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Le Premier Livre
Le Premier Livre
Le Premier Livre
Livre électronique420 pages2 heures

Le Premier Livre

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DigiCat vous présente cette édition spéciale de «Le Premier Livre», de Albert A. Méras, B. Méras. Pour notre maison d'édition, chaque trace écrite appartient au patrimoine de l'humanité. Tous les livres DigiCat ont été soigneusement reproduits, puis réédités dans un nouveau format moderne. Les ouvrages vous sont proposés sous forme imprimée et sous forme électronique. DigiCat espère que vous accorderez à cette oeuvre la reconnaissance et l'enthousiasme qu'elle mérite en tant que classique de la littérature mondiale.
LangueFrançais
ÉditeurDigiCat
Date de sortie6 déc. 2022
ISBN8596547439813
Le Premier Livre

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    Le Premier Livre - Albert A. Méras

    Albert A. Méras, B. Méras

    Le Premier Livre

    EAN 8596547439813

    DigiCat, 2022

    Contact: [email protected]

    Table des matières

    PRONUNCIATION

    PREMIÈRE LEÇON

    DEUXIÈME LEÇON

    TROISIÈME LEÇON

    QUATRIÈME LEÇON

    CINQUIÈME LEÇON

    SIXIÈME LEÇON

    SEPTIÈME LEÇON

    HUITIÈME LEÇON

    LECTURE

    NEUVIÈME LEÇON

    DIXIÈME LEÇON

    REVUE

    ONZIÈME LEÇON

    DOUZIÈME LEÇON

    TREIZIÈME LEÇON

    LEÇON SUPPLÉMENTAIRE

    QUATORZIÈME LEÇON

    QUINZIÈME LEÇON

    SEIZIÈME LEÇON

    DIX-SEPTIÈME LEÇON

    LECTURE

    DIX-HUITIÈME LEÇON

    DIX-NEUVIÈME LEÇON

    VINGTIÈME LEÇON

    REVUE

    VINGT ET UNIÈME LEÇON

    VINGT-DEUXIÈME LEÇON

    LECTURE

    VINGT-TROISIÈME LEÇON

    VINGT-QUATRIÈME LEÇON

    VINGT-CINQUIÈME LEÇON

    VINGT-SIXIÈME LEÇON

    VINGT-SEPTIÈME LEÇON

    LECTURE

    VINGT-HUITIÈME LEÇON

    VINGT-NEUVIÈME LEÇON

    TRENTIÈME LEÇON

    REVUE

    TRENTE ET UNIÈME LEÇON

    TRENTE-DEUXIÈME LEÇON

    LECTURE

    TRENTE-TROISIÈME LEÇON

    TRENTE-QUATRIÈME LEÇON

    TRENTE-CINQUIÈME LEÇON

    TRENTE-SIXIÈME LEÇON

    TRENTE-SEPTIÈME LEÇON

    LECTURE

    TRENTE-HUITIÈME LEÇON

    TRENTE-NEUVIÈME LEÇON

    QUARANTIÈME LEÇON

    REVUE

    QUARANTE ET UNIÈME LEÇON

    QUARANTE-DEUXIÈME LEÇON

    QUARANTE-TROISIÈME LEÇON

    QUARANTE-QUATRIÈME LEÇON

    QUARANTE-CINQUIÈME LEÇON

    QUARANTE-SIXIÈME LEÇON

    LECTURE

    QUARANTE-SEPTIÈME LEÇON

    QUARANTE-HUITIÈME LEÇON

    QUARANTE-NEUVIÈME LEÇON

    CINQUANTIÈME LEÇON

    REVUE

    CINQUANTE ET UNIÈME LEÇON

    CINQUANTE-DEUXIÈME LEÇON

    CINQUANTE-TROISIÈME LEÇON

    CINQUANTE-QUATRIÈME LEÇON

    CINQUANTE-CINQUIÈME LEÇON

    LECTURE

    CINQUANTE-SIXIÈME LEÇON

    CINQUANTE-SEPTIÈME LEÇON

    CINQUANTE-HUITIÈME LEÇON

    CINQUANTE-NEUVIÈME LEÇON

    SOIXANTIÈME LEÇON

    REVUE

    APPENDICE

    ABRÉVIATIONS

    FRANÇAIS-ANGLAIS

    ANGLAIS-FRANÇAIS

    PRONUNCIATION

    Table des matières

    Alphabet

    The vowels are a, e, i, o, u, and y; the other letters are consonants.

    The names of the letters are masculine.

    Orthographic Signs

    The accents (´, `, ^). There are three accents in French which generally indicate the pronunciation of the vowel:

    (´) acute accent (accent aigu),

    (`) grave accent (accent grave),

    (^) circumflex accent (accent circonflexe).

    The apostrophe ('), l'apostrophe, indicates that a vowel has been omitted: l'enfant.

    The cedilla (¸), la cédille, placed under a c, indicates that the sound of c is soft: français.

    The diaeresis (¨), le tréma, placed over the second of two consecutive vowels, indicates that the first vowel is to be pronounced separately: naïveté.

    The hyphen (-), le trait d'union, is used to connect words: suis-je?

    Syllables

    1. A French syllable generally begins with a consonant; the first syllable, however, may begin with a vowel: fé-li-ci-ter, a-me-ner.

    2. When there are two consonants, the first belongs to the preceding syllable, the second to the following syllable: en-fant, bon-té.

    3. If the second consonant is l or r, the two consonants belong to the same syllable: ou-bli-er, ou-vrit. The combinations ch, ph, th, gn always belong to the same syllable.

    Stress

    All French syllables, except those ending with a mute e, are pronounced with equal stress, but the voice rests on the last syllable giving it a slight emphasis. If the last syllable contains a mute e, the emphasis falls on the preceding syllable: im|par|fait, a|bon|dant, a|bon|dan|te, tu de|man|des, ils de|man|dent.

    Simple Vowel Sounds

    1. a, short, somewhat like the first o in follow: la, table, quatre.

    2. a, long, like a in Arthur: â, ~ation, ~as, ~ass~.

    (a) When a has a circumflex accent: pâle.

    (b) When a is followed by ~tion: conversation.

    (c) Generally when followed by s: pas, passer.

    3. e, mute, like e in the pronounced rapidly with the following word, the boy: ~e, ~es, ~ent.

    (a) Entirely mute at the end of a word, in the ending ~es of words of more than one syllable, and in ~ent of the third person plural of a verb: porte, parles, parlent.

    (b) Slightly pronounced at the end of a syllable in the body of a word: petit, acheter.

    (c) Fully pronounced at the end of monosyllables: le, je, me.

    4. é, closed, almost like i in fit: é, ~er, ~ai, ~ez, et.

    (a) When e has the acute accent: été, défini.

    (b) In the ending ~er of the infinitive and other words in which the r is silent: parler, marcher, soulier.

    (c) In the ending ~ai of the verb: j'ai, je parlai.

    (d) In the ending ~ez: chez, nez, parlez.

    (e) In the conjunction et.

    5. è, open, like e in egg: è, ê, ai, ei, ~es, ~et.

    (a) When e has the grave accent: mère, père.

    (b) When e has the circumflex accent: être, même.

    (c) ai when followed by a consonant and in the endings of the imperfect and present conditional: mais, air, parlais, parlaient.

    (d) ei in the body of a word: treize, neige.

    (e) In monosyllables ending in ~es: mes, tes, tu es, il est.

    (f) In the ending ~et: sujet, complet, il promet.

    (g) When e is followed by a sounded consonant in the same syllable: bel, avec, quel, elle.

    6. i, y, like ee in see: si, ici, style, syllabe.

    7. ô, closed, like the o in no: ô, au, eau.

    (a) When o has the circumflex accent: rôle, le nôtre.

    (b) Generally when o is followed by s: nos, chose, poser.

    (c) Also when followed by any other consonant at the end of a word: trop, mot, repos.

    (d) When o is followed by ~tion: émotion, notion.

    (e) au in most cases: pauvre, autres, il faut.

    (f) eau in all cases: beau, bateau, chapeau.

    8. o, open, like o in or: notre, poche, mort.

    9. u, no English equivalent (German ü): u, eu (in verb avoir).

    In order to pronounce the French u, try to pronounce ee in see with the lips rounded in position for whistling.

    (a) u in all cases: du, rue, plus.

    (b) eu in verb avoir: eu, j'eus, il eut.

    (c) u preceded by g or q and followed by a vowel is usually silent: langue, que, quatre, guider.

    10. ou, like oo in too: tout, ou, sous, nous.

    11. eu, œu, closed; no English equivalent.

    With the lips rounded in position for whistling, try to pronounce the e in the when said rapidly with the following word, the boy.

    (a) eu at the end of a word or when followed by a silent consonant: feu, peu, deux, mieux.

    (b) œu at the end of a word or when followed by a silent consonant: vœu, nœud.

    12. eu, œu, open, like u in fur. Eu and œu have this sound when followed by r and generally when followed by any other sounded consonant in the same syllable: leur, seul, peur, cœur, sœur, bœuf, œuf.

    Nasal Sounds

    The nasal sound is the sound of a vowel followed by n or m. However, the n or m is not to be pronounced. The nasal sound has no exact equivalent in English.

    There are four nasal sounds:

    1. a nasal: an, am, en, em.

    Somewhat like the an in want with the sound cut short: dans, jambe, enfant, temps.

    2. i nasal: in, im, ain, aim, ein, eim, yn, ym.

    Somewhat like the an in rang without the sound of g and with the sound cut short: fin, simple, main, faim, plein, Reims, syntaxe, sympathie.

    3. o nasal: on, om.

    Somewhat like the on in long without the sound of g and with the sound cut short: mon, bon, tomber, nom.

    4. u nasal: un, um.

    Somewhat like the un in sung without the sound of g and with the sound cut short: chacun, parfum.

    Compound Vowel Sounds

    1. oi, like wa in was: moi, voix, soir.

    In oi there are two sounds, ou and a, with the first pronounced quickly.

    2. oin, like the English w followed by the French nasal in: loin, moins, soin.

    3. ui, the French u and i with the first vowel pronounced quickly: suis, lui, nuit.

    4. ien, like the English y in yell followed by the French nasal in: bien, rien, italien.

    5. y, preceded by a vowel, has the value of ii, the first i pronounced at the end of one syllable, the second i at the beginning of the next syllable: pays = pai + is; ayant = ai + iant; joyeux = joi + ieux.

    6. ill, il (preceded by a vowel) have the liquid sound of l, pronounced like the y in yes.

    ill = French i + y: fille.

    ail and aill = French a + y: détail, travaille.

    eil and eill = è + y: soleil, vieille.

    euil and euill = French eu (open) + y: fauteuil, feuille.

    ouill = French ou + y: grenouille.

    The vowel sound is very long and the liquid l very short.

    In mille, ville, tranquille, and words derived from them, the ll is sounded like the English l.

    Consonant Sounds

    Final consonants are usually silent.

    1. b, pronounced as in English.

    2. c has the two English sounds:

    (a) Like k, when followed by a, o, u, or by a consonant: capable, colline, culotte, clair.

    (b) Like c in cent, when followed by e, i, y, and also when it has a cedilla: ce, ici, garçon.

    (c) In the word second the c sounds like g in gone.

    (d) Final c is usually pronounced: avec, sec.

    3. ch, like the English sh: chapeau.

    4. d, pronounced as in English.

    5. f, pronounced as in English.

    6. g, like g in go and like s in measure:

    (a) Like g in go, when followed by a, o, u, or by a consonant: garçon, argot, ambigu, grand.

    (b) Like s in measure, when followed by e, i, y: général, gîte, gymnase.

    7. gn, like ny in canyon: gagner.

    8. h is not pronounced (see paragraph on liaison).

    9. j, like s in measure: je, jour.

    10. k, pronounced as in English.

    11. l, pronounced as in English (see sounds ill, il).

    12. m, pronounced as in English (see paragraph on nasal sounds).

    13. n, pronounced as in English (see paragraph on nasal sounds).

    14. p, pronounced as in English. Silent in a few words: sept, corps, compte.

    15. q, like the English k.

    16. r has no exact equivalent in English. It is the English r rolled more prominently.

    Final r is usually sounded: mer, hiver, cher.

    (a) It is silent in the ~er ending of a verb: parler, passer.

    (b) It is silent in most words ending in ~ier: premier, dernier, soulier; but it is sounded in hier and fier.

    17. s, like the s in rose and like the s in soft:

    (a) Like the s in rose, when between two vowels: maison, baiser.

    (b) Like the s in soft in all other cases: son, passer.

    18. t, th, like the t in too: tour, théâtre.

    But ti followed by a, e, o has generally the sound of s in soft: partial, patience, conversation.

    19. v, pronounced as in English.

    20. x has four sounds:

    (a) Like x in excellent: excellent, exciter.

    (b) Like x in examination when ex is at the beginning of a word and followed by a vowel: exercice, exemple.

    (c) Like s in soft in the words six, dix, soixante.

    (d) Like the English z in dix-huit, dix-neuf, deuxième, sixième, dixième.

    21. z, pronounced as in English.

    Elision

    In the words le, la, je, me, te, se, ce, ne, de, que (and other conjunctions ending in que), si (before il, ils), the final vowel is dropped before a word beginning with a vowel or a silent h and is replaced by an apostrophe: l'enfant, l'homme, j'ai, c'est, qu'il, puisqu'ils, s'il. This is called elision.

    Liaison

    The liaison is the union of two words by pronouncing the last consonant of one with the initial vowel of the other: lesenfants, vousavez.

    The liaison is made only between words which are closely connected in thought.

    In making the liaison, the final d is pronounced like t, the final f like v, and the final s and x like z: grandhomme, neufenfants, lesamis, deuxamis.

    Punctuation Marks

    The punctuation marks are:

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