¿Cómo se compone una oración?

Connector Verb
Subject
Verb Preposition
Pronoun Preposition
Adverb Subject
Object

Miko quickly paseed the ball to Amelia / And she basten the ball into the

net for the winning goal, Yay! Noun

Article
Preposition
Interjection
Adjective

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Noun Any person, animal, feeling, etc.

Subject The person who performs the action

Object Who (what) recieves the action

Verb The action

A word we use to relate the verb, the object or/and the

Preposition
subject
2
Adverb A word that describes the verb

Adjective A word that describes a noun

Article A word we use to point out a noun

Connector A word we use to link

Interjection A word we use to express emotion

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Noun Any object, person, animal, feeling, etc.

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 Adverb A word that describes the verb

Adverbs indicate the time, place, manner, degree or frequency of an event

or action.

Un adverbio es una palabra que acompaña al verbo para modificar su

significado. Un adverbio también puede modificar a los adjetivos, a los
nombres o a otros adverbios.

Ejemplo: She speaks quickly.(Ella habla rápido.)

En este ejemplo “quickly” es un adverbio de modo que modifica al verbo “to

speak” para expresar cómo habla ella.
 Grammatical Rules
La regla general para formar adverbios es añadir la
terminación “-ly” a un adjetivo, que equivale a la terminación
de (“‑mente”).

Ejemplos:

Quick → quickly (rápido → rápidamente)

Honest → honestly (honrado → honradamente)
Serious → seriously (serio → seriamente)
 Para los adjetivos que terminan en consonante + “-y,” se cambia
“-y” por “-ily.”

Ejemplos: Easy → Easily (fácil → fácilmente)

Happy → Happily (alegre → alegremente)

Adjetivos terminados en “-ic” se cambia la terminación “-ic” por

“-ically.”

Ejemplos: Automatic → Automatically (automático → automáticamente)

Tragic → Tragically (trágico → trágicamente)
 Adjetivos terminados en “-le,” se cambia la terminación
“-le” por “-ly.”

Ejemplos: Terrible → terribly(terrible → terriblemente)

Incredible → incredibly( increíble → increíblemente)

Algunos adverbios irregulares no terminan en “-ly.”

Ejemplos: Hard (difícil, duro o fuerte)

Fast (rápido)
Function
Adverbs tell us something about how to do an action.
of They can modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs
Adverbs
Verbs: Miguel runs fast.(Miguel corre rápido.)
Sandra speaks loudly.(Sandra habla alto.)

Adverbs: Miguel runs really fast.(Miguel corre muy rápido.)

Sandra speaks very loudly.(Sandra habla muy alto.)

Adjectives: I am very happy.(Estoy muy contenta.)

She is really nice.(Ella es muy simpática.)
Often, the purpose of the adverb is to add a degree of intensity to
the adjective.
The woman is quite pretty.
This book is more interesting than the last one.
The weather report is almost always right.

Using an adverb to describe another adverb, if you wanted to, you could
use several.

Phillip sings rather enormously too loudly.

The problem is that it often produces weak and clunky sentences

like the one above, so be careful not to overdo it.
 When to Avoid Adverbs?
The trick is to avoid unnecessary adverbs.

When your verb or adjective doesn’t seem powerful or precise

enough, instead of reaching for an adverb to add more color, try
reaching for a stronger verb or adjective instead.

Most of the time, you’ll come up with a

better word and your writing will be
stronger for it. 
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TYPES OF ADVERBS
Adverbios de tiempo: Responden a la pregunta de “¿cuándo?”

Today  
Tomorrow  We went to Paris last year
Last week  I already finished my homework
See you later!
Next month  I haven’t finished yet
Already   He still needs to finish his homework
Eventually  I am still waiting
Still 
Soon 
Yet  Posición: Los adverbios de tiempo normalmente van al
Now  principio o al final de la oración.
Later  12
TYPES OF ADVERBS
Adverbios de lugar: Responden a la pregunta de “¿dónde?”

 Here There Everywhere Nowhere Anywhere 

Después del objeto: Is she here?

You see? Right there! Kill the spider please!!

Después del verbo: I have searched everywhere but I can’t find my keys.
I looked all over the place, but I couldn't find anywhere the money
I lost

Posición: En general, los adverbios de lugar van después del objeto

o del verbo.
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TYPES OF ADVERBS
Adverbios de grado: Responden a la pregunta de “¿en qué medida?”

Very Really Almost Hardly Quite Barely

He was almost late for the meeting

We are very busy this week.
I really hope she passes the exam
That comment was quite rude, Maggie
I barely had time to eat at lunch

Posición: Los adverbios de grado van delante de la palabra que modifican.

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TYPES OF ADVERBS
Adverbios de modo: Responden a la pregunta de “¿cómo?”

Loudly
Detrás del objeto: You speak English perfectly.
Carefully She read the book quickly
Take those shoes to my room carefully
Softly

Beautifully Detrás del verbo: Please drive carefully.

He runs fast
Fast
Posición: Los adverbios de modo van detrás del objeto directo.
Si no hay un objeto, van detrás del verbo.
Hard

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TYPES OF ADVERBS
Often
Adverbios de frecuencia: Responden a las preguntas de
“¿con qué frecuencia?” o “¿cuántas veces?” Frecuently

Usually
They are frequently late.
She usually wears black Sometimes
We never eat in restaurants.
Rarely

Seldom
Posición: Los adverbios de frecuencia van delante
del verbo, a excepción de su uso con el verbo “to Never
be” que se colocarán detrás.
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PRACTICE
Rewrite the sentences in the correct order

1. was / heavily / it / raining

It was raining heavily

2. father / speaks / well / English / my / very

My father speaks English very well

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PRACTICE
Rewrite the sentences in the correct order

3. speak / must / quietly / library / you / the / in

You must speak quietly in the library

4. very / exams / I'm / for / hard / studying / my

I’m studying very hard for my exams

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PRACTICE
Write the follow sentences in English

5. Lo vi y lo saludé amigablemente
I saw him, and said hello friendly

6. Tristemente, el gatito no pudo bajar del árbol 

Sadly the little kit couldn't get down the tree

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 Adjective A word that describes a noun

Un adjetivo es una palabra que acompaña y modifica al noun. Puede

ampliar, complementar o cuantificar su tamaño. Son palabras que nombran o
indican cualidades, rasgos y propiedades de los nombres o sustantivos a los
que acompañan.

The tall man

A happy child
A dark street
A Spanish woman
The red ball
A cold winter
The glass table
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 GRAMMATICAL RULES
The adjective is almost always placed before the noun. With some
verbs the adjective is placed behind the verb. These verbs are:

To be (ser/estar) She looks [seems] tired.

To become (ponerse) I feel good.
To feel (sentirse) It smells bad.
To look (parecer) You are beautiful.
To seem (parecer)
To smell (oler)
To taste (gustar)

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 GRAMMATICAL RULES
In general, adjectives do not have a plural form.
Only the demonstrative and quantitative adjectives have different forms
for the singular and plural:

This pencil
These pencils
Those are the shoes I’d like to buy
What is that?
Can you explain what is this?!
People from this place are usually kind

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 QUANTIFIERS
Quantifiers indicate the amount of a noun. They are answers to the question
"How many?" Like articles, quantifiers define a noun and are always placed in
front of the noun. Some can be used only with countable names, others with only
uncountable names, and still others with both.

MANY Uso: Expresa la idea de gran cantidad. Es utilizado sobre todo en frases
(MUCHO) negativas e interrogativas con el nombre contable en plural. Se puede
usar “many” en frases afirmativas, aunque no es muy común.

También se combina con “too” (demasiados) o “so” (tantos) para

expresar la idea de una cantidad excesiva.

Ejemplos: There are not many tourists (No hay muchos turistas)
How many cats do you have? (¿Cuántos gatos tienes?)
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 QUANTIFIERS
MUCH (MUCHO)

Uso: Como “many”, expresa la idea de gran cantidad y es utilizado sobre

todo en frases negativas e interrogativas.
La diferencia con “many” es que usamos “much” sólo con nombres
incontables en singular. Se puede usar “much” en frases afirmativas,
aunque sería más formal y no es tan común.

Ejemplos:
There is not much time. (No hay mucho tiempo.)
How much money does he have? (¿Cuánto dinero tiene?)
We have much to do! (¡Tenemos mucho que hacer!)
There is too much work. (Hay demasiado trabajo.)
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 QUANTIFIERS
SOME (ALGUNOS, UNOS, ALGO DE ..)

Se utiliza tanto para incontables como para los contables en plural. Se

usa en frases afirmativas e interrogativas (para afirmar algo); se sustituye
“any” en frases negativas o interrogativas. Significa una cantidad
indefinida, pero limitada.

She has some apples. (Tiene algunas manzanas.) Countable

There is some milk in the kitchen. (Hay algo de leche en la cocina.) Incountable
Can I have some cookies? (¿Puedo tomar unas galletas?) Countable
Would you like some coffee? (¿Quieres algo de cafe)?) Incountable
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 QUANTIFIERS
ANY (ALGUNOS, NINGUNO)

Uso: Se utiliza en los mismos contextos que “some,” pero en

frases negativas o interrogativas.

Ejemplos: I do not have any cats. Countable

He does not have any money. Incountable
Are there any changes? Countable
Is there any milk? Incountable
Have you got any trouble with your connection?
Do you have any what is like went through this situation?
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 QUANTIFIERS
NO, NONE (NO, NINGUNO)

Uso: A diferencia de la partícula “no,” “none” se puede utilizar sin ir

acompañado de un nombre, contable o incontable. Por tanto
acostumbra a ir al final de la frase y como única respuesta a una
pregunta que haga referencia a cantidades.

Ejemplos: How many pencils are there? None Countable Noun

There are no pencils.
I have no pencil
How much money do you have? None Incountable Noun
I have no money Incountable Noun
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 QUANTIFIERS
A lot of / Lots of (Mucho)

Uso: Expresan idea de gran cantidad. Se puede usar con

countables and incountables. A diferencia de “many” y “much”, no
las usamos en frases interrogativas. En general, “lots of” es más
informal.

Ejemplos: He has a lot of books Countable Noun

He does not have a lot of books Countable Noun
I have lots of money. Incountable Noun
I do not have a lot of money Incountable Noun

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 SINÓNIMOS

Significados posibles: Muchos, muchas, mucho o mucha, un montón de

 Se utiliza al principio de la oración
 Se pueden usar con countable and uncountable nouns

a. Contables: muchos, muchas, un montón de

Nota:
She has a lot of books
They needed lots of chairs Estas dos expresiones también pueden
ser usadas al principio de la oraciones:
b. Incontables: mucho, mucha, un montón de A lot of people travel alone
Lots of men cry when they are sick
There is a lot of money in my wallet
Did you drink lots of beer last night?

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 A lot
Usamos esta forma casi siempre al final de una oración y su significado regularmente es
“mucho”.

Ejemplos:

I like onions a lot

She visits her family a lot

También es posible usarla con los comparativos con el mismo significado; pero
acompañada de un adjetivo.

Ejemplos:

The blue IPad is a lot cheper than the red one

My flat is a lot bigger than yours

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 QUANTIFIERS
Little / A Little (Poco, pocos)
Uso: Expresan una cantidad pequeña y se usan sólo con
incountables nouns. La opción de usar “little” o “a little” refleja una
opinión sobre la cantidad. Si usas “a little", significa una opinión
positiva sobre la cantidad y si usas “little” implica una opinión
negativa.

Ejemplos:

There is a little milk in the refrigerator. I’m sorry, I speak little Italian.
Would you like a little water? There was little time to finish my homework.
Zoe got a little bif of pie. The kitten is little.
Can’t you discount it a little? I have drunk little water this morning.
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 QUANTIFIERS
A few
A few representa una cantidad afirmativa/positiva. También
significa “a small amount”, pero se utiliza con la siguiente
estructura; A few + Nombre plural contable (A few + Plural
Countable Nouns)

Ejemplos:

He has a few good friends so he is happy.

There are a few books on the shelf.
We stayed a few days in Paris and visited the Eiffel Tower.

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 QUANTIFIERS
Few
Few representa una cantidad negativa o escasez/falta de ello. Es
usado con nombres plurales contables. Otros significados usables
pueden ser “not many” o “not enough”.

Utiliza la siguiente estructura: Few + nombre plural contable.

Ejemplos:

I have got few friends in the city so I am lonely.

They have got few cake on the table.
He has few photos on Instagram.

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 QUANTIFIERS
Positive Negative Question Countable Uncountable Singular Plural

Many
Much
Some
Any
No, None
A lot of
Lots of
Little
A little
A few
Few
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QUIZ

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QUIZ

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 GRAMMATICAL RULES
INTERROGATIVES
What…? ¿Qué…? What are you doing?
Where…? ¿Dónde…? Where do they live?
When…? ¿Cuándo…? When do you go to work?
Who…? ¿Quién…? Who is she?
Whose…? ¿De quién…? Whose dog is this?
Why…? ¿Por qué…? Why are you so shy
Which…? ¿Cuál…? Which car is his?
How…? ¿Cómo…? How are you doing?

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 GRAMMATICAL RULES
POSSESSIVES
Función de Determinante Función de Pronombre
My This is my house Mine This gun is mine.
Your This is your book Yours Is this book yours?
His This is his bicycle His This bicycle is his.
Her This is her dress. Hers
Its The dog doesn’t like to be on its own. Its
Our These are our suitcases. Ours
Your These are your seats. Yours
Their These are their books. Theirs
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