per

See also: Appendix:Variations of "per"

Languages (35)

Translingual • English

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Aragonese • Aromanian • Asturian • Breton • Catalan • Cimbrian • Cornish • Czech • Danish • Dutch • Esperanto • Finnish • German • Hungarian • Ido • Indonesian • Interlingua • Italian • Ladin • Latin • Latvian • Lithuanian • Megleno-Romanian • Middle English • Mòcheno • Norwegian Bokmål • Norwegian Nynorsk • Polish • Romani • Sardinian • Swedish • Volapük • Zazaki

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Page categories

Translingual

Symbol

per

1. (international standards) ISO 639-2/B language code for Persian.

English

Pronunciation

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /pɜː(ɹ)/
• (General American) IPA^(key): /pɝ/

• Audio (US):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɜː(ɹ)
• Homophone: purr

Etymology 1

From Latin per (“through, during”), from Proto-Indo-European *per. Doublet of par.

Preposition

per

1. For each.

   Admission is £10 per person.

   miles per gallon

   beats per minute

   $2.50 per dozen

2. To each, in each (used in expressing ratios of units).

   12 inches per foot

   100 centimeters per meter

3. (medicine) By the, by means of the, via the, through the.

   Introduce the endoscope per nasum.

   The medication is to be administered per os.

4. In accordance with, as per

   I parked my car at the curb per your request.

   Implement a program that computes the approximate grade level needed to comprehend some text, per the below.

   Note that while the walkthrough illustrates that words may be separated by more than one space, you may assume, per the specifications above, that no sentences will contain more than one space in a row.

Usage notes

• In senses equivalent to "each", per is typically followed by a singular noun phrase with no determiner.

  Take one pill per day, not *Take one pill per a day.

• The common exception is its use with plural noun phrases, although these are almost always limited to large round numbers such as 100, 1,000, 10,000...

  The abortion rate in the U.S. has dropped since 1980 from nearly 30 per 1,000 women of childbearing age to less than 20.

• In medical senses, per is followed by the name of an orifice in Latin rather than English (for example, per os, per rectum, per vaginam); in the postwar era there has been a continual shift toward preferring an English equivalent, especially for patients as audience but also even for fellow professionals (as medical literature audience): by mouth or orally, rectally, vaginally. (More at Wikipedia at plain language.)

Synonyms

• (abbreviation) p, p., /, ⅌ UTF-16 0x214C, introduced in Unicode 4.1.0 (March 2005)
• an, a

Derived terms

• as per the usual
• as per usual
• as per your request
• characters per inch
• dots per inch
• foot per second
• frame per second
• ignotum per ignotius
• kmph
• metre per second
• nil per os
• obscurum per obscurius
• pay-per-click
• pay per play
• pay-per-view
• per accidens
• per alia
• per annum
• per anum
• per bend
• per bend sinister
• per capita
• per cent, per centum
• per chevron
• per chief
• per consequens
• per contra
• per curiam
• per diem
• per fas et (aut) nefas
• per fess
• per impossibile
• per incuriam
• per interim
• per litt.
• per maistrie
• per mensem
• per mill
• per mil, per mille
• per minima
• per my et per tout
• per myriad
• per nasum
• per nocte
• per orem, per orum
• per pais, per pays
• per pale
• per pall
• per pares
• per primam
• per primam intentionem
• per pro
• per procurationem
• per quod
• per-rectal
• per rectum
• per saltum
• per se
• per stirpes
• per vagina, per vaginam
• pixels per inch
• pro per
• three per cents

 

Related terms

• per- (as in perfect, perfection and perplex)

Translations

for each

• Albanian: për
• Arabic: لِكُلّ (likull)

  Egyptian Arabic: لكل (lekoll)

• Armenian: յուրաքանչյուր (hy) (yurakʻančʻyur), ամեն մի (amen mi)
• Catalan: per (ca)
• Czech: na (cs)
• Dutch: per (nl)
• Estonian: kohta (et)
• Finnish: per (fi), jokaiselta (fi)
• French: par (fr)
• Galician: por (gl)
• German: je (de)
• Greek: για κάθε (gia káthe)

  Ancient: κατά (katá) (+ accusative)

• Hebrew: לכל (l'khol)
• Italian: per (it), al (it)
• Macedonian: по (po), на (na)
• Norwegian:

  Bokmål: per (no)

  Nynorsk: per

• Persian: برای هر
• Polish: na (pl), od (pl)
• Portuguese: por (pt)
• Russian: в (ru) (v)
• Spanish: por (es)
• Swedish: per (sv)
• Turkish: başına (tr)
• Ukrainian: на (uk) (na)
• Vietnamese: mỗi (vi), từng (vi)
• Volapük: a (vo)

used in expressing ratios of units

• Arabic: فِي كُلّ (fī kull)

  Egyptian Arabic: في كل (fi koll)

• Catalan: per (ca)
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 每 (zh) (měi)

• Czech: na (cs), za (cs)
• Finnish: per (fi), -ssa (fi) (inessive case)
• French: par (fr), à (fr), au (fr)
• German: pro (de)
• Greek: ανά (el) (aná), τοις (el) (tois)
• Japanese: 毎 (ja) (まい, mai)
• Macedonian: во (vo), на (na)
• Persian: در هر
• Portuguese: por (pt)
• Russian: в (ru) (v)
• Spanish: por (es)
• Swedish: per (sv)
• Thai: ละ (th) (lá)
• Turkish: -de (tr)
• Ukrainian: в (uk) (v), за (uk) (za)
• Vietnamese: trên (vi), một (vi)

via

• Arabic: بِوَاسِطَة (bi-wāsiṭa), بِـ (ar) (bi-), عَنّ طَرِيق (ʕann ṭarīq)

  Egyptian Arabic: عن طريق (ʕann ṭarīʔ)

• Catalan: via (ca)
• Finnish: kautta (fi)
• French: par (fr), par voie, via (fr)
• German: durch (de)
• Italian: via (it)
• Macedonian: по (po)
• Russian: че́рез (ru) (čérez)
• Spanish: por (es)

in accordance with

• Arabic: بِنَاءً عَلَى (ar) (bināʔan ʕalā), لِأَجْل (liʔajl)

  Egyptian Arabic: عشان (ʕašān)

• Catalan: segons (ca)
• Esperanto: graŭ (eo)
• Finnish: mukaisesti (fi)
• French: selon (fr), suivant (fr), d’après (fr)
• German: gemäß (de)
• Hebrew: על פי (al pi)
• Italian: secondo (it), in accordo
• Macedonian: по (po)
• Polish: zgodnie z, na (pl)
• Portuguese: por (pt)
• Russian: согла́сно (ru) (soglásno) (+ dative), по (ru) (po) (+ dative)
• Spanish: por (es), según (es)
• Swedish: enligt (sv)
• Vietnamese: theo (vi)

The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

Translations to be checked

• Latin: ^{(please verify)} per (la)
• Norwegian: ^{(please verify)} per (no) (abbreviated pr.) (1,2)
• Spanish: ^{(please verify)} por (es)

Etymology 2

Shortening of person, coined by Marge Piercy in Woman on the Edge of Time (1979)

Pronoun

per (third-person singular, gender-neutral, nominative case, accusative per, possessive adjective pers, possessive noun pers, reflexive perself)

1. (rare, nonstandard) They (singular). Gender-neutral neologistic third-person singular subject pronoun, coordinate with gendered pronouns he and she.
   • 1997 April 22, Anthony and Joy Hilbert, “ASB: Info PDQ please re local group rules”, in alt.sex.bondage (Usenet):

     This is the same place the Houghtons came from? The place where someone we interacted with thought of going into law as a profession, decided per couldn't because per was a bdsmer, and most of the USAmerican bdsmers per was discussing it with agreed with per?

2. (rare, nonstandard) Them (singular) Neologistic gender-neutral third-person singular object pronoun, suggested for use in place of him and her.
   • 1997 April 22, Anthony and Joy Hilbert, “ASB: Info PDQ please re local group rules”, in alt.sex.bondage (Usenet):

     This is the same place the Houghtons came from? The place where someone we interacted with thought of going into law as a profession, decided per couldn't because per was a bdsmer, and most of the USAmerican bdsmers per was discussing it with agreed with per?

   • 1998, Katherine Phelps, “Odysseus, She”, in Storytronics‎^[1]:

     "Kalypso!" I call out as phe disappears on the horizon. I did not know it, but I loved per.

   • 2006 November 15, Richard Ekins, Dave King, The transgender phenomenon, Sage Publications, →ISBN, →LCCN, LCC HQ77.9.E55 2006, page 160:

     Whereas Christie had flirted with a lesbian identity prior to surgery, following surgery Christie found perself able to pursue per attraction to men, provided they related to per as a non-gendered person.

Synonyms

• (singular) they
• ey, e, sie, shi, ze

Hyponyms

• (as subject): he, she
• (as object): him, her

Derived terms

• perself

Adjective

per (not comparable)

1. (rare, nonstandard) Belonging to per, their (singular). Gender-neutral third-person singular possessive adjective, coordinate with gendered his and her.
   • 2006, Richard Ekins, Dave King, The transgender phenomenon, Sage Publications, →ISBN, →LCCN, LCC HQ77.9.E55 2006, page 160:

     Whereas Christie had flirted with a lesbian identity prior to surgery, following surgery Christie found perself able to pursue per attraction to men, provided they related to per as a non-gendered person.

Synonyms

• (singular) their
• eir, hir

Hyponyms

• his, her

Derived terms

• pers

See also

• other attested

Anagrams

• EPR, ERP, RPE, Rep, Rep., pre, pre-, rep

Aragonese

Etymology

Inherited from Navarro-Aragonese per, from Latin per.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpe(ɾ)/
• Rhymes: -e(ɾ)
• Syllabification: per

Preposition

per

1. through, via: used in indicating the medium through which passage occurs
2. at, during, in: used in indicating the time at which an event occurs
3. during, for: used in indicating the duration of time for which an event occurs
4. because, because of: used in indicating the reason an action was undertaken
5. by: used in indicating the agent responsible for an action
6. for each; for every
7. a, for, per: used in indicating a rate of exchange

Usage notes

• In eastern dialects, when the preposition per is followed by a masculine definite article, el sg, els pl or los pl, it is contracted with it to the forms pel sg or pels pl respectively.

Alternative forms

• por (western dialects)

Further reading

Aragonario

Aromanian

Alternative forms

• peru

Etymology 1

From Latin pilus. Compare Romanian păr.

Noun

per m (plural peri)

1. hair

Related terms

• piros

Etymology 2

From Latin pirus. Compare Romanian păr.

Noun

per m (plural peri)

1. pear tree

Related terms

• pearã

Asturian

Etymology

From Latin per.

Preposition

per

1. through, out (through somewhere)

   Foron pel camín

   They went through the path

2. by means of, by way of, by, via

   Mandótelo per corréu lletrónicu

   He/She sent it to you via email

3. for, during (a period of time)

   Tuvieron per trés díes na montaña

   They were in the mountain for three days

4. per, each

   Son diez euros per artículu

   It costs ten euros per item

Derived terms

• pel
• pela
• peles
• pelo
• pelos

 

Breton

Etymology 1

From Middle Breton per, from Proto-Brythonic *per, a borrowing from Latin pira, plural of pirum. Cognate with Cornish per, Welsh pêr.

Noun

per f (singulative perenn)

1. pears

Derived terms

• gwez-per
• per-douar
• pereg
• perenn
• perenneg
• perennek
• perid
• sistr per

Etymology 2

From Proto-Celtic *kʷaryos. Compare Cornish per, Welsh pair.

Noun

per m (plural perioù)

1. cauldron

Related terms

• chaoudouron
• kaoter
• pothouarn

Catalan

Etymology

Inherited from Old Catalan per, from Latin per, appropriating the senses of Latin prō as well.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic) [pər]
• IPA^(key): (Valencia) [per]

• Audio:

  (file)

Preposition

per

1. through, via: used in indicating the medium through which passage occurs
2. at, during, in: used in indicating the time at which an event occurs
3. during, for: used in indicating the duration of time for which an event occurs
4. because, because of: used in indicating the reason an action was undertaken
5. (when followed by a verbal noun) used in indicating the activity one intends to do because of an action

   El meu germà anirà a Tahití per vacar a la platja.

   My brother will go to Tahiti (in order) to vacation on the beach.

6. by: used in indicating the agent responsible for an action
7. for each; for every
8. a, for, per: used in indicating a rate of exchange

Usage notes

• When the preposition per is followed by a masculine definite article, el sg or els pl, it is contracted with it to the forms pel sg or pels pl respectively. If el would be elided to the form l’ because it is before a word beginning with a vowel, the elision to per l’ takes precedence over contracting to pel.

Derived terms

• per a
• per a que
• per ara
• per caritat
• per casualitat
• per cent
• per cert
• per culpa de
• per descomptat
• per exemple
• per favor
• per fi
• per l'amor de Déu
• per mitjà de
• per molts anys
• per poc
• per què
• per sempre
• per sort
• per tal de
• per tal que
• per tant

 

Further reading

• “per” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.

Cimbrian

Etymology 1

From Middle High German bër, from Old High German bero, from Proto-West Germanic *berō, from Proto-Germanic *berô (“bear”). Cognate with German Bär, English bear.

Noun

per m

1. (Luserna) bear

References

• Patuzzi, Umberto, ed., (2013) Luserna / Lusérn: Le nostre parole / Ünsarne börtar / Unsere Wörter [Our Words], Luserna, Italy: Comitato unitario delle isole linguistiche storiche germaniche in Italia / Einheitskomitee der historischen deutschen Sprachinseln in Italien

Etymology 2

From Middle High German ber, from Old High German beri, from Proto-West Germanic *baʀi, from Proto-Germanic *bazją (“berry”). Cognate with German Beere, English berry.

Noun

per n (plural pern)

1. (Luserna) berry

Derived terms

• henneper
• johannisper
• roatper
• sbartzper

References

• Patuzzi, Umberto, ed., (2013) Luserna / Lusérn: Le nostre parole / Ünsarne börtar / Unsere Wörter [Our Words], Luserna, Italy: Comitato unitario delle isole linguistiche storiche germaniche in Italia / Einheitskomitee der historischen deutschen Sprachinseln in Italien

Cornish

Etymology

From Middle Cornish per, from Proto-Brythonic *per, a borrowing from Latin pira, plural of pirum. Cognate with Breton per, Welsh pêr.

Noun

per f (singulative peren)

1. pears

Czech

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈpɛr]

Etymology 1

Noun

per

1. genitive plural of pero

Etymology 2

Verb

per

1. second-person singular imperative of prát

Danish

Preposition

per (abbreviated pr.)

1. For each; for every

   Motoren roterer 1000 gange per minut.

   The engine rotates 1000 times per minute.

Dutch

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɛr

Preposition

per

1. for each; for every; per

   De motor draait 1000 toeren per minuut.

   The engine goes 1000 revolutions per minute.

2. by means of

   Kom je per auto of per spoor?

   Are you coming by car or by rail?

Derived terms

• per abuis
• per ongeluk
• per omgaande

Anagrams

• rep

Esperanto

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin per.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [per]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: per

Preposition

per

1. by means of, with

   Li skribis per plumo. ― He wrote with a pen.

See also

• kun

Finnish

Etymology

From Latin per.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈper/, [ˈpe̞r]
• Rhymes: -er
• Hyphenation^(key): per

Preposition

per [with nominative]

1. per (for each, to each)

   Synonyms: kohden, kohti, (ablative case) -lta

   viisi euroa per metri ― five euros per metre

2. (business, accounting) per (indicating date, due date, date of maturity, etc.)

   Laskumme 1 000 e per 15.6. ― Our invoice for Eur 1,000 due on 15 June

   Tilin saldo per 31.12. ― Account balance on 31 December

Further reading

• “per”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[2] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03

German

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

Preposition

per [with accusative or dative]

1. per, via, by, in acccordance with

   per Gesetz ― according to the law

Usage notes

• per is followed by a noun in either the accusative or dative case. No semantic distinction is made between the cases here. Examples from Duden: per ersten / erstem Januar, "as of the first of January"; per eingeschriebenen / eingeschriebenem Brief, "by registered letter".

References

• “per” in Duden online
• “per” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

Hungarian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈpɛr]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: per
• Rhymes: -ɛr

Etymology 1

Back-formation from perel.

Alternative forms

• pör (dialectal)

Noun

per (plural perek)

1. (law) action, suit, lawsuit

   Synonyms: eljárás, kereset

Declension

Inflection (stem in -e-, front unrounded harmony)
	singular	plural
nominative	per	perek
accusative	pert	pereket
dative	pernek	pereknek
instrumental	perrel	perekkel
causal-final	perért	perekért
translative	perré	perekké
terminative	perig	perekig
essive-formal	perként	perekként
essive-modal	—	—
inessive	perben	perekben
superessive	peren	pereken
adessive	pernél	pereknél
illative	perbe	perekbe
sublative	perre	perekre
allative	perhez	perekhez
elative	perből	perekből
delative	perről	perekről
ablative	pertől	perektől
non-attributive possessive - singular	peré	pereké
non-attributive possessive - plural	peréi	perekéi

Possessive forms of per
possessor	single possession	multiple possessions
1st person sing.	perem	pereim
2nd person sing.	pered	pereid
3rd person sing.	pere	perei
1st person plural	perünk	pereink
2nd person plural	peretek	pereitek
3rd person plural	perük	pereik

Derived terms

• peres

 

Compound words

• kirakatper
• perpatvar

 

Related terms

• alperes
• felperes
• pereskedik

 

Etymology 2

From Latin per (“through”).

Adverb

per

1. per

   kilométer per óra ― kilometers per hour

2. (mathematics) divided by

   3/5, három per öt ― 3:5, three divided by five

Derived terms

• perjel

Further reading

• (action, lawsuit): per in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
• (per, divided by): per in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN

Ido

Etymology

Borrowed from Esperanto per, English per, French par, Italian per, Spanish por, ultimately from Latin per, from Proto-Indo-European *per.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /per/, /pɛɾ/

Preposition

per

1. by means of, by, with (some means)

   Ilu batis me per bastono. ― He beat me with a stick.

2. (mathematics) multiplied by, times

   Quar per kin esas duadek. ― Four times five is twenty.

   Un per un esas un. ― One times one is one.

Derived terms

• per ke (“through the fact that”)

See also

• da (“by”)
• kun (“with (in company with)”)

Indonesian

Alternative forms

• pir (nonstandard)

Etymology 1

From Dutch veer (“feather, spring”), a contraction of veder, from Middle Dutch vedere, from Old Dutch fethara, from Proto-Germanic *feþrō, from Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én- (“feather, wing”), from *peth₂- (“to fly”). The sense "spring" is derived from the ability of feathers to resume their shape when bent.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈpɛr]
• Hyphenation: pèr

Noun

pèr (plural per-per)

1. spring, a mechanical device made of flexible or coiled material that exerts force and attempts to spring back when bent, compressed, or stretched.

   Synonym: pegas

2. (colloquial) arc lamp.

   Synonyms: bohlam, bola lampu listrik, lampu busur

Derived terms

• berper
• mengeper

 

Compounds

• per keong

 

Etymology 2

From Dutch per, from Latin per (“through, during”), from Proto-Indo-European *per.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈpər]
• Hyphenation: pêr

Preposition

pêr

1. per,
   1. for each.

      Synonym: tiap

   2. to each, in each (used in expressing ratios of units).

      Synonyms: bagi, demi

   3. by the, by means of the, via the, through the.

      Synonym: dengan

2. since

   Synonyms: mulai, sejak

Further reading

• “per” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

Interlingua

Etymology

From Latin per, which is the predecessor of French par, Italian per, Spanish par and Spanish pro.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /per/

Preposition

per

1. through, during, throughout

   Io evadeva per un tunnel secrete.

   I escaped through a secret tunnel.

   Per uso pote formar vapor inflammabile.

   May form flammable fumes during usage.

2. by (the agency of), through, by means of

   Su via a successo era per opera dur.

   His/her path to success was through hard work.

3. per, for each

   Admission costa 10 € per persona.

   Admission costs €10 per person.

Italian

Etymology

From Latin per.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /per/
• Rhymes: -er
• Hyphenation: per

Preposition

per

1. for

   Ma io l'ho fatto per te! ― But I did it for you!

   Te lo vendo per appena trecento euro ― I'll sell it you for only three hundred euro

   Ho studiato per tre ore ― I studied for three hours

   Questo è il treno per Londra ― This is the train for London

2. to (indicates direction)
3. through

   Sono passato per il centro ― I passed through the center

4. in or on

   Camminava ansiosamente per la stanza ― He was pacing anxiously about the room

5. by

   Te lo invio per posta ― I'll send it to you by post

6. with
7. as

Usage notes

• When followed by the definite article, per can be combined with the article to give the following combined forms (old-fashioned, very rarely used, except for pel, pei):

per + article	Combined form	per + article	Combined form
per + il	pel	per + i	pei
per + l'	pell'
per + lo	pello	per + gli	pegli
per + la	pella	per + le	pelle

Derived terms

• da per tutto
• dappertutto
• in tutto e per tutto
• per bene
• per carità
• per converso
• per di più
• per errore
• per esempio
• per favore
• per fortuna
• per forza
• per giunta
• per inciso
• per iscritto
• per lo meno
• per lo più
• per mezzo di
• per niente
• per opera di
• per ora
• per piacere
• per quanto riguarda
• per sbaglio
• per sempre
• per via di
• su per giù

 

See also

• pro

Anagrams

• pre-

Ladin

Etymology

From Latin per.

Preposition

per

1. for
2. through
3. in or on
4. by
5. with
6. as

Latin

Alternative forms

• ꝑ (Mediaeval sigil)

Etymology

From Proto-Italic *per, from Proto-Indo-European *per-. Cognates include Ancient Greek περί (perí), Sanskrit परि (pári), Lithuanian per, Albanian për and English for.

The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /per/, [pɛr]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /per/, [pɛr]

Preposition

per (+ accusative)

1. through, by means of
   • c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico VII.11:

     Qua re per exploratores nuntiata

     That event being announced by the scouts

   • 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita I.3:

     per speciem honoris

     By the pretext of honouring

2. throughout, during

Derived terms

• -per
• per annum
• per se
• per-

 

Descendants

• Eastern Romance:
  • Aromanian: pri, pi, pre
  • Romanian: pre, pe, pă, pi
• Istriot: par
• Italo-Romance:
  • Italian: per
  • Neapolitan: pe, ppe
  • Sicilian: pi, pri, pir
• Franco-Provençal: per
• Old Leonese:
  • Asturian: per
• Old Occitan:
  • Catalan: per
  • Occitan: per, par
• Navarro-Aragonese: per
  • Aragonese: per
• Old French: par
  • Middle French: par
    • French: par
      • → English: par
  • Lorrain: poir
  • Picard: per
• Old Galician-Portuguese: per
  • Portuguese: per
• Old Spanish:
  • Spanish: par
• Rhaeto-Romance:
  • Friulian: par
  • Ladin: per
• Venetan: par
• → Danish: per
• → Dutch: per
• → English: per
• → Finnish: per
• → German: per
• → Hungarian: per
• → Norwegian: per
• → Swedish: per
• → Esperanto: per
  • Ido: per

References

• “per”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “per”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[3], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • to bring a stream of water through the garden: aquam ducere per hortum
    
  • to cut one's way (through the enemies' ranks): ferro viam facere (per confertos hostes)
    
  • to spread over the whole body: per totum corpus diffundi
    
  • to pass a thing from hand to hand: de manu in manus or per manus tradere aliquid
    
  • in a dream: per somnum, in somnis
    
  • in a dream: per quietem, in quiete
    
  • under the pretext, pretence of..: per causam (with Gen.)
    
  • when occasion offers; as opportunity occurs: per occasionem
    
  • a report is spreading imperceptibly: fama serpit (per urbem)
    
  • to be in every one's mouth: per omnium ora ferri
    
  • to pass one's life in luxury and idleness: per luxum et ignaviam aetatem agere
    
  • to take a false step: per errorem labi, or simply labi
    
  • I said it in jest: haec iocatus sum, per iocum dixi
    
  • to correspond with some one: colloqui cum aliquo per litteras
    
  • apparently; to look at: per speciem (alicuius rei)
    
  • under pretext, pretence of..: per simulationem, simulatione alicuius rei
    
  • by craft: per dolum (B. G. 4. 13)
    
  • in sport, mockery: per ludibrium
    
  • men exempt from service owing to age: qui per aetatem arma ferre non possunt or aetate ad bellum inutiles
    
  • to transfix, pierce a man's breast with one's sword: gladio aliquem per pectus transfigere (Liv. 2. 46)
    
  • to force a way, a passage: iter tentare per vim (cf. sect. II. 3)
    
  • to break through the enemy's centre: per medios hostes (mediam hostium aciem) perrumpere
    
  • to lead some one in triumph: per triumphum (in triumpho) aliquem ducere
    
  • that is self-evident, goes without saying: hoc per se intellegitur
    
  • I have no objection: per me licet
    
• per in Ramminger, Johann (2016 July 16 (last accessed)) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎^[4], pre-publication website, 2005-2016

Latvian

Verb

per

1. inflection of pērt:
   1. second/third-person singular present indicative
   2. third-person plural present indicative
   3. second-person singular imperative
2. (with the particle lai) third-person singular imperative of pērt
3. (with the particle lai) third-person plural imperative of pērt

Lithuanian

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *per, from Proto-Indo-European *per-. Cognates include Proto-Slavic *per-, Ancient Greek περί (perí), Sanskrit परि (pári), Latin per, and English for.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [pʲɛr]

Preposition

per (with accusative)

1. through
2. during

Megleno-Romanian

Etymology

From Latin pilus. Compare Aromanian per, Romanian păr.

Noun

per m

1. hair

Middle English

Etymology 1

From Old English pere, peru.

Noun

per

1. Alternative form of pere (“pear”)

Etymology 2

From Medieval Latin pera.

Noun

per

1. Alternative form of pere (“bridge pillar”)

Etymology 3

From Old French per.

Noun

per

1. Alternative form of pere (“peer”)

Adjective

per

1. Alternative form of pere (“equal”)

Mòcheno

Etymology 1

From Middle High German bër, from Old High German bero, from Proto-West Germanic *berō, from Proto-Germanic *berô (“bear”). Cognate with German Bär, English bear.

Noun

per m

1. bear

Etymology 2

From Middle High German ber, from Old High German beri, from Proto-West Germanic *baʀi, from Proto-Germanic *bazją (“berry”). Cognate with German Beere, English berry.

Noun

per n

1. berry

Derived terms

• himper
• schbòrzper
• eaper

References

• “per” in Cimbrian, Ladin, Mòcheno: Getting to know 3 peoples. 2015. Servizio minoranze linguistiche locali della Provincia autonoma di Trento, Trento, Italy.

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin per (related to native for).

Preposition

per (abbreviated pr.)

1. For each, for every, per.

   Motoren roterer 1000 ganger per minutt. ― The engine rotates 1000 times per minute.

   per porsjon ― for each portion

   per dag ― per day

Synonyms

• (for each): for hver, i, om

Derived terms

• per stykk

References

• “per” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin per (related to native for).

Preposition

per (abbreviated pr.)

1. For each, for every, per.

   per porsjon ― for each portion

   per dag ― per day

Derived terms

• per stykk

References

• “per” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Polish

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin per, from Proto-Italic *per, from Proto-Indo-European *per-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpɛr/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɛr
• Syllabification: per

Preposition

per

1. (literary) forms adverbs from nouns [with nominative]

   Synonym: na

Further reading

• per in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• per in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Romani

Alternative forms

• pir, poriá

Etymology

Borrowed from Old Armenian փոր (pʻor, “belly, abdomen”). Doublet of pori.

Noun

per f (plural pera)

1. (anatomy) abdomen, belly

Derived terms

• peréskero

 

References

• Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1971–1979) “փոր”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, Yerevan: University Press
• Paspati, Alexandre G. (1870) “per”, in Études sur les Tchinghianés; ou, Bohémiens de l'Empire ottoman (in French), Constantinople: Impr. A. Koroméla, page 422

Sardinian

Etymology

From Latin per.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /per/

Preposition

per

1. per, by, through

Swedish

Alternative forms

• pr (dated)

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

Preposition

per

1. For each; for every

   Motorn roterar 1000 varv per minut.

   The engine goes 1000 revolutions per minute.

Anagrams

• rep

Volapük

Noun

per (nominative plural pers)

1. loss

Declension

declension of per

	singular	plural
nominative	per	pers
genitive	pera	peras
dative	pere	peres
accusative	peri	peris
vocative 1	o per!	o pers!
predicative 2	peru	perus

• ¹ status as a case is disputed
• ² in later, non-classical Volapük only

Derived terms

• peräd
• perot
• perön

Zazaki

Noun

per

1. page