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گروه محلی

از ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد

گروه محلی یا خوشه کهکشانی محلی نام یکی از خوشه‌های کهکشانی است که کهکشان راه شیری به همراه تعدادی از کهکشان‌های اطرافش در آن واقع شده‌اند. تعداد دقیق کهکشان های این مجموعه یافت نشده است با این حال تخمین زده می‌شود بیش از 80 کهکشان دیگر که عمدتا کهکشان‌های کوتوله هستند در این گروه وجود داشته باشند. این خوشه کهکشانی خود عضوی از ابرخوشه سنبله که عضوی از ابرخوشه لانیاکیا است؛ می باشد.

گروه محلی از کهکشان ها، از جمله اعضای عظیم مسیه 31 (کهکشان آندرومدا) و راه شیری، و همچنین دیگر کهکشان های نزدیک.

مرکز گرانشی گروه محلی کهکشانی جایی میان کهکشان راه شیری و کهکشان آندرومدا قرار دارد. بزرگ‌ترین کهکشان‌های این گروه محلی به ترتیب کهکشان آندرومدا، کهکشان راه شیری و کهکشان مثلث هستند. این دو کهکشان با فاصله 800 کیلو پارسک از نظر گرانشی به یکدیگر مقیدند و با سرعتی حدود 123 کیلومتر بر ثانیه به سمت یکدیگر در حرکتند. علاوه بر آندرومدا و کهکشان راه شیری، دو کهکشان مارپیچی دیگر،یک کهکشان بیضوی،حدود شش(یا کمی بیشتر)کهکشان نامنظم،ودوازده کهکشان کوتوله،از دیگر اعضای گروه محلی اند.بر همکنش بین اعضا،این ساختار را پایدار نگه میدارد. نزدیک ترین کهکشان های اقماری به راه کاهکشان،ابرهای ماژلانی بزرگ و کوچکند،به اختصار(LMC,SMC)

مشخصات

[ویرایش]

قطر آن ۱۰ میلیون سال نوری است جرم آن برابر جرم خورشید تخمین زده می‌شود نزدیک‌ترین خوشه کهکشانی به آن خوشه کهکشانی دوشیزه است.

نقشه گروه کهکشانی محلی

اعضا

[ویرایش]
شماتیکی از 6 کهکشان بزرگ گروه محلی در کنار یکدیگر. از راست به چپ: کهکشان آندرومدا (قطر 152000 سال نوری)، راه شیری (کهکشان ما)(87400 سال نوری)، کهکشان مثلث یا مسیه 33 (61100 سال نوری)، ابر ماژلانی بزرگ (32200 سال نوری)، ان جی سی 3109 (25400 سال نوری) و ابر ماژلانی کوچک (18900 سال نوری)

خوشه کهکشانی محلی بیش از ۳۵ عضو دارد


جدول کامل کهکشان های گروه محلی[۱]:

نام نوع صورت فلکی اطلاعات
Spiral galaxies
Andromeda Galaxy (M31, NGC 224) SA(s)b Andromeda Largest galaxy in the group[۲]

Diameter (D25 isophote): 152,000 light-years Mass: (۱٫۵±۰٫۵)×۱۰۱۲ M&#x۲۶۰۹; Number of stars: ca. ۱۰۱۲.

Milky Way Galaxy SBbc Sagittarius (centre) Second largest galaxy in the group, which may or may not be the most massive galaxy of the group.[۳]

Diameter (D25 isophote): 87,400 light-years Mass: (۱٫۵۴±۰٫۱)×۱۰۱۲ M&#x۲۶۰۹; Number of stars: (۲٫۵±۱٫۵)×۱۰۱۱.

Triangulum Galaxy (M33, NGC 598) SA(s)cd Triangulum Third largest, only unbarred spiral galaxy and possible satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy.

Diameter (D25 isophote): 60,000 light-years Mass: ۵×۱۰۱۰ M&#x۲۶۰۹; Number of stars: ۴×۱۰۱۰.

Magellanic spiral galaxies
Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) Irr/SB(s)m Dorado Fourth largest member of the group, satellite of Milky Way and only Magellanic Spiral Galaxy in the local group

Mass: ۱×۱۰۱۰ M&#x۲۶۰۹; Diameter (D25 isophote): 32,200 light-years

NGC 3109 SB(s)m Hydra Member of Antlia-Sextans Group
Elliptical galaxies
M32 (NGC 221) E2 Andromeda Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy, shows signs of a supermassive black hole
Irregular galaxies
Wolf–Lundmark–Melotte (WLM, DDO 221) Ir+ Cetus Possible size between Small Magellanic Cloud and Large Magellanic Cloud
IC 10 KBm or Ir+ Cassiopeia
Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC, NGC 292) SB(s)m pec Tucana Satellite of Milky Way, 6th largest galaxy in the local group

mass: 7 × 109 M☉

Pisces Dwarf (LGS3) Irr Pisces Possible satellite of the Triangulum Galaxy
IC 1613 (UGC 668) IAB(s)m V Cetus
Phoenix Dwarf Irr Phoenix
Leo A (Leo III) IBm V Leo
Aquarius Dwarf (DDO 210) IB(s)m Aquarius Distance 3.2 million light years. Quite isolated in space, membership to Local Group established in 1999.[۴]
SagDIG (Sagittarius Dwarf Irregular Galaxy) IB(s)m V Sagittarius Most remote from barycenter member thought to be in the Local Group.[۴]
NGC 6822 (Barnard's Galaxy) IB(s)m IV-V Sagittarius
Pegasus Dwarf (Pegasus Dwarf Irregular, DDO 216) Irr Pegasus
UGC 4879 (VV124) IAm Ursa Major One of the most isolated galaxies in Local Group. Situated at the edge of the Local Group.
Sextans A (UGCA 205) Ir+V Sextans Member of Antlia-Sextans Group
Sextans B (UGC 5373) Ir+IV-V Sextans Member of Antlia-Sextans Group
Leo P Irr Leo Member of Antlia-Sextans Group, extraordinarily low metallicity (Z = 0.03ZMW)
AGC 198606 Irr? Leo Gas-rich ultra-faint dwarf galaxy
AGC 215417 Irr? Leo Gas-rich ultra-faint dwarf galaxy
AGC 219656 Irr? Leo Gas-rich ultra-faint dwarf galaxy
AGC 249525 Irr? Boötes Gas-rich ultra-faint dwarf galaxy, Situated at the edge of the Local Group
AGC 268069 Irr? Serpens Gas-rich ultra-faint dwarf galaxy
Dwarf elliptical galaxies
M110 (NGC 205) dE6p Andromeda Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy and 5th largest galaxy with the mass of 9.3 billion solar masses.
NGC 147 (DDO 3) dE5 pec Cassiopeia Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Dwarf spheroidal galaxies
Boötes I dSph Boötes
Cetus Dwarf dSph/E4 Cetus
Canes Venatici I Dwarf and Canes Venatici II Dwarf dSph Canes Venatici Satellites of the Milky Way[۵][۶]
Andromeda III dE2 Andromeda Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
NGC 185 dE3 pec Cassiopeia Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda I dE3 pec Andromeda Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Sculptor Dwarf (E351-G30) dE3 Sculptor Satellite of Milky Way
Andromeda V dSph Andromeda Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda II dE0 Andromeda Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Fornax Dwarf (E356-G04) dSph/E2 Fornax Satellite of Milky Way
Carina Dwarf (E206-G220) dE3 Carina Satellite of Milky Way
Leo I (DDO 74) dE3 Leo Satellite of Milky Way
Sextans Dwarf dE3 Sextans Satellite of Milky Way
Leo II (Leo B) dE0 pec Leo Satellite of Milky Way
Ursa Minor Dwarf dE4 Ursa Minor Satellite of Milky Way
Draco Dwarf (DDO 208) dE0 pec Draco Satellite of Milky Way
SagDSG (Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy) dSph/E7 Sagittarius Satellite of Milky Way
Tucana Dwarf dE5 Tucana
Cassiopeia Dwarf (Andromeda VII) dSph Cassiopeia Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Pegasus Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy (Andromeda VI) dSph Pegasus Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Ursa Major I Dwarf and Ursa Major II Dwarf dSph Ursa Major Satellite of Milky Way
Leo IV dSph Leo Satellite of the Milky Way
Leo V dSph Leo Satellite of the Milky Way
Leo T dSph/Irr Leo Satellite of the Milky Way
Boötes II dSph Boötes Satellite of the Milky Way
Boötes III dSph Boötes Satellite of the Milky Way
Boötes IV dSph Boötes Satellite of the Milky Way
Coma Berenices dSph Coma Berenices Satellite of the Milky Way
Segue 2 dSph Aries Satellite of the Milky Way
Hercules dSph Hercules Satellite of the Milky Way
Pisces II dSph Pisces Satellite of the Milky Way
Reticulum II dSph Reticulum Satellite of the Milky Way
Reticulum III dSph Reticulum Satellite of the Milky Way
Eridanus II dSph Eridanus Probable satellite of the Milky Way
Grus I dSph Grus Satellite of the Milky Way
Grus II dSph Grus Satellite of the Milky Way
Tucana II dSph Tucana Satellite of the Milky Way
Hydrus I dSph Hydrus Satellite of the Milky Way
Draco II dSph Draco Satellite of the Milky Way
Carina III dSph Carina Satellite of the Milky Way
Triangulum II (Laevens 2) dSph Triangulum Satellite of the Milky Way
Carina II dSph Carina Satellite of the Milky Way
Pictor II dSph Pictor Satellite of the Milky Way
Horologium II dSph Horologium Satellite of the Milky Way
Virgo I dSph Virgo Satellite of the Milky Way
Aquarius II dSph Aquarius Satellite of the Milky Way
Crater II dSph Crater Satellite of the Milky Way
Hydra II dSph Hydra Satellite of the Milky Way
Antlia II dSph Antlia Satellite of the Milky Way
Pegasus III dSph Pegasus Satellite of the Milky Way
Pegasus IV dSph Pegasus Satellite of the Milky Way[۷]
Pegasus W dSph Pegasus Recent star formation, could still be starforming
Cetus III dSph Cetus Satellite of the Milky Way
Tucana B dSph Tucana [۸]
Perseus I Dwarf Galaxy (Andromeda XXXIII) dE Perseus Satellite of Andromeda
Antlia Dwarf dE3/dSph/Irr? Antlia Member of Antlia-Sextans Group
Andromeda IX dSph Andromeda Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda X dSph Andromeda Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda XI dSph Andromeda Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda XII dSph Andromeda Possible satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda XIII (Pisces III) dSph Andromeda Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda XIV (Pisces IV) dSph Pisces Possible satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda XV dSph Andromeda Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda XVII dSph Andromeda Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda XIX dSph Andromeda Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda XX dSph Andromeda Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda XXI dSph Andromeda Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda XXII dSph Pisces Possible satellite of the Triangulum Galaxy
Andromeda XXIII dSph Andromeda Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda XXIV dSph Andromeda Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda XXV dSph Andromeda Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda XXVI dSph Andromeda Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda XXVII dSph Andromeda Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy, tidally disrupted[۹]
Andromeda XXIX dSph Pegasus Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda XXX (Cassiopeia II) dSph? Cassiopeia Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda XXXI (Lacerta I) dSph? Lacerta Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda XXXII (Cassiopeia III) dSph? Cassiopeia Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda XXXIV (Pegasus V) dSph Pegasus Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy[۱۰]
Andromeda XVI (Pisces V) dSph Pisces Possible satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda XXVIII dSph? Pegasus Possible satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda XXXIII (Perseus I) dSph? Perseus Possible satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda XVIII dSph Andromeda
Centaurus I dSph Centaurus Satellite of the Milky Way[۱۱]
Pisces VII (Triangulum III) dSph? Pisces Candidate, possible satellite of the Triangulum Galaxy[۱۲]
Identification unclear
Virgo Stellar Stream dSph (remnant)? Virgo In the process of merging with the Milky Way
Canis Major Dwarf Irr? Canis Major Possibly a dwarf galaxy in the process of merging with the Milky Way
Hydra 1 Hydra Possibly a dwarf galaxy in the process of merging with the Milky Way
Tucana III dSph or cluster? Tucana Satellite of the Milky Way, tidally disrupting
Tucana IV dSph or cluster? Tucana Satellite of the Milky Way
Tucana V dSph or cluster? Tucana Possibly non-existent
Columba I dSph or cluster? Columba Satellite of the Milky Way
Segue 1 dSph or Globular Cluster Leo Satellite of the Milky Way
Cetus II Cetus Likely part of Sagittarius tidal stream
Willman 1 dSph or Globular Cluster Ursa Major 147,000 light-years away
Horologium I dSph or Globular Cluster Horologium Satellite of the Milky Way. Not to be confused with the Horologium Supercluster.
Pictoris dSph or Globular Cluster Pictor Satellite of the Milky Way
Phoenix II dSph or Globular Cluster Phoenix Satellite of the Milky Way
Indus I (Kim 2) dSph or Globular Cluster Indus Satellite of the Milky Way
Eridanus III dSph or Globular Cluster Eridanus Satellite of the Milky Way or SMC[۱۳]
Sagittarius II dSph or Globular Cluster Sagittarius Satellite of the Milky Way
Andromeda VIII dSph? Andromeda Satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy, tidally disrupting
Antlia B Antlia Member of Antlia-Sextans Group
Probable non-members
Andromeda IV Irr Andromeda Once considered to be associated with M31. Its distance is now known to be 22 to 24 million light years (not close to the Andromeda Galaxy at all).[۱۴]
GR 8 (DDO 155) Im V Virgo Distance 7.9 million light years[۱۵]
IC 5152 IAB(s)m IV Indus Distance 5.8 million light years, possibly an outlying member of the local group[۱۶]
NGC 300 SA(s)d Sculptor Distance 6.07 million light years
NGC 55 SB(s)m Sculptor Distance 6.5 million light years[۱۷]
NGC 404 E0 or SA(s)0− Andromeda Distance 10 million light years[۱۸]
NGC 1569 Irp+ III-IV Camelopardalis In IC 342 group of galaxies. Distance 11 million light years[۱۹]
NGC 1560 (IC 2062) Sd Camelopardalis Distance 8-12 million light years
Camelopardalis A Irr Camelopardalis Distance 12 million light years[۱۷]
Argo Dwarf Irr Carina
ESO 347-8 (2318–42) Irr Grus
UKS 2323-326 (ESO 407-18) Irr Sculptor Distance 7.2 million light-years[۱۷]
UGC 9128 (DDO 187) Irp+ Boötes
KKs 3 dSph Hydrus
Objects in the Local Group no longer recognised as galaxies
Palomar 12 (Capricornus Dwarf) Capricornus Globular cluster formerly classified as a dwarf spheroidal galaxy
Palomar 4 (Ursa Major Dwarf) Ursa Major Globular cluster formerly classified as a dwarf spheroidal galaxy
Palomar 5 (Serpens Dwarf) Serpens Globular cluster formerly classified as a dwarf spheroidal galaxy
Palomar 3 (Sextans C) Sculptor Globular cluster formerly classified as a dwarf spheroidal galaxy[۲۰]
Segue 3 Pegasus Globular cluster formerly classified as a dwarf spheroidal galaxy[۲۱]
Laevens 1 (Crater Dwarf) Crater Globular cluster formerly classified as a dwarf spheroidal galaxy[۲۲]
DES J2038-4609 (Indus II) Indus Likely a chance alignment of stars[۲۳]

جایگاه گروه محلی در جهان قابل مشاهده

[ویرایش]
نموداری از مکان ما در جهان قابل مشاهده. گروه محلی به عنوان «خوشهٔ کهکشانی محلی» نشان داده شده‌است. (Click here for an alternate image.)

منابع

[ویرایش]

مشارکت‌کنندگان ویکی‌پدیا. «Local Group». در دانشنامهٔ ویکی‌پدیای انگلیسی، بازبینی‌شده در ۲۱ می ۲۰۲۰.

در ویکی‌انبار پرونده‌هایی دربارهٔ گروه محلی موجود است.


آیکون خرد

این یک مقالهٔ خرد اخترشناسی است. می‌توانید با گسترش آن به ویکی‌پدیا کمک کنید.

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  9. ↑ Preston, Janet; Collins, Michelle L. M.; Ibata, Rodrigo A.; Tollerud, Erik J.; Rich, R. Michael; Bonaca, Ana; McConnachie, Alan W.; Mackey, Dougal; Lewis, Geraint F.; Martin, Nicolas F.; Peñarrubia, Jorge; Chapman, Scott C.; Delorme, Maxime (2019). "A dwarf disrupting - Andromeda XXVII and the North West Stream". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 490 (2): 2905–2917. arXiv:1909.09661. Bibcode:2019MNRAS.490.2905P. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2529.
  10. ↑ Collins, Michelle L. M.; Charles, Emily J. E.; Martínez-Delgado, David; Monelli, Matteo; Karim, Noushin; Donatiello, Giuseppe; Tollerud, Erik J.; Boschin, Walter (2022). "Pegasus V/Andromeda XXXIV–a newly discovered ultrafaint dwarf galaxy on the outskirts of Andromeda". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. 515 (1): L72–L77. arXiv:2204.09068. Bibcode:2022MNRAS.515L..72C. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slac063.
  11. ↑ Mau, S.; et al. (2020). "Two Ultra-faint Milky Way Stellar Systems Discovered in Early Data from the DECam Local Volume Exploration Survey". The Astrophysical Journal. 890 (2): 136. arXiv:1912.03301. Bibcode:2020ApJ...890..136M. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab6c67. S2CID 208857609.
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  13. ↑ Conn, Blair C.; Jerjen, Helmut; Kim, Dongwon; Schirmer, Mischa (2018). "On the Nature of Ultra-faint Dwarf Galaxy Candidates. I. DES1, Eridanus III, and Tucana V". The Astrophysical Journal. 852 (2): 68. arXiv:1712.01439. Bibcode:2018ApJ...852...68C. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa9eda. S2CID 119457824.
  14. ↑ Nowakowski, Tomasz (22 December 2015). "Andromeda IV turns out to be a solitary gas-rich dwarf galaxy". physorg. Retrieved 25 December 2015.
  15. ↑ Tolstoy, Eline (1999). "Detailed Star-Formation Histories of Nearby Dwarf Irregular Galaxies using HST". In Patricia Whitelock; Russell Cannon (eds.). The stellar content of Local Group galaxies, Proceedings of the 192nd symposium of the International Astronomical Union. The Stellar Content of Local Group Galaxies. Vol. 192. Astronomical Society of the Pacific. p. 218. Bibcode:1999IAUS..192..218T. ISBN 978-1886733824.
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  17. ↑ ۱۷٫۰ ۱۷٫۱ ۱۷٫۲ Tully, R. Brent; et al. (2013). "Cosmicflows-2: The Data". The Astronomical Journal. 146 (4): 86. arXiv:1307.7213. Bibcode:2013AJ....146...86T. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/146/4/86. S2CID 118494842.
  18. ↑ Jensen, Joseph B.; Tonry, John L.; Barris, Brian J.; Thompson, Rodger I.; et al. (February 2003). "Measuring Distances and Probing the Unresolved Stellar Populations of Galaxies Using Infrared Surface Brightness Fluctuations". Astrophysical Journal. 583 (2): 712–726. arXiv:astro-ph/0210129. Bibcode:2003ApJ...583..712J. doi:10.1086/345430. S2CID 551714.
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  20. ↑ "Pal3". simbad.u-strasbg.fr. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
  21. ↑ Fadely, R.; Willman, B.; Geha, M.; Walsh, S.; Muñoz, R. R.; Jerjen, H.; Vargas, L. C.; Da Costa, G. S. (2011). "Segue 3: An old, extremely low luminosity star cluster in the Milky Way's halo". The Astronomical Journal. 142 (3): 88. arXiv:1107.3151. Bibcode:2011AJ....142...88F. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/142/3/88. S2CID 118509282.
  22. ↑ Voggel, Karina; Hilker, Michael; Baumgardt, Holger; Collins, Michelle L.M.; Grebel, Eva K.; Husemann, Bernd; Richtler, Tom; Frank, Matthias J. (2016). "Probing the boundary between star clusters and dwarf galaxies: A MUSE view on the dynamics of Crater/Laevens I". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 460 (3): 3384–3397. arXiv:1604.06806. Bibcode:2016MNRAS.460.3384V. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw1132.
  23. ↑ Cantu, Sarah A.; et al. (2021). "A Deeper Look at DES Dwarf Galaxy Candidates: Grus I and Indus II". The Astrophysical Journal. 916 (2): 81. arXiv:2005.06478. Bibcode:2021ApJ...916...81C. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac0443. S2CID 218628642.
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