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Mathematics: analysis and approaches
Higher level
Paper 3

Tuesday 11 May 2021 (morning)

1 hour

Instructions to candidates
y Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so.
y A graphic display calculator is required for this paper.
y Answer all the questions in the answer booklet provided.
y Unless otherwise stated in the question, all numerical answers should be given exactly or
correct to three significant figures.
y A clean copy of the mathematics: analysis and approaches formula booklet is required for
this paper.
y The maximum mark for this examination paper is [55 marks].

2221 – 7113
6 pages © International Baccalaureate Organization 2021
 –2– 2221 – 7113

Answer all questions in the answer booklet provided. Please start each question on a new page. Full
marks are not necessarily awarded for a correct answer with no working. Answers must be supported
by working and/or explanations. Solutions found from a graphic display calculator should be supported
by suitable working. For example, if graphs are used to find a solution, you should sketch these as part
of your answer. Where an answer is incorrect, some marks may be given for a correct method, provided
this is shown by written working. You are therefore advised to show all working.

1. [Maximum mark: 31]

This question asks you to explore the behaviour and some key features of the
function  fn (x) = xn(a - x)n , where  a ∈ +  and  n ∈ + .

In parts (a) and (b), only consider the case where  a = 2 .

Consider  f1 (x) = x (2 - x) .

(a) Sketch the graph of  y = f1 (x) , stating the values of any axes intercepts and the
coordinates of any local maximum or minimum points. [3]

Consider  fn (x) = xn(2 - x)n, where  n ∈ + ,  n > 1 .

(b) Use your graphic display calculator to explore the graph of  y = fn (x)  for

• the odd values  n = 3  and  n = 5 ;

• the even values  n = 2  and  n = 4 .

Hence, copy and complete the following table. [6]

Number of local Number of local Number of points of

maximum points minimum points inflexion with zero gradient

n = 3  and  n = 5

n = 2  and  n = 4

Now consider  fn (x) = xn(a - x)n  where  a ∈ +  and  n ∈ + ,  n > 1 .

(c) Show that  fn′(x) = nxn-1(a - 2x) (a - x)n-1 .[5]

(d) State the three solutions to the equation  fn′(x) = 0 .[2]

a  a 
(e) Show that the point  , f n    on the graph of  y = fn (x)  is always above the
horizontal axis. 2  2  [3]

(This question continues on the following page)

 –3– 2221 – 7113

(Question 1 continued)

Hence, or otherwise, show that f n′ 

a +
(f)  > 0 , for  n ∈   . [2]
4
(g) By using the result from part (f) and considering the sign of  fn′(-1) , show that the
point (0, 0) on the graph of  y = fn (x)  is

(i) a local minimum point for even values of  n , where  n > 1  and  a ∈ + ; [3]

(ii) a point of inflexion with zero gradient for odd values of n , where  n > 1  and  a ∈ + . [2]

Consider the graph of  y = xn(a - x)n - k , where  n ∈ + ,  a ∈ +  and  k ∈  .

(h) State the conditions on  n  and  k  such that the equation  xn(a - x)n = k  has four solutions
for  x .[5]

Turn over
 –4– 2221 – 7113

2. [Maximum mark: 24]

This question asks you to investigate and prove a geometric property involving the
roots of the equation  zn = 1  where  z ∈   for integers  n , where  n ≥ 2 .

2 i
The roots of the equation  zn = 1  where  z ∈   are  1 , ω , ω2 , ... , ωn-1 , where   e n . Each
root can be represented by a point  P0, P1, P2, ... , Pn-1 , respectively, on an Argand diagram.

For example, the roots of the equation  z2 = 1  where  z ∈   are 1 and  ω . On an Argand
diagram, the root  1  can be represented by a point  P0  and the root  ω  can be represented by
a point  P1 .

Consider the case where  n = 3 .

The roots of the equation  z3 = 1  where  z ∈   are  1 , ω  and  ω2 . On the following Argand
diagram, the points  P0 ,  P1  and  P2  lie on a circle of radius 1 unit with centre  O (0 , 0) .

(a) (i) Show that  (ω - 1)(ω2 + ω + 1) = ω3 - 1 .[2]

(ii) Hence, deduce that  ω2 + ω + 1 = 0 .[2]

(This question continues on the following page)

 –5– 2221 – 7113

(Question 2 continued)

Line segments  [P0P1]  and  [P0P2]  are added to the Argand diagram in part (a) and are shown
on the following Argand diagram.

Im

P1

P0
Re

P2

P0P1  is the length of  [P0P1]  and  P0P2  is the length of  [P0P2] .

(b) Show that  P0P1 × P0P2 = 3 .[3]

Consider the case where  n = 4 .

The roots of the equation  z4 = 1  where  z ∈   are  1 , ω , ω2  and  ω3 .

(c) By factorizing  z4 - 1 , or otherwise, deduce that  ω3 + ω2 + ω + 1 = 0 .[2]

(This question continues on the following page)

Turn over
 –6– 2221 – 7113

(Question 2 continued)

On the following Argand diagram, the points  P0 , P1 , P2  and  P3  lie on a circle of radius 1 unit
with centre  O (0, 0) .  [P0P1], [P0P2]  and  [P0P3]  are line segments.

Im

P1

P2 P0
Re

P3

(d) Show that  P0P1 × P0P2 × P0P3 = 4 . [4]

For the case where  n = 5 , the equation  z5 = 1 where  z ∈   has roots  1 , ω , ω2 , ω3  and  ω4 .

It can be shown that  P0P1 × P0P2 × P0P3 × P0P4 = 5 .

Now consider the general case for integer values of  n , where  n ≥ 2 .

The roots of the equation  zn = 1 where  z ∈   are  1 , ω , ω2 , ... , ωn-1 . On an Argand diagram,
these roots can be represented by the points  P0 , P1 , P2 , ... , Pn-1  respectively where  
[P0P1] , [P0P2] , ... , [P0Pn-1]  are line segments. The roots lie on a circle of radius 1 unit
with centre  O (0 , 0) .

(e) Suggest a value for  P0P1 × P0P2 × ... × P0Pn-1 . [1]

P0P1  can be expressed as | 1 - ω |.

(f) (i) Write down expressions for  P0P2  and  P0P3  in terms of  ω . [2]

(ii) Hence, write down an expression for  P0Pn-1  in terms of  n  and  ω . [1]

Consider  zn - 1 = (z - 1)(zn-1 + zn-2 + … + z + 1)  where  z ∈  .

(g) (i) Express   zn-1 + zn-2 + … + z + 1  as a product of linear factors over the set   . [3]

(ii) Hence, using the part (g)(i) and part (f) results, or otherwise, prove your
suggested result to part (e).[4]

References:

© International Baccalaureate Organization 2021