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Chemistry
Higher level
Paper 1

Wednesday 10 November 2021 (afternoon)

1 hour

Instructions to candidates
y Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so.
y Answer all the questions.
y For each question, choose the answer you consider to be the best and indicate your choice on
the answer sheet provided.
y The periodic table is provided for reference on page 2 of this examination paper.
y The maximum mark for this examination paper is [40 marks].

8821 – 6101
17 pages © International Baccalaureate Organization 2021
 The Periodic Table
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

1 Atomic number
2
1 H He
1.01 4.00
Element
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 Li Be B C N O F Ne
6.94 9.01 Relative atomic mass 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.99 24.31 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.10 40.08 44.96 47.87 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.38 69.72 72.63 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.90

37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
–2–

5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.96 (98) 101.07 102.91 106.42 107.87 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.76 127.60 126.90 131.29

55 56 57 † 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
6 Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.91 137.33 138.91 178.49 180.95 183.84 186.21 190.23 192.22 195.08 196.97 200.59 204.38 207.2 208.98 (209) (210) (222)

87 88 89 ‡ 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
7 Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Unt Uug Uup Uuh Uus Uuo
(223) (226) (227) (267) (268) (269) (270) (269) (278) (281) (281) (285) (286) (289) (288) (293) (294) (294)

† 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
140.12 140.91 144.24 (145) 150.36 151.96 157.25 158.93 162.50 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.05 174.97

‡
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
232.04 231.04 238.03 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262)
8821 – 6101
 –3– 8821 – 6101

1. How much ethanol contains 1.20 × 1024 atoms of carbon?

Avogadro’s constant, L or NA: 6.02 × 1023 mol−1

A. 0.333 mol

B. 0.500 mol

C. 1.00 mol

D. 2.00 mol

2. 3.00 mol of C3H8 is mixed with 20.00 mol of O2. Which quantity is present at the end of the reaction?

C3H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 3CO2 (g) + 4H2O (g)

A. 1.00 mol of C3H8

B. 5.00 mol of O2

C. 12.00 mol of CO2

D. 16.00 mol of H2O

3. The two containers shown are connected by a valve. What is the total pressure after the
valve is opened and the two gas samples are allowed to mix at constant temperature?

Container 1: Container 2:
volume = 4.0 dm3 volume = 2.0 dm3
pressure = 2.0 × 105 Pa pressure = 3.0 × 105 Pa

Valve

A. 1.5 × 105 Pa

B. 2.3 × 105 Pa

C. 2.5 × 105 Pa

D. 5.0 × 105 Pa

Turn over
 –4– 8821 – 6101

4. Which species has two more neutrons than electrons?

6
3 Li + 9
4 Be2+ 23
11 Na+ 42
20 Ca2+

A
. 6
3 Li +

B
. 9
4 Be2+

C. 23
11 Na+

D. 42
20 Ca2+

5. Which statement explains why the second ionization energy of aluminium is higher than the
first ionization energy of magnesium?

A. Ionization energy increases along period 3.

B. 3p electrons are at a higher energy level than 3s electrons.

C. 3p electrons are further away from the nucleus than 2p electrons.

D. Both have the same number of electrons and aluminium has one more proton.

6. Which ion has the largest radius?

A. Na+

B. Mg2+

C. P3−

D. S2−

7. Which combination describes the acid–base nature of aluminium and phosphorus oxides?

Aluminium Phosphorus

A. Amphoteric oxide Acidic oxide

B. Basic oxide Amphoteric oxide

C. Acidic oxide Amphoteric oxide

D. Amphoteric oxide Basic oxide

 –5– 8821 – 6101

8. Which complex ion contains a central ion with an oxidation state of +3?

A. [PtCl6]2−

B. [Cu(H2O)4(OH)2]

C. [Ni(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+

D. [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+

9. Which combination would create the strongest ionic bond?

Ionic radius Charges on ions

A. large high

B. large low

C. small high

D. small low

10. Which compound contains both ionic and covalent bonds?

A. CH3COONa

B. CH3COOH

C. K2O

D. CaCl2

11. The following compounds have similar relative molecular masses. What is the order of
increasing boiling point?

A. CH3CH2CH2OH < CH3CH2CHO < CH3COOH

B. CH3CH2CHO < CH3CH2CH2OH < CH3COOH

C. CH3CH2CHO < CH3COOH < CH3CH2CH2OH

D. CH3COOH < CH3CH2CHO < CH3CH2CH2OH

Turn over
 –6– 8821 – 6101

12. Which molecules contain two pi (π) bonds?

I. HCN
II. H2CO3
III. H2C2O4

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III

13. What is the hybridization of nitrogen and chlorine in NCl3?

N Cl

A. sp2 sp2

B. sp2 sp3

C. sp3 sp2

D. sp3 sp3

14. Which combustion reaction releases the least energy per mole of C3H8?

Approximate bond enthalpy / kJ mol−1

O=O 500

C=O 800

C≡O 1000

A. C3H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 3CO2 (g) + 4H2O (g)

9
B. C3H8 (g) + O  (g) → 2CO2 (g) + CO (g) + 4H2O (g)
2 2

C. C3H8 (g) + 4O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2CO (g) + 4H2O (g)

7
D. C3H8 (g) + O  (g) → 3CO (g) + 4H2O (g)
2 2
 –7– 8821 – 6101

15. Which equation represents the standard enthalpy of formation of lithium oxide?

A. 4Li (s) + O2 (g) → 2Li2O (s)

1
B. 2Li (s) + O  (g) → Li2O (s)
2 2
1 1
C. Li (s) + O2 (g) → Li2O (s)
4 2
1 1
D. Li (g) + O2 (g) → Li2O (g)
4 2

16. Consider the Born–Haber cycle for the formation of sodium oxide:

2Na+ (g) + O2− (g)

2Na+ (g) + O (g) + 2e−

+790 kJ mol−1
−141 kJ mol−1
2Na+ (g) + O− (g) + e−
2 × +496 kJ mol−1

2Na (g) + O (g)

Lattice
enthalpy
+249 kJ mol−1 of sodium
2Na (g) + 1 O2 (g)
2 oxide

2 × +108 kJ mol−1
2Na (s) + 1 O2 (g)
2

−414 kJ mol−1
Na2O (s)

What is the lattice enthalpy, in kJ mol−1, of sodium oxide?

A. 414 + 2(108) + 249 + 2(496) − 141 + 790

B. 414 + 2(108) + 249 + 2(496) + 141 + 790

C. −414 + 2(108) + 249 + 2(496) − 141 + 790

D. −414 − 2(108) − 249 − 2(496) + 141 − 790

Turn over
 –8– 8821 – 6101

17. In which of the following situations is the forward reaction spontaneous?

A. The equilibrium constant is greater than one under standard conditions.

B. The cell potential is negative.

C. The Gibbs free energy change of the reverse reaction is negative.

D. The entropy change of the universe for the forward reaction is negative.

18. Which instrument would best monitor the rate of this reaction?

2KI (aq) + Cl2 (aq) → 2KCl (aq) + I2 (aq)

A. Balance

B. Colorimeter

C. Volumetric flask

D. Gas syringe

19. Which combination has the greatest rate of reaction at room temperature?

Zinc CuSO4 (aq)

A. 1.00 g Zn powder 50.0 cm3 of 0.200 mol dm−3 CuSO4 (aq)

B. 1.00 g Zn powder 100.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm−3 CuSO4 (aq)

C. 1.00 g Zn strip 50.0 cm3 of 0.200 mol dm−3 CuSO4 (aq)

D. 1.00 g Zn strip 100.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm−3 CuSO4 (aq)

 –9– 8821 – 6101

20. Which graph shows a first order reaction?

Rate of reaction
concentration
Reactant

A. B.

Reactant
Time
concentration

Rate of reaction
concentration
Reactant

C. D.

Reactant
Time
concentration

21. The rate equation for a reaction is:

rate = k[A][B]

Which mechanism is consistent with this rate equation?

A. 2A  I Fast
I+B→P Slow

B. A+BI Fast
I+A→P Slow

C. A→I Slow
I+B→P Fast

D. BI Fast
I+A→P Slow

Turn over
 – 10 – 8821 – 6101

22. A reversible reaction has a reaction quotient, Q, of 4.5 and equilibrium constant, Kc, of 6.2.

2A (g)  A2 (g)

Which statement describes the reaction at this time?

A. The system has reached equilibrium.

B. The rate of the forward reaction is greater than the rate of the reverse reaction.

C. The concentration of reactant is greater than the concentration of product.

D. At equilibrium, the concentration of reactant is greater than the concentration of product.

23. The graph shows Gibbs free energy of a mixture of N2O4 (g) and NO2 (g) in different proportions.

N2O4 (g)  2NO2 (g)

Which point shows the system at equilibrium?

Amount of NO2 / mol
0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0

D. 2NO2 (g)
energy / kJ
Gibbs free

N2O4 (g) A. C.

B.

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0

Amount of N2O4 / mol

24. Which ions are present in an aqueous solution of Na2CO3?

I. HCO3−
II. OH−
III. CO32−

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III
 – 11 – 8821 – 6101

25. What is the pH of 0.01 mol dm−3 KOH (aq)?

A. 1.0

B. 2.0

C. 12.0

D. 13.0

26. What is a possible value of pH at the equivalence point in the titration of a strong acid with a
weak base?

A. 5

B. 7

C. 9

D. 11

27. What is correct for pure hot water?

pH [H+] and [OH−]

A. exactly 7 [H+] = [OH−]

B. below 7 [H+] = [OH−]

C. below 7 [H+] > [OH−]

D. above 7 [H+] = [OH−]

28. What is the change in the oxidation state of oxygen?

2Fe2+ (aq) + H2O2 (aq) + 2H+ (aq) → 2H2O (l) + 2Fe3+ (aq)

A. +1

B. 0

C. −1

D. −2

Turn over
 – 12 – 8821 – 6101

29. Consider this voltaic cell, where Cu is a more reactive metal than Ag:

Wire Wire

V
Voltmeter
Cu (s) electrode Ag (s) electrode
Salt bridge

Cu2+ (aq) Ag+ (aq)

Which combination describes the movement of charge in this cell?

Flow of electrons in wire Flow of negative ions

in salt bridge
A. Ag (s) to Cu (s) Toward Ag+ (aq)

B. Cu (s) to Ag (s) Toward Ag+ (aq)

C. Ag (s) to Cu (s) Toward Cu2+ (aq)

D. Cu (s) to Ag (s) Toward Cu2+ (aq)

30. Consider the following standard electrode potentials:

Half-equation EÖ/ V

Zn2+ (aq) + 2e−  Zn (s) −0.76

Pb2+ (aq) + 2e−  Pb (s) −0.13
1
Br2 (l) + e−  Br− (aq) +1.09
2

Which species will react with each other spontaneously under standard conditions?

A. Zn2+ (aq) + Pb (s)

B. Pb2+ (aq) + Br2 (l)

C. Zn (s) + Br− (aq)

D. Pb (s) + Br2 (l)
 – 13 – 8821 – 6101

31. Which aqueous solutions produce oxygen gas during electrolysis?

I. Dilute CuCl2 (aq) with inert electrodes

II. Dilute FeSO4 (aq) with inert electrodes
III. Dilute CuCl2 (aq) with copper electrodes

The standard electrode potentials are provided in the table:

Half-equation EÖ/ V

Fe2+ (aq) + 2e−  Fe (s) −0.45

Cu2+ (aq) + 2e−  Cu (s) +0.34

1
O2 (g) + 2H+ (aq) + 2e−  H2O (l) +1.23
2

1
Cl2 (g) + e−  Cl− (aq) +1.36
2

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III

Turn over
 – 14 – 8821 – 6101

32. What is the name of this substance using IUPAC rules?

H
H
C H

H
O
C
H H
H
C C H

H C H
H C
H H
H
C
H
H

A. 2-ethyl-1-methylbutan-1-ol

B. 1-methyl-2-ethylbutan-1-ol

C. 3-ethylpentan-2-ol

D. 3-ethylpentan-4-ol

33. Which pair of compounds are structural isomers?

A. Propane and propene

B. Propanal and propanone

C. Propan-1-ol and propanal

D. Propyl propanoate and propanoic acid

34. What is the general formula of alkynes?

A. CnH2n + 2

B. CnH2n

C. CnH2n − 2

D. C nH n
 – 15 – 8821 – 6101

35. Which statement is correct about configurational isomers?

A. Configurational isomers can only be interconverted by breaking and reforming bonds.

B. Configurational isomers have different molecular formulas but the same structural formulas.

C. Configurational isomers are not distinct compounds.

D. Configurational isomers always have identical physical properties.

36. Which product is formed when CH3COCH2CH3 is reduced with sodium borohydride?

A. CH3CH2CH2CHO

B. CH3CH2CH2CH2OH

C. CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3

D. CH3CH2CH2COOH

37. Which attacking species is matched with its mechanism of reaction?

Attacking species Type of mechanism

A. OH− Electrophilic substitution

B. Cl+ Nucleophilic addition

C. NH4+ Nucleophilic addition

D. NO2+ Electrophilic substitution

Turn over
 – 16 – 8821 – 6101

38. What is the slope of the graph?

0.20

Reactant concentration / mol dm−3 0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00
0 20.0 40.0 60.0
Time / s

A. −0.0025 mol dm−3 s−1

B. −0.0025 mol dm−3 s

C. −0.0033 mol dm−3 s−1

D. −0.0033 mol dm−3 s

39. What can be deduced from the mass spectrum of CH3COCH2CH2CH3?

100

80
Relative intensity

60

40

20

0
0 20 40 60 80 100
m/z

A. The molar mass is 43 g mol−1.

B. The atoms have many isotopes.

C. The most likely bond to break is C–C between carbons 2 and 3.

D. The signal with the largest mass is due to the oxidation of the ketone in the spectrometer.
 – 17 – 8821 – 6101

40. Which substance has the following 1H NMR spectrum?

5 4 3 2 1 0
PPM

A. Propane

B. Propanal

C. Butanoic acid

D. Ethyl ethanoate
References:

14. Chemistry: Atoms First 2e, https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first-2e/pages/9-4-strengths-of-ionic-and-

covalent-bonds © 1999–2021, Rice University. Except where otherwise noted, textbooks on this site are licensed under
a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

39. NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center Collection © 2021 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf
of the United States of America. All rights reserved. 2-Pentanone Mass Spectrum, MS Number 291264. [graph]
Available at: https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C107879&Units=SI&Mask=200#Mass-Spec2-pentanone
[Accessed 4 May 2020]. Source adapted.

40. SDBS, National Institute of Advanced Science and Technology.

All other texts, graphics and illustrations © International Baccalaureate Organization 2021