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Microwave Radio Planning and Link Design

White Noise in Digital Systems

Thermal noise is generated from random motion of

electrons due to thermal energy
Pn=KTB (W) where :
 k=Boltzmanns constant
T=temperature in Kelvin
B=bandwidth of noise spectrum
Typical values are : T=300 K , b= 6MHz , -106 dBm

Slide No 216

Microwave Radio Planning and Link Design

Noise Factor and Noise Figure

Noise Factor and Noise Figure are figures of merit used to
indicate how much the S/N deteriorates as a signal passes
through a circuit or series of circuits.
Noise factor:
Is defined in terms of signal to noise ratio

available S/N power ratio at input (unitless)

F
available S/N power ratio at output
Noise Figure
NF = 10 log(F) (dB)

Slide No 217

Microwave Radio Planning and Link Design

Noise in Digital Systems

Signal to interference ratio defines the minimum

difference between the signal and the interferer levels. It
depends on bandwidth, modulation and manufacturer.

Usually for digital system signal to interference ratio 15-

25 dB
 Slide No 218

Microwave Radio Planning and Link Design

Receiver Thresholds
-3 -3

Threshold (10 ): Received level at BER 10

Threshold (10-6): Received level at BER 10-6

Threshold = White noise + Noise figure + S/N

Threshold

S/N

NF
White noise

Slide No 219

Microwave Radio Planning and Link Design

Threshold Degradation
A Rule of Thumb
Threshold Degradation < 3 dB
given that the required -70
-72
signal to interferer is not
-74
violated -76
Receiver -78
threshold, -80
dBm -82
-84
-86 3dB
-88

14 15 16 1 18 19 20 21 22 23
Signal to Interference
7 ratio, dB
 Slide No 220

Microwave Radio Planning and Link Design

Cross Polar Interference XPI

Both multi path- and rain fading can result in severe
degradation of XPD level
Cross Polar interference Cancellers (XPIC) in the receiver
remove the unwanted signal that has leaked from the
opposite polarization into the wanted one
E11
The quantitative XPI 20 .Log dB
Description of cross- E21
Polar interference XPI
E11
XPD 20 .Log dB
E12 Where E11and E12 are
given in the next figure

Slide No 221


Microwave Radio Planning and Link Design

Digital Maps-Geographical Databases

The choice of the geographical databases depends on the
propagation model used
A compromise has to be reached between:
Cost
Accuracy
Calculation speed
The chosen configuration
Geographical databases types are:
Vector data (Linear)
Altitude
Clutter (land use data)

Slide No 234

Microwave Radio Planning and Link Design

Digital Maps - Vector Data (Linear)

Succession of points describing:

Highway
Roads
Railways
Rivers
Borders
coastlines

Slide No 235

Microwave Radio Planning and Link Design

Digital Maps - Altitude

One altitude value per each pixel

Each point of the pixel is assumed at the same altitude
Two categories of altitude databases
Digital Terrain Model (DTM)
Digital Evaluation Model (DEM)

Slide No 236

LOSSurveyReportforMicrowavePlanningand
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Sections
CISCOMTrainingCenter
PCMandE1Overview
VoicechanneldigitizingandTDM
PCMCoderBlockDiagram64kb/s
E1History
E1Frame
E1framediagram
E1TransmissionMedia
GSMcodingandTDMinterrestrialE1
DigitalMultiplexing:PDHandSDHOverview
EuropeanDigitalMultiplexerHierarchy
PDHMultiplexing
EuropeanPDHMultiplexingStructure
EuropeanPDHMultiplexingStructureused
PDHProblems
SDH
SDHBitRates
GeneralTransportModuleSTMN
SDHMultiplexingStructure
From2MbpstoSTM1
ContainersC
VirtualContainersVC
SDHAdvantages
SDHBenefitsoverPDH
SDHBenefitsoverPDHcond
GSMBlockDiagram(E1links)
DigitalMicrowavesystemsOverview
DigitalMicrowavesystem
MODEMDigitalModulation
ProtectingMWLinks
MicrowaveEquipmentSpecification
RADIOEQUIPTExample:DART
RadioEquipmentDatasheet
MicrowaveAllocationinRadiospectrum
MicrowaveBands
MicrowaveCapacities
23GHzBandexample
ChannelSpacing
InternationalRegulatoryBodies
ITUTRecsforTransmissioninGSMNet
TheITUTRecs(Standards)
ITUTG.821performance&AvailabilityExamples
ITUTG.821Availability
ITUTG.821PerformanceObjectives
G.821PerformanceObjectivesoverHRX
P&AforHRPDHighGrade
P&AforHRDSMediumGrade
P&AforHRXLocalGrade
PerformancePredictions
Availability
HWUnavailability
ImprovementinAvailabilityinn+1protection
ImprovementinAvailabilityinLoopprotection
HRDSExample
TopologyPlanning
CapacityandTopologyplanning
TransmissionCapacityPlanningTrafficMotorolastandards
TransmissionCapacityPlanningExample
Tree
Loop
Diversity
DiversityImprovement
SingleDiversity
SpaceDiversity
Hotstandbyconfiguration
Hybriddiversity
Anglediversity
Combineddiversity
MicrowaveAntennas
AntennaGain
AntennaGaincont
VSWR
SideandBacklobeLevels
BeamWidth
AntennaCharacteristicsEIRPandERP
PassiveRepeater
PassiveRepeatercont
PlaneReflectors
BacktobackRepeater
Backtobackantennas
AntennaCharacteristicsPolarization
MechanicalStability
AntennaPattern
RadioPropagation
Electromagnetic(EM)Waves
ElectromagneticWavesProperties
FrequencyEffect
Terraineffect
Atmosphericeffect
Multipatheffect
EMwaveReflectionandscattering
EMwaveReflections
EMwaveReflectioncoefficient()
EMwaveReflectioncoefficientcont
EMwaveRefraction:KFactor
KFactorandPathProfileCorrection
FormationOfDuctsExplanation
ITURDUCTProbabilityCONTOURMAPS
Diffraction
Absorption
Raindropshape
Fading
FadeMargins
MutipathFading
MicrowaveLinkPlanningandDesign
HopCalculations(Design)
PathProfile
PathProfileExample
PathProfile:ClearanceofPath
PathProfile:FresnelZoneExample
FresnelZone
FresnelZoneRadiicalculations
ObstacleLoss:FresnelZoneisnotCleared
KnifeEdgeLosses
SmoothSphericalEarthLosses
LineOfSightSurvey
LineOfSightSurveyFlowchart
LOSSurveyEquipment
LOSSurveyProcedurePreparation
LOSSurveyProcedureField
OtherMethodsofLOSSurvey
LOSSurveyReport
LinkBudgetParametersFreeSpaceLoss
FadeMarginandAvailability
FlatFadingITURP.5307
FlatFadingcont.ITURP.5307
FrequencySelectiveFadingITURF.1093
FrequencySelectiveFadingITURF.1093
FrequencySelectiveFadingITURP.5307
SpaceDiversityImprovementITURP.453
RainAttenuationITURP.530
Usablepathlengthswithrainintensityexample:15GHz
RainFadingITURP.530
FrequencyPlanning
Frequencyplanning
AlternatedChannelarrangement
Cochannelarrangement
ChannelCapacityandSeparation
CochannelInterferenceFar
CochannelInterferenceNear
AdjacentChannelInterference
ReceiverThresholdDegradation
ThresholdDegradation
Channelplan
Interference
DigitalSystemsandBER
NoiseinDigitalSystems
WhiteNoiseinDigitalSystems
NoiseFactorandNoiseFigure
CrossPolarInterferenceXPI
Waystoincludeinterferenceinperformancecalculation
Interferingwavespropagationmechanisms
SelectingInterferingStations
InterferenceCalculation
ExamplesofInterferenceRFcoupling
DigitalMapandToolsOverview
DigitalMaps
 DigitalMapsGeographicalDatabases
DigitalMapsVectorData(Linear)
DigitalMapsAltitude

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