Inglés-Tema 3 Fondamenti

TOPIC 3 FONDAMENTI: Brainstem and Spinal Cord
1. BRAIN STEM
A. MIDBRAIN
The midbrain, or brain medulla, is a region of the brain located within the trunk of
the brainbrain, located between the diencephalon and the boss.
This structure is essential for many functions:
● The regulation of motor movements
● The processing of the visual and auditory information
● The response to the reflexes.
It is divided into two main parts: the roof and tegmentum. Roof in the dorsal
position and tegmentum in the ventral position
The roof
Here are the quadrigeminal bodies.
They are divided into:
the superior and inferior colliculus → visual pathway.
the inferior colliculus → auditory pathway
Tegmentum
From tegmentum contains the substantia nigra, a crucial area for control of the
movement and closely associated with theParkinson's disease.
The midbrainIt also participates in the regulation of levels of alertness and awareness.
Section of the midbrain

The cerebral aqueduct (or Sylvian aqueduct) is located along the midline of the midbrain, a
small canal through which cerebrospinal fluid flows.
Around the cerebral aqueduct are the body's cells that form the periaqueductal gray matter
that appears to have an important role in the pain perception because there are a large
number of opiate receptors (morphine, heroin).
B. PONS
The pons located rostral to medulla oblongata have the task of connecting the bulb with the centers superiors of the
brain and create connections with another structure important: the cerebellum.
Among the most important nuclei toThis level contains the core cochlear and vestibular that receive fibers coming from
the inner ear.
Furthermore, in this structure find the Locus Coeruleus, nucleus responsible for the production of norepinephrine
C. medulla oblongata
It fulfills certain key functions such as:It connects directly to the spinal cord and contains the respiratory center, which
regulates the rate and depth of breathing.
D. OTHER PARTS OF THE BRAIN STEM

Ascending reticular formation
The reticular formation is a portion of phylogenetically ancient brainstem.
ANDthis structure projects its fibers widely into the cerebral cortex.
The formation reticular is formed by a set of neurons and nerve fibers that are not clearly
organized, in which it is difficult to identify groups of neurons with well-defined functions.
The reticular formation is believed to be involved in:

● Control of many functions of the vegetative nervous system: including cardiovascular,
respiratory and gastrointestinal
● In the modulation of reflexes muscular mediated by cranial nerves
● In the regulation of states of consciousness and sleep-wake rhythms.
The cranial nerves are 12 pairs starting from the brain stem to innervate the head and neck region.
● 3 pairs carry sensory information → I (olfactory), II (optical), VIII (cochlear vestibule: auditory impulses)
● 5 pairs carry motor information → III (oculomotor), IV (trochlear), VI (abducens), XI (spinal) and XII
(hypoglossal)
● 4 pairs have mixed functions → V (trigeminal), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal) and X (vagus)
2. ORGANIZATION OF THE SPINAL CORD
The spinal cord occupies the vertebral canal surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid. From the spinal cord they
emerge dorsally, laterally and ventrolateral the nerve fibers that respectively form the posterior dorsal root
and the anterior or ventral root that join to give rise to the spinal nerves.
Humans have 31 pairs of spinal nerves that leave the vertebral canal through the intervertebral holes;
each pair provides innervation to a segment of the body.
The spinal nerves divide:
● 8 pairs of cervical nerves
● 12 pairs of thoracic nerves
● 5 pairs of lumbar nerves
● 5 pairs of sacral nerves
● 1 coccygeal nerves.
The gray matter assumes, in cross section, the configuration of a butterfly, surrounded by the white matter (bundles of
fibers).
The POSTERIOR OR DORSAL ROOTS transport afferent or sensory information

from the skin, muscles and tendons to the CNS.
The ANTERIOR OR VENTRAL ROOTS transport efferent or motor information from

the CNS to the skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles and glands.
Transports to the brain transported from the brain

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TOPIC 3 FONDAMENTI: Brainstem and Spinal Cord

Section of the midbrain

D. OTHER PARTS OF THE BRAIN STEM

The reticular formation is believed to be involved in:

The POSTERIOR OR DORSAL ROOTS transport afferent or sensory information

The ANTERIOR OR VENTRAL ROOTS transport efferent or motor information from

Transports to the brain transported from the brain

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