 18 59.7 114.0 77.1 1.909
magnesium molybdate MgMoO4 25 15.9 18.4 97.4 1.159
magnesium nitrate Mg(NO3)2 ⋅ 6H2O 25 42.1 58.6 80.5 1.388
magnesium perchlorate Mg(ClO4)2 ⋅ 6H2O 25 49.9 73.6 73.9 1.472
magnesium selenate MgSeO4 20 35.3 50.8 93.0 1.440
magnesium sulfate MgSO4 ⋅ 7H2O 25 55.3 72 58.5 1.30
manganese chloride MnCl2 25 43.6 63.2 82.0 1.449
manganese nitrate Mn(NO3)2 ⋅ 6H2O 18 57.3 93.2 69.2 1.624
manganese silicofluoride MnSiF6 17.5 37.7 54.5 90.1 1.446
manganese sulfate MnSO4 25 39.4 59.1 90.8 1.499
mercuric acetate Hg(C2H3O2)2 25 30.2 38 88 1.26
mercuric bromide HgBr2 25 0.609 0.610 99.6 1.0023
mercury bichloride HgCl2 25 6.6 6.96 98.5 1.054
methylene blue C16H18N3ClS ⋅ 3H2O 25 4.25 4.3 97 1.01
methyl salicylate C6H4OHCOOCH3 25 0.12 0.12 99.88 1.00
monochloracetic acid CH2ClCOOH 25 78.8 105 28 1.33
b-naphthalenesulfonic acid C10H7SO3H 30 56.9 67.9 51.4 1.193
nickel ammonium sulfate NiSO4(NH4)2SO4 ⋅ 6H2O 25 9.0 9.5 96 1.05
nickel chlorate Ni(ClO3)2 18 56.7 94.2 72.0 1.658
nickel chlorate Ni(ClO3)2 ⋅ 6H2O 18 64.5 107.2 59.1 1.661
nickel nitrate Ni(NO3)2 ⋅ 6H2O 25 77 122 36 1.58
ml
water/
g/100 g g/100 ml 100 ml
nickel perchlorate Ni(ClO4)2 26 70.8 112.2 46.4 1.584
nickel perchlorate Ni(ClO4)2 ⋅ 9H2O 18 52.4 82.7 75.1 1.576
nickel sulfate NiSO4 ⋅ 6H2O 25 47.3 64 71 1.35
DL-norleucine C6H13NO2 25 1.13 1.13 98.97 0.999
oxalic acid H2C2O4 ⋅ 2H2O 25 9.81 10.3 94.2 1.044
phenol C6H5OH 20 6.1 6.14 94.5 1.0057
b-phenylalanine C6H5CH2CH(NH2)COOH 25 2.88 2.89 97.5 1.0035
m-phenylenediamine C6H8N2 20 23.1 23.8 79.3 1.032
p-phenylenediamine C6H8N2 20 3.69 3.70 96.67 1.0038
phenyl salicylate C6H4OHCOOC6H5 25 0.015 0.015 99.84 0.999
phenyl thiourea CS(NH2)NHC6H5 25 0.24 0.24 99.6 0.998
phosphomolybdic acid 20MoO3 ⋅ 2H3PO4 ⋅ 48H2O 25 74.3 135 46 1.81
phosphotungstic acid Approx. 20WO3 ⋅ 2H3PO4 ⋅ 25H2O 25 71.4 160 64 2.24
potassium acetate KC2H3O2 25 68.7 97.1 44.3 1.413
potassium antimony tartrate KSbOC4H4O6 25 7.64 8.02 96.9 1.049
potassium bicarbonate KHCO3 25 26.6 31.6 87.5 1.188
potassium bitartrate KC4H5O6 25 0.65 0.65 99.3 0.999
potassium bromate KBrO3 25 7.53 7.89 97.5 1.054
potassium bromide KBr 25 40.6 56.0 82.0 1.380
potassium carbonate K2CO3 ⋅ 112H2O 25 52.9 82.2 73.5 1.559
potassium chlorate KClO3 25 8.0 8.41 96.6 1.051
potassium chloride KCl 25 26.5 31.2 86.8 1.178
potassium chromate K2CrO4 25 39.4 54.1 83.7 1.381
potassium citrate K3C6H5O7 25 60.91 92.1 59.2 1.514
potassium dichromate K2Cr2O7 25 13.0 14.2 95.0 1.092
potassium ferricyanide K3Fe(CN)6 22 32.1 38.1 80.8 1.187
potassium ferrocyanide K4Fe(CN)6 25 24.0 28.2 89.2 1.173
potassium fluoride KF ⋅ 2H2O 18 48.0 72.0 78.0 1.500
potassium formate KCHO2 18 76.8 120.6 36.4 1.571
potassium hydroxide KOH 15 51.7 79.2 74.2 1.536
potassium iodate KIO3 25 8.40 8.99 98.0 1.071
potassium iodide KI 25 59.8 103.2 69.1 1.721
potassium meta-antimonate KSbO3 18 2.73 2.81 99.7 1.025
potassium nitrate KNO3 25 28.0 33.4 86.0 1.193
potassium nitrite KNO2 20 74.3 121.5 42.3 1.649
potassium oxalate K2C2O4 ⋅ H2O 25 28.3 34 86 1.20
potassium perchlorate KClO4 25 2.68 2.72 99.0 1.014
potassium periodate KIO4 13 0.658 0.661 99.83 1.005
potassium permanganate KMnO4 25 7.10 7.43 97.3 1.046
potassium sodium tartrate KNaC4H4O6 ⋅ 4H2O 25 39.71 51.9 78.8 1.308
potassium stannate K2SnO3 15.5 42.7 69.2 92.9 1.620
potassium sulfate K2SO4 25 10.83 11.8 96.9 1.086
quinine salicylate C20H24N2O2 ⋅ C6H4(OH)COOH.2H2O 25 0.065 0.065 99.84 0.999
resorcinol C6H4(OH)2 25 58.8 67.2 47.2 1.142
rubidium bromate RbBrO3 16 2.15 2.18 99.4 1.016
rubidium bromide RbBr 25 52.7 85.6 76.9 1.625
rubidium chloride RbCl 25 48.6 72.8 77.1 1.050
rubidium iodate RbIO3 15.6 2.72 2.78 99.5 1.022
rubidium iodide RbI 24.3 63.6 117.7 67.3 1.850
rubidium nitrate RbNO3 25 40.1 55.0 82.4 1.375
(Continued)
1.348 SECTION ONE
ml
water/
g/100 g g/100 ml 100 ml
rubidium perchlorate RbClO4 25 1.88 1.90 99.3 1.012
rubidium periodate RbIO4 16 0.645 0.648 99.85 1.0052
rubidium sulfate Rb2SO4 25 33.8 45.6 89.7 1.354
silicotungstic acid H4SiW12O40 18 90.6 258 26.8 2.843
silver acetate Ag(C2H3O2) 25 1.10 1.11 99.40 1.0047
silver bromate AgBrO3 25 0.204 0.2037 99.65 0.9985
silver fluoride AgF ⋅ 2H2O 15.8 64.5 168.4 92.7 2.61
silver nitrate AgNO3 25 71.5 164 65.5 2.29
silver perchlorate AgClO4 ⋅ H2O 25 84.5 237.1 43.5 2.806
sodium acetate NaC2H3O2 25 33.6 40.5 80.0 1.205
sodium ammonium sulfate NaNH4SO4 15 25.2 29.6 87.9 1.174
sodium arsenate Na3AsO4 ⋅ 12H2O 17 21.1 23.5 88.0 1.119
sodium benzenesulfonate NaC6H5SO3 25 16.4 17.6 90.1 1.076
sodium benzoate NaC7H5O2 25 36.0 41.5 73.9 1.152
sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3 15 8.28 8.80 97.6 1.061
sodium bisulfate NaHSO4 ⋅ H2O 25 59 87 60 1.47
sodium bromide NaBr ⋅ 2H2O 25 48.6 75.0 79.4 1.542
sodium carbonate Na2CO3 ⋅ 10H2O 25 22.6 28.1 96.5 1.242
sodium chlorate NaClO3 25 51.7 74.3 69.6 1.440
sodium chloride NaCl 25 26.5 31.7 88.1 1.198
sodium chromate Na2CrO4 18 40.1 57.4 85.7 1.430
sodium citrate Na3C6H5O7 ⋅ 5H2O 25 48.1 61.2 66.0 1.272
sodium dichromate Na2Cr2O7 18 63.9 111.4 63.0 1.743
sodium ferrocyanide Na4Fe(CN)6 25 17.1 19.4 93.9 1.131
sodium fluoride NaF 25 3.98 4.14 99.7 1.038
sodium formate NaCHO2 18 44.7 58.9 73.0 1.316
sodium hydroxide NaOH 25 50.8 77 74 1.51
sodium hypophosphite NaH2PO2 16 52.1 72.4 66.6 1.386
sodium iodate NaIO3 ⋅ H2O 25 8.57 9.21 98.5 1.075
sodium iodide NaI 25 64.8 124.3 67.7 1.919
sodium molybdate Na2MoO4 18 39.4 56.6 87.0 1.435
sodium nitrate NaNO3 25 47.9 66.7 72.5 1.391
sodium nitrite NaNO2 20 45.8 62.3 73.8 1.359
sodium oxalate Na2(CO2)2 25 3.48 3.58 99.1 1.025
sodium paratungstate (Na2O)3(WO3)7 ⋅ 16H2O 0 26.7 35.2 96.5 1.316
sodium perchlorate NaClO4 25 67.8 114.1 54.1 1.683
sodium periodate NaIO4 ⋅ 3H2O 25 12.6 13.9 96.2 1.103
sodium phenolsulfonate C6H4(OH)SO3Na 25 16.1 17.4 90.5 1.079
sodium phosphate dibasic Na2HPO4 17 4.2 4.4 99.9 1.043
sodium phosphate tribasic Na3PO4 14 9.5 10.5 99.8 1.103
sodium pyrophosphate Na2H2P2O7 ⋅ 6H2O 25 13.0 14.4 95.8 1.104
sodium salicylate NaC7H5O3 25 53.6 67.0 58.0 1.248
sodium selenate Na2SeO4 18 29.0 38.1 93.4 1.313
sodium silicofluoride NaSiF6 20 0.773 0.737 99.76 1.0054
sodium sulfate Na2SO4 25 21.8 26.4 94.5 1.208
sodium sulfate Na2SO4 ⋅ 10H2O 25 27.7 33.3 87.0 1.207
sodium sulfide Na2S ⋅ 9H2O 25 52.3 63 57 1.20
sodium sulfite, anhydrous Na2SO3 25 23 28.5 95.5 1.24
sodium thiocyanate NaCNS 25 62.9 87 51 1.38
ml
water/
g/100 g g/100 ml 100 ml
sodium thiosulfate Na2S2O3 ⋅ 5H2O 25 66.8 93 46 1.39
sodium tungstate Na2WO4 ⋅ 10H2O 18 42.0 66.1 91.3 1.573
stannous chloride SnCl2 15 72.9 133.1 49.5 1.827
strontium chlorate Sr(ClO3)2 18 63.6 117.0 67.0 1.839
strontium chloride SrCl2 ⋅ 6H2O 15 33.4 45.5 90.7 1.36
strontium iodide SrI2 ⋅ 6H2O 20 64.0 137.8 77.5 2.15
strontium nitrate Sr(NO3)2 25 44.2 65.3 82.5 1.477
strontium nitrite Sr(NO2)2 19 39.3 56.8 87.8 1.445
strontium perchlorate Sr(ClO4)2 25 75.6 158.5 50.8 2.084
strontium salicylate Sr(C7H5O3)2 25 4.58 4.68 97.5 1.019
succinic acid (CH2)2(COOH)2 25 7.67 7.82 94.5 1.021
succinimide (CH2CO)2NH ⋅ H2O 25 30.6 32.7 74.2 1.067
sucrose C12H22O11 25 67.89 90.9 43.0 1.340
tartaric acid C2H2(OH)2(COOH)2 15 58.5 76.9 54.7 1.31
tetraethyl ammonium iodide N(C2H5)4I 25 32.9 36.2 74.0 1.102
tetramethyl ammonium N(CH3)4I 25 5.51 5.60 96.1 1.016
iodide
thallium chloride TlCl 25 0.40 0.40 99.6 1.0005
thallium nitrate TlNO3 25 10.4 11.4 98.0 1.093
thallium nitrite TlNO2 25 32.1 43.7 92.5 1.360
thallium perchlorate TlClO4 25 13.5 15.2 97.1 1.122
thallium sulfate Tl2SO4 25 5.48 5.74 99.0 1.047
trichloroacetic acid CCl3COOH 25 92.3 149.6 12.41 1.615
uranyl chloride UO2Cl2 18 76.2 208.5 65.2 2.736
uranyl nitrate UO2(NO3)2 ⋅ 6H2O 25 68.9 120 54.5 1.74
urea (NH2)2CO 25 53.8 62 53.5 1.15
urea phosphate CO(NH2)2 ⋅ H3PO4 24.5 52.4 66.1 60.1 1.26
urethan NH2CO2C2H5 25 82.8 88.8 18.5 1.073
D-valine (CH3)2CHCH(NH2)COOH 25 8.14 8.26 93.3 1.015
DL-valine (CH3)2CHCH(NH2)COOH 25 6.61 6.68 94.5 1.012
zinc acetate Zn(C2H3O2)2 25 25.7 30.0 86.5 1.165
zinc benzenesulfonate Zn(C6H5SO3)2 25 29.5 34.9 83.4 1.182
zinc chlorate Zn(ClO3)2 18 65.0 124.4 67.0 1.914
zinc chloride ZnCl2 25 67.5 128 61 1.89
zinc iodide Znl2 18 81.2 221.3 51.2 2.725
zinc phenolsulfonate (C6H5OSO3)2Zn ⋅ 8H2O 25 39.8 47.3 71.5 1.185
zinc selenate ZnSeO4 22 37.8 58.9 97.0 1.559
zinc silicofluoride ZnSiF6 ⋅ 6H2O 20 32.9 47.2 96.3 1.434
zinc sulfate ZnSO4 ⋅ 7H2O 25 36.7 54.6 94.7 1.492
zinc valerate Zn(C5H9O2)2 25 1.27 1.27 98.8 1.001
1.350 SECTION ONE
1.19 PROTON TRANSFER REACTIONS
A proton transfer reaction is a reaction in which the main feature is the intermolecular or intramole-
cular transfer of a proton from one binding site to another.
In the detailed description of proton transfer reactions, especially of rapid proton transfers
between electronegative atoms, it should always be specified whether the term is used to refer to the
overall process, including the more-or-less encounter-controlled formation of a hydrogen bonded
complex and the separation of the products or, alternatively, the proton transfer event (including sol-
vent rearrangement) by itself.
For the general proton transfer reaction:
HB = H+ + B
the acidic dissociation constant is formulated as follows:
[H + ][B]
Ka =
[HB]
The most common charge types for the acid HB and its conjugate base B are
CH3COOH = H+ + CH3COO–(acetic acid, acetate ion)

HSO4− = H+ + SO42− (hydrogen sulfate ion, sulfate ion)
NH4+ = H+ + NH3 (ammonium ion, ammonia)
Acids which have more than one acidic hydrogen ionize in steps, as shown for phosphoric acid:
H3PO4 = H+ + H2PO4− pK1 = 2.148 K1 = 7.11 × 10–3

H2PO4− = H+ + HPO42− pK2 = 7.198 K2 = 6.34 × 10–8
HPO42− = H+ + PO43− pK3 = 11.90 K3 = 1.26 × 10–12
If the basic dissociation constant Kb for the equilibrium such as

NH3 + H2O = NH4 + OH
is required, pKb may be calculated from the relationship
pKb = pKw – pKa
Ia general, for an organic acid, a useful estimate of its pKa value can sometimes be obtained by making
a comparison with recognizably similar compounds for which pKa values are known: (1) alkyl chains,
alicyclic rings, or saturated carbocyclic rings fused to aromatic or heterocyclic rings can be replaced by
methyl or ethyl groups; (2) acid-strengthening inductive and mesomeric effects of a nitro group
attached to an aromatic ring are very similar to those of a nitrogen atom located at the same position in
a heteroaromatic ring (e.g., 3-hydroxypyridine and 3-nitrophenol).
1.19.1 Calculation of the Approximate pH Value of Solutions
Strong acid: pH = −log [acid]

Strong base: pH = 14.00 + log [base]
Weak acid: pH = 1/2pKa – 1/2 log [acid]
Weak base: pH = 14.00 – 1/2pKb + 1/2 log [base]
Salt formed by a weak acid and a strong base:

pH = 7.00 + 1/2pKa + 1/2 log[salt]
Acid salts of a dibasic acid:
pH = 1/2pK1 + 1/2pK2 – 1/2 log [salt] + 1/2 log(K1 + [salt])
Buffer solution consisting of a mixture of a weak acid and its salt:
 [salt ] + [H 3O + ] − [OH − ] 
pH = pKa + log  
 [acid ] + [H 3O + ] − [OH − ] 
1.19.2 Calculation of Concentrations of Species Present at a Given pH
[H + ]n [H A]
α0 = + n + n −1 + n−2
= n
[H ] + K1[H ] + K1K2 [H ] + L + K1K2 L Kn Cacid
K1[H + ]n−1 [H n−1A − ]
α1 = =
[H + ]n + K1[H + ]n−1 + K1K2 [H + ]n−2 + L + K1K2 L Kn Cacid
K1K2 [H + ]n−2 [H A 2− ]
α2 = + n + n −1 + n−2
= n−2
M
K1K2 L Kn [A n− ]
αn = + n + n −1 + n−2
=
1.352
TABLE 1.74
1.74 Proton Transfer Reactions of Inorganic Materials in Water at 25°C
Substance Formula or remarks pK1

PKl pK2
PK2
Aluminic acid H,A103 11.2

Aluminum ion (aquo) A13+ (aquo) 4.98(4)
Americium(III) ion Am3+(aquo) p = 0.1 5.92
Ammonium ion NHI 9.246(2)
Ammonium-d, ND;H+ 9.757
Antimonic acid HSb(0HL = Sb(OHk + H+ u = 0.5 2.55
Antimony(III) ion SbO; + H20= Sb(OH), + H+p = 1.0 1.42
Barium ion pK, of Ba(OH)+ p = 0.1 0.64
Berkelium(1II) ion pK for hydrolysis of Bk3+ p = 0.1 5.66
Beryllium(II) ion Be2+ (aquo) = BeOH+ + H+ p = 1.0 6.5
Bismuth(1II) ion Bi3+ = BiOHZ++ H+ p = 3.0 1.58
Boric acid, tetra- HZB40, 4 9
Bromine Br, + H 2 0 = HBrO + H+ + Br- 7.92
Cadmium ion CdZ+(aquo) hydrolysis 9.2(1)
Calcium ion Ca2+(aquo) hydrolysis 12.67(3)
Californium(1II) ion Cf3+ (aquo) hydrolysis p = 0.1 5.62.
Carbon dioxide C 0 2 (aqua) 6.352(1) 10.329
CO, in D,O 6.77 10.93
Cerium(III) ion Ce3+ (aquo) hydrolysis ca. 9.3
Cerium(1V) ion Hydrolysis to Ce(OH)'+ and Ce(OH)$+ - 1.15 0.82
Chromium(II1) ion Cr3+(aquo) hydrolysis 3.95
Cobalt(II) ion Co2+ (aquo) hydrolysis 8.9
Cobalt(II1) ion Co3+ (aquo) hydrolysis m = 1 1.75
Copper(I1) ion Cu2+ (aquo) hydrolysis 7.34
Curium(1II) ion Cm3+(aquo) hydrolysis m = 0.1 6.00(5)
Deuterium oxide DzO (molal scale) 14.956(1)
Dysprosium(1II) ion Dy3+ (aquo) hydrolysis 8.10
Erbium(1II) ion Er3+ (aquo) hydrolysis p = 3 9.0
Europium(1II) ion Eu3+ (aquo) hydrolysis 8.03
Fermium(III) ion Fm3+hydrolysis p = 0.1 3.8
Gadolinium(III) ion Gd3+ hydrolysis 8.27
Gallium(1II) ion Ga3+ (successive values for hydrolysis) 2.92 3.77
pK3 4.75
Gold(1II) hydroxide H3Au03 <11.7 13.36
Hafnium(IV) ion Hf4+hydrolysis p = 1 -0.12 0.23
Hexaminotriphosphazene N3P3(NH2)6 < 3.2 7.68(3)
Holmium(III) ion Ho3+hydrolysis p = 0.3 8.04
Hydrazinium(2+) ion +H,N-NH,’ 0.27 7.94(3)
Hydrogen amidodisulfonate HNSO(OH), pK, 8.50
Hydrogen amidophosphate H,NPO(OH), (26°C) 2.739 8.102
Hydrogen arsenate H,As04 2.223 6.760
Hydrogen-d, arsenate D,As04 2.596
Hydrogen arsenite HAsO, 9.28(10)
Hydrogen azide HN, 4.62
Hydrogen-d wide DN, (in D,O) 5.115
Hydrogen borate (3-) H,BO, 9.236
Hydrogen bromate HBrO, (in formamide) 1.02
Hydrogen bromide HBr - 8.72(15)
Hydrogen chlorate HC10, (theoretical prediction) - 2.7
Hydrogen chloride HC1 - 6.2( 1)
Hydrogen-d chloride DC1 (in dimethylformamide) 3.58
Hydrogen chlorite HClO, 1.94
Hydrogen chromate H2Cr04 0.74 6.488
Hydrogen cyanate HOCN 3.46
Hydrogen cyanide HCN 9.21
Hydrogen-d cyanide DCN (in D,O) p = 0.11 8.97
Hydrogen diamidophosphate (NH,)PO(OH) (30°C) 1.279(+ 1) 4.889
Hydrogen diamidothiophosphate (NH;jpo(sH j ( 2 0 j~ 2.0(+ 1) 4.3
Hydrogen diimidotriphosphate (HO),PO(NH)PO(OH)(NH)PO(OH)2
p = 0.1 -1 -2
pK, 3.03 pK4 6.61
pK, 9.84
Hydrogen diphosphate H4P207 0.91 2.10
pK, 6.70 pK4 9.35
Hydrogen disulfate H,S,O, (theoretical prediction) - 12 -8
Hydrogen dithionate H2S206 - 3.4 - 0.2
Hydrogen dithionite H2S204 0.35 2.45
Hydrogen fluoride HzFz 3.20(4)
Hydrogen germanate H2Ge04 9.01 12.30
Hydrogen hexafluorosilicate H,SiF, 1.92
Hydrogen hydrosulfite HZS204 0.35 2.50
Hydrogen hypobromite HBrO 8.55
Hydrogen hypochlorite HClO 7.537
Hydrogen hypoiodite HI0 10.5(5)
Hydrogen hyponitrite 7.21 11.45(10)
Hydrogen iodate 0.804
(Continued)
(Continued)
1.353
wVI
w
1.354
wVI
P
TABLE 1.74
1.74 Proton Transfer
Transfer Reactions of Inorganic
Inorganic Materials in Water at 25°C (Continued)
(Conrinued)
Substance
Substance Formula or remarks pK
PKI1 pK
PK22
Hydrogen4 iodate DIO, (in D,O) 1.15
Hydrogen iodide HI - 8.56
Hydrogen rnanganate(V1) H2Mn04(35°C) p = 0.1 10.15
Hydrogen nitrate HNo, - 1.37(7)
Hydrogen nitrite HNO, 3.14(1)
Hydrogen perchlorate HCld, - 1.6
Hydrogen periodate HIO, 1.64
Hydrogen peroxide H202 11.64(2)
Hydrogen peroxophosphate H,P05 p = 0.2 1.1 5.5
pK, 12.8
Hydrogen peroxosulfate H2S05 1.o 9.86
Hydrogen perrhenate HReO, - 1.25
Hydrogen pertechnetate 0.3
Hydrogen perthiocarbonate 3.54 7.24
Hydrogen perxenate pK, 10.5
Hydrogen phosphate(3 -) 2.148(20) 7.198(10)
pK, 12.32(6)
Hydrogen-d, phosphate D,PO, (in D,O) 7.780
Hydrogen phosphinate H,PHO2 1.23
Hydrogen phosphonate H2PH0, 1.43 6.68( 14)
Hydrogen selenate H,SeO, 1.66
Hydrogen selenide H,Se p = 0.03 3.89 11.0
Hydrogen selenite H,SeO, 2.62 8.30(15)
Hydrogen silicate(4-) H,Si04 9.60(10) 11.8(1)
Hydrogen sulfamate H,NSO,H 0.99
Hydrogen sulfate HSO, 1.99(1)
Hydrogen sulfide H;S 6.97 12.90
SO, + H,O = HSO;
~
Hydrogen sulfite 1.89 7.205

Hydrogen tellurate H,TeO, 7.65(5) 1l.OO(5)
Hydrogen telluride H,Te (18°C) 2.64 11-12
Hydrogen tellurite H,TeO, (20°C) 6.27 8.43
Hydrogen tetrafluoroborate HBF, 0.5
Hydrogen tetracyanonickelate H2Ni(CN), 4.69 6.59
Hydrogen tetraperoxochrornate H,CrO, (30°C) p = 3 7.16
Hydrogen tetrapolyphosphate H4P,Ol3 p = 0.034 1.99 2.64
pK, 6.62 pK4 8.2
Hydrogen tetrathiophosphate 1.5 3.5
H3PS4
pK3 6.6
Hydrogen thiocyanate HSCN p = 3 - 1.8
Hydrogen thiophosphate H3P03S 1.788 5.427
pK, 10.08
Hydrogen thiosulfate 0.6 1.74
H2S203
Hydrogen tripolyphosphate -1 1.7
H3P309
pK3 2.00(10)
pK4 5.83(7)
pK, 8.51(6)
Hydrogen triselenocarbonate H,CSe, 1.16 7.70
HZCS3 (20°C) 2.68 8.18
Hydrogen trithiocarbonate 3.70
Hydrogen tungstate HqWO, 2.20
Hydrogen vanadate(- 1) HVO, 3.80
3.78 7.78(4)
Hydrogen vanadate(3 -) H3VO4
Hydroxylamine-N,N-disulfonicacid HON(SO,H), p = 1.6 pK3 11.85
Hydroxylamine 0-sulfonate +H,NOSO; p = 1 1.48
(HO),PO(NH)PO(OH), p = 0.2 -2 2.85
Imidodiphosphoric acid
pK3 7.08 pK4 9.72
In3+ hydrolysis 3.54 4.28
Indium(1II) ion 5.20
Iridium(II1) ion Ir3+hydrolysis p = 1 4.37
Iron(I1) ion Fez+hydrolysis p = 1 6.8
Iron(1II) ion Fe3+hydrolysis 2.19
Lanthanum(II1) ion La3+hydrolysis 9.06
Lead(II) ion Pb2+ hydrolysis p = 0.3 7.8
Pb4+hydrolysis 1.8 3.2
Lead(IV) ion
Lithium(1) ion Li+ 13.8
Lutetium(II1) ion Lu3+hydrolysis 7.94
Magnesium(I1) ion MgZ+hydrolysis 11.41
Manganese@) ion Mnz+ hydrolysis 10.59
Manganese(III) ion Mn3+ hydrolysis 0.4
Mercury(1) ion Hg$+ hydrolysis p = 0.5 5.0
Hgz+ hydrolysis p = 0.5 3.70 2.65
Mercury(II) ion
Neodymium(II1) ion Nd3+hydrolysis p = 3 9.0(5)
Neptunium(1II) ion Np3+ hydrolysis p = 0.3 7.43
Neptunium(IV) ion Np4+hydrolysis p = 2 2.30
Neptunium(V) ion NpO; hydrolysis 8.90(2)
Nickel(I1) ion Ni2+ hydrolysis 9.86
Osmium teuoxide OsO, hydrolysis p = 1 12.1
Pd2+ (stepwise pK, values) 13.0 12.8
Palladium(II) ion
Pentacyanoaquoferrate(I1) ion Fe(CN)5(H20)3-p = 0.1 2.63
(Continued)
(Continued)
1.355
1.356
TABLE 1.74
1.74 Proton Transfer Reactions of Inorganic Materials in Water at 25°C (Continued)
(Continued)
Substance
Substance Formula
Formula or
or remarks
remarks pK
PK,1 pK
PK22
Plutonium(II1) ion Pu3+hydrolysis p = 0.07 7.2(2)
Plutonium(IV) ion Pu4+hydrolysis p = 2 1.26
Plutonium(V) ion PuO; hydrolysis p = 0.003 9.7
Plutonium(V1) ion PuOl+ hydrolysis 3.33 4.05
Polonium(IV) ion Po4+hydrolysis 0.48 2.74
pK3 5.58
Praseodymium(1II) ion Pr3+hydrolysis p = 0.3 8.55
Protoactinium(IV) ion Pa4+ hydrolysis p = 3 0.14 0.38
Protoactinium(V) ion PaS+hydrolysis p = 3 1.05
Scandium(II1) ion Sc3+hydrolysis p = 0.05 4.58(3)
Silver(1) ion Ag+ hydrolysis >11.1
Sodium ion Na+ (aquo) 14.67(10)
Strontium ion Sr2+(aquo) 13.18
Terbium(III) ion 'I% ,+ p = 0.3
hydrolysis 8.16
Thallium(1) ion T1+ 13.36(15)
Thallium(III) ion T13+hydrolysis p = 3 1.14
Thorium(IV) ion Th4+hydrolysis p = 0.5 3.89 4.20
Tin(I1) ion SnZ+hydrolysis p = 3 3.8 1( 10)
Titanium( 111) Ti3+hydrolysis p = 3 2.55
Titanium(IV) Ti02+ + H,O = TiO(OH)+ + H + 1.3
Tritium oxide pK, for T 2 0 = T + + OH- 15.21
Uranium(IV) ion U4+hydrolysis 0.68
Uranyl(V1) ion UO:+ p = 0.035 5.82
Vanadium(I1) ion V2+hydrolysis 6.85
Vanadium(II1) ion V3+hydroIysis 2.92 3.5
Vanadyl(IV) ion V02+hydrolysis 6.86(10)
Vanadyl(V) ion v0;(20"c) p = 0.1 1.83
Xenon hioxide XeO, + H,O = HXeO; + H + 10.5
Ytterbium(1II) ion Yb3+hydrolysis 7.99(6)
Yttrium(III) ion Y3+hydrolysis p = 0.3 8.34
Zinc ion ZnZ+hydrolysis 8.96
Zirconium(IV) ion Zr4+hydrolysis p = 1 - 0.32 0.06
pK3 0.35
Source: J. J. Christensen,
Christensen. L. D. Hansen,
Hansen. and R. M. Izatt,
Izatt. Handbook ofof Proton
P m o n Ionization Heats and Related Tlwimod)namic Quantities, Wiley-Interscience,
Related Thermodynamic Wiley-Interscience. New York,
York. 1976;
1976: D. D. Perrin,
Perrin. Ionisation
Ionisation
Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases in Aqiieoiis
of Inorganic Aqueous Solution,
Solution. 2d ed.,
ed . Pergamon Press,
Press. 1982.
1982.
1.20 FORMATION CONSTANTS
The formation constant of a metal complex is the equilibrium constant for the formation of a com-
plex ion from its components in solution.
Each value listed is the logarithm of the overall formation constant for the cumulative binding of
a ligand L to the central metal cation M, viz.:
Comulative Stepwise
formation constant stability constants
M + L = ML K1 k1
M + 2L = ML2 K2 k1k2
......................
M + nL = MLn Kn k1k2 … kn
As an example, the entries in Table 1.75 for the zinc ammine complexes represent these equilibria:
[ Zn( NH 3 )2 + ]
Zn2+ + NH3 = Zn(NH3)2+ K1 =
[ Zn 2 + ][ NH 3 ]
[ Zn( NH 3 )22 + ]
Zn2+ + 2NH3 = Zn(NH3)22+ K2 =
[ Zn 2 + ][ NH 3 ]2
[ Zn( NH 3 )32 + ]
Zn2+ + 3NH3 = Zn(NH3)32+ K3 =
[ Zn 2 + ][ NH 3 ]3
[ Zn( NH 3 )24+ ]
Zn2+ + 4NH3 = Zn(NH3)42+ K4 =
[ Zn 2 + ][ NH 3 ]4
If the stepwise stability or formation constants of the reactions are desired, for the first step log K1 =
log k1 = 2.37. For the second and succeeding steps the equilibria and corresponding constants are as
follows:
Zn(NH3)2+ + NH3 = Zn(NH3)22+ log k2 = log k2 − log k1 = 2.44

The reverse of the association or formation reactions would represent the dissociation or instabil-
ity constant for the systems, i.e., –log Kf = log Kinstab.
The data in the tables generally refer to temperatures of about 20 to 25°C. Most of the values in
Table 1.75 refer to zero ionic strength, but those in Table 1.76 often refer to a finite ionic strength.
1.358
1.358 SECTION ONE
1.75 Cumulative Formation Constants for Metal Complexes with Inorganic Ligands
TABLE 1.75
log K1 log K2 log

1% KK33 logK,
log K4 log K5
IogK, log&
log K6
Ammonia
Cadmium 2.65 4.75 6.19 7.12 6.80 5.14
Cobalt(I1) 2.11 3.74 4.79 5.55 5.73 5.11
Cobalt(II1) 6.7 14.0 20.1 25.7 30.8 35.2
Copper(1) 5.93 10.86
Copper(I1) 4.31 7.98 11.02 13.32 12.86
Iron(I1) 1.4 2.2
Manganese(I1) 0.8 1.3
Mercury(I1) 8.8 17.5 18.5 19.28
Nickel 2.80 5.04 6.77 7.96 8.71 8.74
Platinum(I1) 35.3
Silver(1) 3.24 7.05
Zinc 2.37 4.81 7.31 9.46
Bromide
Astatine 2.51 [AtBr]
Bismuth(II1) 4.30 5.55 5.89 7.82 9.70
Bromine 1.24 [Br,]
Cadmium 1.75 2.34 3.32 3.70
Cerium(II1) 0.42
Copper(1) 5.89
Copper(I1) 0.30
Gold(1) 12.46
Indium 1.30 1.88 2.48
Iodine 2.64 [IBrl
Iron(II1) -,0.30 - 0.50
Lead 1.2 1.9 1.1
Mercury(I1) 9.05 17.32 19.74 21.00
Palladium(I1) 13.1
Platinum(I1) 20.5
Rhodium(II1) 14.3 16.3 17.6 18.4 17.2
Scandium 2.08 3.08
Silver(1) 4.38 7.33 8.00 8.73
Thallium(1) 0.93
Thallium(II1) 9.7 16.6 21.2 23.9 29.2 31.6
Tin(I1) 1.11 1.81 1.46
Uranium(1V) 0.18
Yttrium 1.32
Chloride
Americium(II1) 1.17
Antimony(II1) 2.26 3.49 4.18 4.72
Bismuth(II1) 2.44 4.7 5.0 5.6
Cadmium 1.95 2.50 2.60 2.80
Cerium(II1) 0.48
Copper(1) 5.5 5.7
Copper(I1) 0.1 - 0.6
Curium(II1) 1.17
Gold(II1) 9.8
Indium 1.42 2.23 3.23
Iron(I1) 0.36
Iron(II1) 1.48 2.13 1.99 0.01
Lead 1.62 2.44 1.70 1.60
Manganese(I1) 0.96
Mercury(I1) 6.74 13.22 14.07 15.07
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
1.359
TABLE 1.75
TABLE 1.75 Cumulative
Cumulative Formation
Formation Constants
Constants for
for Metal
Metal Complexes
Complexes with
with Inorganic
Inorganic Ligands
Ligands (Continued)
(Continued)
log KK,1
Log log K2
log K2 log K3
log K3 log K4 log K5 log K6
Palladium(I1) 6.1 10.7 13.1

Platinum(I1) 11.5 14.5
Plutonium(II1) 1.17
Silver(1) 3.04 5.04
Thallium(1) 0.52
Thallium(II1) 8.14 13.60 15.78
Thorium 1.38 0.38
Tin(I1) 1.51 2.24 2.03
Tin(1V) 4
Uranium(IV) 0.8
Uranium(V1) 0.22
Zinc 0.43 0.61 0.53 0.20
Zirconium 0.9 1.3 1.5 1.2
Cyanide
Cadmium 5.48 10.60 15.23 18.78
Copper(1) 24.0 28.59 30.30
Gold(1) 38.3
Iron(I1) 35
Iron(II1) 42
Mercury(I1) 41.4
Nickel 31.3
Silver(1) 21.1 21.7 20.6
Zinc 16.7
Fluoride
Aluminum 6.10 11.15 15.00 17.75 19.37 19.84
Beryllium 5.1 8.8 12.6
Cerium(II1) 3.20
Chromium(II1) 4.41 7.81 10.29
Gadolinium 3.46
Gallium 5.08
Indium 3.70 6.25 8.60 9.70
Iron(II1) 5.28 9.30 12.06
Lanthanum 2.77
Magnesium 1.30
Manganese(I1) 5.48
Plutonium(II1) 6.77
Scandium 17.3
Thallium(1) 0.1
Thallium(II1) [TlO+] 6.44
Thorium 7.65 13.46 17.97
Titanium(1V) [Ti02+] 5.4 9.8 13.7 18.0
Uranium(V1) 4.59 7.93 10.47 11.84
Yttrium 4.81 8.54 12.14
Zirconium 8.80 16.12 21.94
Hydroxide
Aluminum 9.27 33.03
Antimony(II1) 24.3 36.7 38.3
Arsenic [as AsO'] 14.33 18.73 20.60 21.20
Beryllium 9.7 14.0 15.2
Bismuth(II1) 12.7 15.8 35.2
Cadmium 4.17 8.33 9.02 8.62
Cerium(II1) 14.6
Cerium(1V) 13.28 26.46
(Continued)
(Continued)
1.360 ONE
SECTION ONE

Formation Constants
Constants for Metal
Metal Complexes
Complexes with
with Inorganic
Inorganic Ligands
Ligands (Continued)
(Continued)
log K,
1% K1 log K2
log K2 log K3
logK3 log K
log Kd4 log K5
log& log K6
log K6
Chromium(II1) 10.1 17.8 29.9

Copper(I1) 7.0 13.68 17.00 18.5
Dysprosium 5.2
Erbium(II1) 5.4
Gadolinium 4.6
Gallium 11.0 21.7 34.3 38.0 40.3
Indium 9.9 19.8 28.7
Iodine 9.49 11.24
Iron(I1) 5.56 9.77 9.67 8.58
Iron(II1) 11.87 21.17 29.67
Lanthanum 3.3
Lead(I1) 7.82 10.85 14.58 61.0
Lutetium 6.6
Magnesium 2.58
Manganese(I1) 3.90 8.3
Neodymium 5.5
Nickel 4.97 8.55 11.33
Praseodymium 4.30
Plutonium(II1) 7.0
Plutonium(IV) 12.39
Plutonium [as PuO;+] 8.3 16.6 20.9
Samarium(II1) 4.8
Scandium 8.9
Tellurium(IV) 41.6 53.0 64.8 72.0
Thallium(II1) 12.86 25.31
Titanium(II1) 12.71
Uranium(1V) 13.3 41.2
Uranium(V1) [as UOi+] 9.5 22.80 32.4
Vanadium(II1) 11.1 21.6
Vanadium(1V) [as V 0 2 + ] 8.6 [25.8 for V,O,(OH)-]
Vanadium(V) [as V 0 3 + ] 25.2 46.2 58.5
Yttrium 5.0
Zinc 4.40 11.30 14.14 17.66
Zirconium 14.3 28.3 41.9 55.3
Iodide
Bismuth 3.63 14.95 16.80 18.80
Cadmium 2.10 3.43 4.49 5.41
Copper(1) 8.85
Indium 1.oo 2.26
Iodine 2.89 5.79
Iron(II1) 1.88
Lead 2.00 3.15 3.92 4.47
Mercury(I1) 12.87 23.82 27.60 29.83
Silver 6.58 11.74 13.68
Thallium(1) 0.72 0.90 1.08
Thallium(II1) 11.41 20.88 27.60 31.82
Iodate
Barium 1.05
Calcium 0.89
Magnesium 0.72
Strontium 1.00
Thorium 2.88 4.79 7.15
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
TABLE
Formation Constants
Constants for
for Metal
Metal Complexes
Complexes with
with Inorganic
Inorganic Ligands
Ligands ((Continued)
Contin~~ed)
log Kl
log K1 log K2 log K3 log K4 log K5 log K6
Nitrate
Barium 0.92
Beryllium 1.62
Bismuth(1II) 1.26
Cadmium 0.40
Calcium 0.28
Cerium(II1) 1.04 2.55
Curium(II1) 0.57
Hafnium 0.92 2.43 4.32 6.40 8.48 10.29
Iron(II1) 1.o
Lanthanum 0.26 0.69 1.27
Lead 1.18
Mercury(I1) 0.35
Neodymium 0.52 1.18
Neptunium(1V) 0.38
Plutonium(II1) 0.71 1.93 3.09
Plutonium(1V) 0.54
Strontium 0.82
Thallium(1) 0.33
Thallium(II1) 0.92
Thorium 0.78 1.89 2.89 3.63
Uranium(IV) 0.20 0.37
Uranium(V1) 0.34 0.45
Ytterbium 0.45 1.30 2.42
Zirconium [as Zr02+] 1.91 3.54
Pyrophosphate
Barium 4.6
Calcium 4.6
Cadmium 5.6
Copper(I1) 6.7 9.0
Lead 5.3
Magnesium 5.7
Nickel 5.8 7.4
Strontium 4.1
Yttrium 9.1
Zirconium 6.5
Sulfate
Cerium(III) 3.40
Erbium 3.58
Gadolinium 3.66
Holmium 3.58
Indium 1.78 1.88 2.36
Iron(II1) 2.03 2.98
Lanthanum 3.64
Neodymium 3.64
Nickel 2.4
Plutonium(IV) 3.66
Praseodymium 3.62
Samarium 3.66
Thorium 3.32 5.50
Uranium(1V) 3.24 5.42
Uranium(V1) 1.70 2.45 3.30
(Continued)
(Continzied)
1.362 SECTION ONE
TABLE 1.75 Cumulative Formation Constants for Metal Complexes with Inorganic Ligands
Ligands (Continued)
(Continued)
log Kl
log K1 log K:
K2 log K3 log K4 log K5 log K6
Yttrium 3.47
Ytterbium 3.58
Zirconium 3.79 6.64 7.77
Sulfite
Copper(1) 7.5 8.5 9.2
Mercury(I1) 22.66
Silver 5.30 7.35
Thiocyanate
Bismuth 1.15 2.26 3.41 4.23
Cadmium 1.39 1.98 2.58 3.6
Chromium(II1) 1.87 2.98
Cobalt(I1) - 0.04 - 0.70 0 3.00
Copper(1) 12.11 5.18
Gold(1) 23 42
Indium 2.58 3.00 4.63
Iron(II1) 2.95 3.36
Mercury(I1) 17.47 21.23
Nickel 1.18 1.64 1.81
Ruthenium(II1) 1.78
Silver 7.57 9.08 10.08
Thallium(1) 0.80
Uranium(1V) 1.49 2.11
Uranium(V1) 0.76 0.74 1.18
Vanadium(II1) 2.0
Vanadium(1V) 0.92
Zinc 1.62
Thiosulfate
Cadmium 3.92 6.44
Copper(1) 10.27 12.22 13.84
Iron(II1) 2.10
Lead 5.13 6.35
Mercury(I1) 29.44 3 1.90 33.24
Silver 8.82 13.46
INORGANIC
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY 1.363
TABLE
Cumulative Formation Constants for Metal
Formation Constants Metal Complexes with
with Organic Ligands
Ligands
Temperature isis 25OC

25°C and
and ionic
ionic strengths
strengths are approaching
approaching zero
zero unless
unless indicated
indicated otherwise: (a) At
otherwise: (a) At 20OC. b ) at
20°C, ((b) at
30°C
30°C, (c) 0.1 M uni-univalent salt, ((d)
M uni-univalent d) 1.0M
1.0 M uni-univalent
uni-univalent salt, ((e) 4 uni-univalent
e ) 2.0 A
M uni-univalent salt
salt present.
present.
log Kl
log K1 log K2
log K2 log K3 log K4
Acetate
Ag(1) 0.73 0.64
Ba(I1) 0.41
Ca(I1) 0.6
Cd(I1) 1.5 2.3 2.4
Ce(II1) 1.68 2.69 3.13 3.18
Co(I1) 1.5 1.9
Cr(II1) 1.80 4.72
Cu(I1) a 2.16 3.20
Fe(I1) c 3.2 6.1 8.3
Fe(II1) a,d 3.2
In(II1) 3.50 5.95 7.90 9.08
Hg(II) 8.43
La(II1) a,e 1.56 2.48 2.98 2.95
Mg(W 0.8
Mn(I1) 9.84 2.06
Ni(I1) 1.12 1.81
Pb(I1) 2.52 4.0 6.4 8.5
Rare earths a,e 1.6-1.9 2.8-3.0 3.3-3.7
Sr(I1) 0.44
Tl(II1) 15.4
UO,(II) a,e 2.38 4.36 6.34
Y(II1) a,e 1.53 2.65 3.38
Zn(I1) 1.5
Acetylacetone
Al(II1) b 8.6 15.5
Be(I1) 7.8 14.5
Cd(I1) 3.84 6.66
Ce(II1) 5.30 9.27 12.65
Cr(I1) 5.9 11.7
Co(I1) 5.40 9.54
Cu(I1) 8.27 16.34
Dy(II1) b 6.03 10.70 14.04
Er(II1) b 5.99 10.67 14.09
Eu(II1) b 5.87 10.35 13.64
Fe(I1) 5.07 8.67
Fe(II1) 11.4 22.1 26.7
Ga(II1) 9.5 17.9 23.6
Gd(II1) b 5.90 10.38 13.79
Hf(1V) 8.7 15.4 21.8 28.1
Ho(II1) 6.05 10.73 14.13
In(II1) 8.0 15.1
La(II1) b 5.1 8.90 11.90
Lu(II1) b 6.23 11.00 13.63
Mg(I1) 3.65 6.27
Mn(I1) 4.24 7.35
Mn(II1) 3.86
Nd(II1) 5.6 9.9 13.1
Ni(I1) a 6.06 10.77 13.09
(Continued)
1.364 SECTION ONE
TABLE 1.76 Cumulative Formation Constants for Metal Complexes with Organic Ligands (Continued)
(Continued)
K1
log KI log K2
K2 log K3 log K4
Pd(I1) b 16.2 27.1

Pr(II1) b 5.4 9.5 12.5
Pu(1V) c 10.5 19.7 28.1 34.1
Sc(II1) b 8.0 15.2
Sm(II1) b 5.9 10.4
Tb(II1) b 6.02 10.63 14.04
Th(1V) 8.8 16.2 22.5 26.7
Tm(1V) b 6.09 10.85 14.33
U(1V) a,c 8.6 17.0 23.4 29.5
UO,(II) b 7.74 14.19
VO(I1) 8.68 15.79
V(I1) 5.4 10.2 14.7
Y(1II) b 6.4 11.1 13.9
Yb(II1) b 6.18 11.04 13.64
Zn(I1) b 4.98 8.81
Zr(1V) 8.4 16.0 23.2 30.1
Alizarin red
Cr(V1) 4.7
Cu(I1) 4.1
Hf(W 10.4
Mo(V1) 9.6
Pb(I1) 6.0
Th(1V) 8.24
uom 4.22
V(V) 8.6
WVI) 7.8
Arsenazo
Hf(W 10.07
Zr(1V) 12.95
Aurintricarboxylic acid
Be@) 4.54
WII) 4.1 8.81
Fe(1II) 4.68
Th(W 5.04
uom 4.77
Benzoylacetone (75% dioxane)
Ba(I1) 9.4
Be(I1) 12.59 24.01
Cd(I1) 7.79 14.36
Ce(II1) 10.09 19.42 27.04
Co(I1) 9.42 17.83
Cu(I1) 12.05 23.01
La(II1) 6.33 11.66 16.78
Mg(II) 7.69 14.09
Mn@) 8.66 15.78
Ni(I1) 9.58 18.00
Pb(I1) 8.84 16.35
Pr(II1) 7.02 13.62 18.74
uom 12.15 23.27
Y(II1) 8.24 14.98 20.57
Zn(I1) 9.62 17.90
TABLE 1.76 Cumulative Formation Constants for Metal Complexes with Organic Ligands (Continued)
(Continued)
log K ,
Calmagite
Ca 6.05
Mg 8.05
Complex of HLZ- Anion Complex of L3- Anion Complex of H,L-
log K , 1% K2 1% K , 1% K, 1% K3
Citric acid
Ag 7.1
A1 7.0 20.0
Ba 2.98
Be 4.52
Ca 4.68
Cd 3.98 11.3
Ce(II1) 6.18 9.65 3.2
Co(I1) 4.8 12.5
Cu(I1) 4.35 14.2
Eu(II1) 6.46 9.80
Fe(I1) 3.08 15.5
Fe(II1) 12.5 25.0
La 6.97 9.45 6.22
Mg 3.29
Mn(I1) 3.67
Nd(II1) 6.32 9.70
Ni 5.11 14.3
Pb 6.50
Pr 3.4
Ra 2.36
Sr 2.8
TKO 1.04
uo2 8.5 10.8
Y 3.6
Yb 8
Zn 4.71 11.4
1% K , 1% K2
N, N', "-tetraacetic acid

1,2-Diaminocyclohexane-N,
A1 c 17.63
Ba c 8.64
Ca c 12.3
Cd c 19.88
Ce(II1) c 16.76
Co(I1) c 19.57
Cu(I1) c 21.95
Dy(II1) c 19.69
Er(II1) c 20.20
Eu(II1) c 18.77
Fe(II1) c 27.48
Ga c 22.91
(Continued)
(Continued)
1.366 SECTION ONE
TABLE 1.76 Cumulative Formation Constants for Metal Complexes with

with Organic Ligands (Continued)
(Continued)
Gd c 18.80
Hg(II) c 24.4
Ho c 19.89
La c 16.35
Lu c 21.51
Mg c 10.41
Mn(I1) c 17.43
Nd c 17.69
Ni c 19.4
Pb c 20.33
Pr c 17.23
Sm(II1) c 18.63
Sr c 8.92
Tb c 19.30
Tm c 20.46
VO(I1) c 19.40
Y c 19.41
Y b c 20.80
Zn c 18.6
Dibenzoylmethane (75% dioxane)
Ba 6.10 11.50
Be 13.62 26.03
Ca 7.17 13.55
Cd 8.67 16.63
Ce(II1) 10.99 21.53 30.38
Co(I1) 10.35 20.05
Cu(I1) 12.98 24.98
cs 3.42
Fe(I1) 11.15 21.50
K 3.67
Li 5.95
Mg 8.54 16.21
Mn(I1) 9.32 17.79
Na 4.18
Ni 10.83 20.72
Pb 9.75 18.79
Rb 3.52
Sr 6.40 12.10
Zn 10.23 19.65
1% K3
acid (Tiron)
4,5-Dihydroxybenzene-1,3-disulfonic
A1 19.02 31.10 33.5
Ba 4.10 14.6
Ca 5.80 14.8
Cd d 7.69 13.29
Ce(II1) 3.75
Co(I1) d 8.19 14.41 15.7
Cu(I1) d 12.76 23.73 18.1
TABLE 1.76 Cumulative Formation

Formation Constants for Metal Complexes with Organic Ligands
Ligands (Continued)
1% K2 1% K3 log K, [MHL]
Fe(II1) a,c 20.7 35.9 46.9 22.6

La 12.9 18.6 [La(OH)L]
Mg a,c 6.86 14.6
Mn(I1) c 8.6
Ni a,c 8.56 14.90 15.6
Pb d 11.95 18.28
Sr c 4.55
UO,(II) c 15.90
VO(I1) 15.88
Zn d 9.00
(BAL)
2,3-Dimercaptopropan-l-of
Fe(@ 15.8
Fe(II1) 30.6 [Fe(OH)L] 28
Mn(I1) 5.23 10.43
Ni 22.78
Zn 13.48 23.3
Dimethylglyoxime (50% dioxane)

Cd 5.7 10.7
Co(I1) 9.80 18.94
Cu(I1) 12.00 33.44
Fe(I1) 7.25
La 6.6 12.5
Ni 11.16
Pb 7.3
Zn 7.7 13.9
2,2’-Dipyridyl
Ag 3.65 7.15
Cd 4.26 7.81 10.47
Co(I1) 5.73 11.57 17.59
Cr(I1) 4.5 10.5 14.0
CU(I) 14.2
Cu(I1) 8.0 13.60 17.08
Fe(I1) 4.36 8.0 17.45
Hg(II) 9.64 16.74 19.54
Mg 0.5
Mn(I1) d 4.06 7.84 11.47
Ni 6.80 13.26 18.46
Pb 3.0
Ti(II1) 25.28
WI) 4.9 9.6 13.1
Zn 5.30 9.83 13.63
Eriochrome Black T
Ca 5.4
Mg 7.0
Zn 13.5 20.6
(Continued)
1.368 SECTION ONE
ONE
TABLE 1.76 Cumulative Formation

Formation Constants for Metal Complexes with
with Organic Ligands
Ligands (Continued)
(Continued)
Ethanolamine
Ag 3.29 6.92
Cu(I1) 6.68
Hg(J.U 8.51 17.32
Ethylenediamine
Ag 4.70 7.70
Cd a 5.47 10.09 12.09
Co(I1) 5.91 10.64 13.94
Co(II1) 18.7 34.9 48.69
Cr(I1) 5.15 9.19
CU(I) 10.8
Cu(I1) 10.67 20.00 21.0
Fe(W 4.34 7.65 9.70
Hg(U 14.3 23.3
Mg 0.37
Mn(I1) 2.73 4.79 5.67
Ni 7.52 13.84 18.33
Pd(I1) 26.90
WI) 4.6 7.5 8.8
Zn 5.77 10.83 14.11
Ethylenediamine-N,N, N’, “-tetraacetic acid
Ag 7.32
A1 16.11
Am(II1) 18.18
Ba 7.78
Be 9.3
Bi 22.8
Ca 11.0
Cd 16.4
Ce(II1) 16.80
Cf(II1) 19.09
Cm(II1) 18.45
Co(I1) 16.31
Co(II1) 36
Cr(I1) 13.6
Cr(II1) 23
Cu(I1) 18.7
DY 18.0
Er 18.15
Eu(II1) 17.99
Fe(I1) 14.33
Fe(II1) 24.23
Ga 20.25
Gd 17.2
H m 21.80
Ho 18.1
In 24.95
La 16.34
Li 2.79
Lu 19.83
Mg 8.64
Mn(I1) 13.8
MOW) 6.36
Next Page
Next Page
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
1.369
TABLE 1.76
Formation Constants
Constants for
for Metal
Metal Complexes
Complexes with
with Organic
Organic Ligands
Ligands (Continued)
(Continued)
1% K4
Na 1.66
Nd 16.6
Ni 18.56
Pb 18.3
Pd(I1) 18.5
Pm(II1) 17.45
Pr 16.55
Pu(1II) 18.12
Pu(1V) 17.66
Pu(V1) 17.66
Ra 7.4
sc 23.1
Sm 16.43
Sn(I1) 22.1
Sr 8.80
Tb 17.6
Th 23.2
Ti(II1) 21.3
TiO(I1) 17.3
Tl(II1) 22.5
Tm 19.49
U(W 17.50
V(I1) 12.70
V(II1) 25.9
VO(I1) 18.0
V(V) 18.05
Y 18.32
Yb 18.70
Zn 16.4
Zr 19.40
Glycine
Ag 3.41 6.89
Ba 0.77
Be 4.95
Ca 1.38
Cd 4.74 8.60
co(n) 5.23 9.25 10.76
Cu(I1) 8.60 15.54 16.27
DY 12.2
Er 12.7
Fe(I1) a 4.3 7.8
Fe(II1) a,d 10.0
Gd 11.9
Hg(I1) 10.3 19.2
La 11.2
Mg 3.44 6.46
Mn(I1) 3.6 6.6
Ni 6.18 11.14 15
Pb 5.47 8.92
Pd(I1) 9.12 17.55
Pr 11.5
Sm 11.7
(Continued)
(Continued)

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TABLE 1.67 Solubility

Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Chlorine Ethane Ethylene Hydrogen

*Atmospheric nitrogen containing 98.815% N,2 by volume + 1.185%

Substance 0" 10" 20" 30" 40" 60" 80"

Argon ff 0.052 8 0.041 3 0.033 7 0.028 8 0.025 1 0.020 9 0.018 4

Solubilities substance of stated molecular formula which when dissolved in 100

chlorate Cd(ClOJ2 299 308 322 348 376 455

bromate 3.09 4.72 6.91 9.64 13.1 22.7 34.1 49.9

TABLE 1.68 Solubility

thiosulfate 50.2 59.7 70.1 83.2 104

*Properly called dihydrogen

TABLE 1.69 Dissociation Constants of Inorganic Acids

The dissociation constant of an acid Ka may conveniently be expressed in terms of

Name Formula pKa

This table gives values of pKw on a modal scale,

Temp., Temp., Temp.,

0 14.938 45 13.405 95 12.345

The data refer to various temperatures

Compound Formula pKsp

Compound Formula pKsp

perchlorate CSC10, 2.40 3.95 x 10-3

hydroxide 18.70 2.0 x 10-19

Compound Formula pKsp

quinaldate 16.80 1.6 x 10-17

iodide 16.07 8.52 x 10-17

fluoride ZnF, 1.52 3.04 X lo-,

The higher the stability

TABLE 1.72 Stability Constants of Complex Ions (Continued)

Cu2+ + NH3 = [Cu(NH3)]2+ 2⋅0 × 104 (K1) 4⋅3

TABLE 1.73 Saturated Solutions

TABLE 1.73 Saturated Solutions (Continued)

TABLE 1.73 Saturated Solutions (Continued)

TABLE 1.73 Saturated Solutions (Continued)

TABLE 1.73 Saturated Solutions (Continued)

TABLE 1.73 Saturated Solutions (Continued)

TABLE 1.73 Saturated Solutions (Continued)

1.19 PROTON TRANSFER REACTIONS

CH3COOH = H+ + CH3COO–(acetic acid, acetate ion)

H3PO4 = H+ + H2PO4− pK1 = 2.148 K1 = 7.11 × 10–3

If the basic dissociation constant Kb for the equilibrium such as

1.19.1 Calculation of the Approximate pH Value of Solutions

Strong acid: pH = −log [acid]

Salt formed by a weak acid and a strong base:

1.19.2 Calculation of Concentrations of Species Present at a Given pH

Substance Formula or remarks pK1

Aluminic acid H,A103 11.2

Hydrogen sulfite 1.89 7.205

1.20 FORMATION CONSTANTS

Zn(NH3)2+ + NH3 = Zn(NH3)22+ log k2 = log k2 − log k1 = 2.44

log K1 log K2 log

Palladium(I1) 6.1 10.7 13.1

TABLE 1.75 Cumulative

Chromium(II1) 10.1 17.8 29.9

Temperature isis 25OC

Pd(I1) b 16.2 27.1

Complex of HLZ- Anion Complex of L3- Anion Complex of H,L-

N, N', "-tetraacetic acid

TABLE 1.76 Cumulative Formation Constants for Metal Complexes with