Unidad II:

Nutrición
Alumnas: Vera María, Escobar Keila
 Nutrición

-Las células en los seres vivos necesitan de los nutrientes, para mantener sus
actividades vitales.

-Los nutrientes actúan como fuentes de energía y aportando unidades

estructurales para que la célula sintetice sus materiales.

-Las células deben tener las enzimas necesarias para transportarlas a su interior y
para transformarlas.
 Alimentación

Durante el proceso digestivo, cada trozo de alimento pasa por

el sistema digestivo conformado por 10 órganos, estos órganos
trabajan al unísono para transformar las materias primas de
la comida en nutrientes y energía que nos mantiene vivos.
Estructura de la Membrana Celular
 Tipos de Transporte Celular

1. Ósmosis
Transporte
2. Difusión Simple
Pasivo 3. Difusión Facilitada

1. Bombas de ATP
Transporte 2. Cotransportadores
Activo
Transporte Pasivo
Transporte Activo
DIGESTIÓN
 Acción Digestiva de la Saliva

Las células acinares producen una enzima llamada

ptialina o amilasa salival, que participa en el proceso
digestivo iniciando la hidrólisis del almidón presente en
los alimentos.
 Jugo Gástrico
La principal acción digestiva del jugo gástrico es la hidrólisis
parcial de proteínas, a cargo de la Pepsina.

Compuesto por: agua (%99)

HCl, enzimas y
mucoproteínas
Producción de HCl en Células Parietales
 Jugo Pancreático
El páncreas produce enzimas que atacan los
principales componentes de la dieta (almidón, lípidos
y proteínas).

Las enzimas proteolíticas comprenden tres

endopeptidasas: tripsina, quimitripsina y elastasa y
dos exopeptidasas: carboxipeptidasa A y B que
separan el aminoácido terminal.

Contiene pequeña cantidad de

proteínas, en su casi totalidad
enzimas hidrolíticas y
componentes inorgánicos. Su pH es
de 7,5 a 8,0
 Enzimas
Tripsina: es una endopeptídasa, cataliza la hidrólisis de las uniones peptídicas, alejadas de
los extremos de la molécula. Tiene selectividad por uniones que contienen carboxilo de
Lys y Arg.
Quimotripsina: Es una endopeptídasa, con selectividad por uniones que comprenden el
grupo carboxilo de aminoácidos aromáticos.
• La acción hidrolítica de la tripsina y la quimotripsina sobre proteínas, proteasas y
peptonas procedentes de la digestión gástrica produce polipéptidos pequeños.

Elastasa: Esta enzima tiene un resto serina, en el sitio activo, que es esencial para la
acción catalítica. Por eso se las llama serina proteasas. Cataliza la hidrólisis de enlaces
peptídico en la elastina.
Carboxipepidasas: Cataliza la hidrólisis de uniones peptídicas adyacentes al extremo
carboxilo terminal. Por lo tanto deja en libertad el aminoácido ubicado en el extremo C -
terminal del polipéptido. Es una exopeptídasa.

Amilasas: Cataliza la acción hidrolítica sobre el almidón, requiere el Cl - y Ca++ para la

misma y solo ataca uniones glucosídicas  1- 4.
Ribonucleasas y desoxiribonucleasas: Actúan sobre los ácidos nucleicos, catalizando la
hidrólisis de uniones entre nucleótidos.

Lipasas: Cataliza la ruptura de uniones ésteres en los alcoholes primarios del glicerol de
grasas neutras. Para la hidrólisis total de la grasa se necesita una isomerasa que transfiera
el ácido graso del C2 al C1.
• La actividad de la lipasa es aumentada por la presencia de sales biliares.
Colesterolestearasa: Cataliza la hidrólisis de ésteres del colesterol

Fosfolipasa A2: Cataliza la hidrólisis del enlace del ácido graso unido al alcohol del C 2 del
glicerol de glicerofosfolípidos.
 Jugo Entérico
● El jugo intestinal es una secreción líquida producida por las
glándulas presentes en las paredes del intestino delgado, y su
función principal es facilitar la digestión y absorción de los
alimentos.
Posee varias enzimas digestivas:

oligo-1- 6 glucosidasa: cataliza la hidrólisis de uniones  1-6 en dextrinas

producidas por la digestión amilásica de la amilopectina.
Disacaridasas: maltasa, sacarasa o invertasa y lactasa, son enzimas intracelulares.
Enteroquinasa: activa al tripsinógeno.
Amilopeptidasas: Es una exopeptidasa que separa un aminoácido del extremo N-
terminal de los oligopéptidos.
Di-Tri-Peptidasas: Completan la degradación de los restos finales de digestión de
proteínas.
Nucleosidasas, fosfatasas y nucleotidasas: Degradan ácidos nucleicos y sus
unidades componentes.
 Bilis
La bilis producida en el órgano de forma continua, se acumula en
la vesícula en los periodos interdigestivos. De color amarillo
dorado o ligeramente pardusco, su pH es de 7,8 a 8,6.

Difiere de otras secreciones por su alto contenido de lípidos y

otros compuestos de propiedades detergentes. Contiene además
pigmentos biliares, urea, cantidades variables de proteínas y
electrolitos inorgánicos.
 Ácido Biliar
Los ácidos biliares primarios son: ácido cólico y el ácido quenodesoxicólico. A partir de
éstos pueden formarse en el intestino los ácidos desoxicólico y litocólico que son los ac.
biliares secundarios.

Se sintetizan en el hígado a partir del colesterol.

A pH fisiológico están disociados y neutralizados por Na + (sales biliares).

 Función de los ácidos biliares

• Importante en el proceso digestivo principalmente en relación

con las grasas.
• Activan la lipasa pancreática.
• Aseguran la acción emulsionante s/grasas.
• Favorecen la absorción de las vitaminas.
• Estimulan la producción de bilis por el hígado
 Sales Biliares
Son compuestos anfipáticos que cuando la concentración es suficiente tienden a agruparse en
micelas cuya faz hidrófila queda hacia el exterior.

Estas micelas engloban otras moléculas anfipáticas como las de fosfolípidos y colesterol
favoreciendo la emulsión y estabilización de estas sustancias en la bilis.
ABSORCIÓN
 Absorción
● Un 90 % del material nutritivo ingerido se absorbe en el intestino delgado.

● Los materiales absorbidos pueden seguir dos vías de transporte:

● las venas del sistema porta que los llevan al hígado y los vasos linfáticos intestinales que
los vierten en la circulación general.
 Carbohidratos Lípidos Proteínas
Los únicos carbohidratos que La hidrólisis total no es requisito Aproximadamente un 40% del
pueden ser absorbidos por las indispensable para la absorción de total de proteínas ingeridas es
células de la mucosa intestinal son grasas neutras. La mayor parte de degradado hasta aminácidos
los monosacáridos. la grasa ingerida es degradada a 2- libres; el 60% restante, hasta
monoacilglicerol. Compuesto que oligopéptidos.
Los más abundantes azúcares ingresa al enterocito. Estos oligopéptidos son
simples liberados por la digestión de hidrolizados a aminoácidos
alimentos en el intestino son la La cantidad de glicerol libre y los libres, dipéptidos y tripéptidos,
glucosa, la fructosa y la galactosa. ácidos grasos de cadena de 10 productos finales de la digestión.
carbonos o menos liberados en la Estos compuestos atraviesan la
Estos son excluidos por la bicapa luz intestinal por acción digestiva membrana apical utilizando
lipídica de la membrana por lo cual no se incorporan en las micelas; distintos sistemas de transporte.
su ingreso a las células por difusión estos compuestos difunden Gran parte de aminoácidos
pasiva es insignificante. pasivamente a través de la libres son cotransportados con
membrana y pasan a capilares del Na+, por un sist. similar al de la
sistema porta. glucosa.
Tipo de Forma de la Productos de
molécula molécula en la la digestión
comida
ingerida
Carbohidratos Monosacáridos, Monosacáridos
disacáridos, (por ejemplo la
polisacáridos glucosa,
galactosa,
fructosa)
Proteínas Proteínas Aminoácidos
Lípidos Triglicéridos Ácidos grasos y
glicerol

Ácidos ADN, ARN Nucleótidos

nucleicos
¡Gracias por su
atención!
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 Table of contents

01 02 03
Introduction Process Stomach
You can describe the topic of You can describe the topic of You can describe the topic of
the section here the section here the section here

04 05 06
Digestion Activities Conclusion
You can describe the topic of You can describe the topic of You can describe the topic of
the section here the section here the section here
 Whoa!
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01
Introduction
You can enter a subtitle here if you need it
 Introduction

Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and Mercury takes a little more than 58 days to
the smallest one in the entire Solar System. complete its rotation, so try to imagine how
This planet's name has nothing to do with the long days must be there! Since the
liquid metal, since Mercury was named after temperatures are so extreme, albeit not as
the Roman messenger god. Its temperatures extreme as on Venus, Mercury has been
aren't as terribly hot as Venus’s deemed to be non-habitable for humans
What is digestion?

Do you know what helps you make your point crystal

clear? Lists like this one:

● They’re simple
● You can organize your ideas clearly
● You’ll never forget to buy milk!

And the most important thing: the audience won’t miss

the point of your presentation
 2 functions of the digestive system

Digestion Absorption
Mercury is the closest planet to the Venus has a beautiful name and is
Sun and the smallest one in the the second planet from the Sun. It’s
Solar System—it’s only a bit larger hot and has a very poisonous
than the Moon atmosphere
 3 components of the digestive system

Liver Pancreas Gallbladder

Mercury is the closest planet Venus has a beautiful name Despite being red, Mars is
to the Sun and the smallest of and is the second planet from actually a cold place. It’s full
them all the Sun of iron oxide dust
 There are 4 steps to digestion

Eating Breakdown
Mars is actually a very Venus has extremely high
cold place temperatures

Absorption Disposal
Jupiter is the biggest Saturn is a gas giant and has
planet of them all several rings
 Activities of the digestive system

Ingestion Propulsion Breakdown

Mars is actually a very Venus has extremely high Neptune is the farthest
cold place temperatures planet from the Sun

Chemical Absorption Elimination

Mercury is the closest Saturn is a gas giant and Jupiter is the biggest planet
planet to the Sun has several rings of them all
 Improving the digestion process

Fiber Exercise
Jupiter is the biggest Saturn is a gas giant and has
planet of them all several rings

Hydration Meal
Venus has extremely Despite being red, Mars is a
high temperatures very cold place
“This is a quote, words full of wisdom that
someone important said and can make the
reader get inspired.”
—Someone Famous
A picture is worth a thousand words
A picture always reinforces
the concept
Images reveal large amounts of data, so
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Your audience will appreciate it
 Organs of the digestive system

Mouth Esophagus Stomach

Despite being red, Mars is Venus has extremely high Neptune is the farthest planet
actually a cold place temperatures from the Sun

Small intestine Large intestine

Mercury is the closest planet Saturn is a gas giant and has
to the Sun several rings
 98,300,000
Big numbers catch your audience’s attention
9h 55m 23s
Jupiter's rotation period

333,000
The Sun’s mass compared to Earth’s

386,000 km
Distance between Earth and the Moon
 Absorption and disposal

25% 50%

Mercury Venus
Mercury is the closest planet Venus has a beautiful name
to the Sun and the smallest of and is the second planet from
them all the Sun
 2 main types of digestion

Mechanical digestion
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest
one in the Solar System

Chemical digestion
Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet
from the Sun
Computer mockup
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Locations

Mercury
It’s the closest planet to the
Sun and the smallest one in
the Solar System

Venus
Venus has a beautiful name
and is the second planet from
the Sun
 Digestive system: steps

Step 1 Step 3 Step 5

Mercury is the closest Venus is the farthest planet Mars is actually a very
planet to the Sun from the Sun cold place

Step 2 Step 4
Jupiter is the biggest Saturn is composed of
planet of them all hydrogen and helium
 Digestion infographics

Liver Stomach
Despite being red, Mars is a Venus is the second planet
very cold place from the Sun

Small intestine Large intestine

Jupiter is the biggest planet Saturn is a gas giant and has
of them all several rings
 Digestive system facts

● You can write some facts here

● You can write some facts here
● You can write some facts here
● You can write some facts here
● You can write some facts here
● You can write some facts here
● You can write some facts here
● You can write some facts here
● You can write some facts here
 Which digestive organ is correct?
Color the correct answer. Use the “fill color” option to do so

Heart Kidney

Stomach Lungs
 Match the organs
Connect the organs with their corresponding names

Stomach

Liver

Small Intestine

Large Intestine
 Digestive system in 4 steps
Fill in the blanks below with the correct answers

E A T

B E K O W N

B S P I N

D S O A
 Use tables to represent data

Organ Function
Salivary glands Fluid and digestive enzymes

Stomach HCI and proteases

Pancreas NaHCO3 and enzymes for intraluminal digestion

Liver Bile acids

Gallbladder Storage and concentration of bile

Small Intestine Terminal digestion of food, absorption of nutrients and electrolytes

Large intestine Absorption of water and electrolytes, storage of waste

 You can use this graph

Mercury
It’s the closest planet to the
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the Solar System

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Venus has a beautiful name
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the Sun

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