MUTHAYAMMAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(An Autonomous Institution)

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Accredited by NAAC & Affiliated to Anna University)
Rasipuram - 637 408, Namakkal Dist., Tamil Nadu.

MUST KNOW CONCEPTS MKC

ECE 2020-21
21ECC01& ELECTRIC NETWORK ANALYSIS AND
Course Code & Course Name
: MACHINES
Year/Sem/Sec : II/III/A

Notation Concept / Definition / Meaning /

S.No. Term Units
(Symbol) Units / Equation / Expression
Unit-I : THEOREMS AND DC TRANSIENT ANALYSIS
Kirchhoff's Kirchhoff's current law says the currents -
-
1. current law flowing into a node must add up to zero.

Kirchhoff’s The algebraic sum of all voltages within the -

-
2. voltage law loop must be equal to zero.

The current through conductor between two Ohms

Ohm’s law R=V/I points is directly proportional to
3.
the voltage across the two points.

It is using the nodal equations of Kirchhoff’s -

Nodal analysis - first law to find the voltage potentials around
4.
the circuit.

It is used to find the currents circulating -

Mesh analysis - around a loop or mesh with in any closed path
5.
of a circuit.

In any linear, active, bilateral network having -

more than one source, the response across any
Superposition element is the sum of the responses obtained
-
6. theorem from each source considered separately and
all other sources are replaced by their internal
resistance.

Any linear circuit containing several voltages -

Thevenin's and resistances can be replaced by just one
7. Theorem single voltage in series with a single resistance
-
connected across the load.

Any linear circuit containing several energy -

Norton’s Theorem - sources and resistances can be replaced by a
8.
single Constant Current generator in parallel
 with a Single Resistor.

The maximum amount of power will be

dissipated in the load resistance if it is equal in
Maximum power
- value to the Thevenin or Norton source -
9. transfer theorem
resistance of the network supplying the
power.

The reciprocity theorem states that in any

linear and bilateral network or circuit having
Reciprocity only one independent source, the ratio of
- -
10. theorem response to excitation is constant even though
the source is interchanged from the input
terminals to output terminals.

Tellegen's Theorem states that, the summation

Tellegen's of power delivered is zero for each branch of
- any electrical network at any instant of time. -
11. Theorem

Any resistance in a network may be replaced

by a voltage source that has zero internal
Compensation
- resistance and a voltage equal to the voltage -
12. Theorem
drop across the replace resistance due to the
current which was flowing through it.

Millman's theorem is used to compute the

Millman's
- voltage at the ends of a circuit made up of -
13. theorem
only branches in parallel.

It is an electric circuit composed of resistors

RC circuit - and capacitors driven by a voltage or current -
14.
source.

It is an electric circuit composed of resistors

RL circuit - and inductors driven by a voltage or current
15.
source. -

A source-free RC circuit occurs when its

DC source is suddenly disconnected. The
source-free RC
energy already stored in the capacitor is -
16. circuit - released to the resistor & dissipated. This is a
first-order differential equation.

A source-free circuit is where all

source-free RL independent sources have been disconnected
- from the circuit after some switch action. The -
17. circuit
voltages and currents in the circuit typically
will have some transient response due to
 initial conditions

A function on the real numbers is called

a step function (or staircase function) if it can
Step function - -
18. be written as a finite linear combination of
indicator functions of intervals.

The forced response is what the circuit does

Forced response - with the sources turned on but with the initial -
19.
conditions set to zero.

The natural response is what the circuit does

Natural response - including the initial conditions, but with the -
20.
input suppressed.

An RLC circuit is an
electrical circuit consisting of a resistor (R), an
Damped circuit - -
21. inductor (L), and a capacitor (C), connected in
series or in parallel.

Underdamped An underdamped response is one that

- -
22. circuit oscillates within a decaying envelope.

An open circuit implies that the two terminals -

Open circuit - are points are externally disconnected, which
23.
is equivalent to a resistance R=∞ .

This means that zero current can flow between -

Shot circuit - the two terminals, regardless of any voltage
24.
difference.

RLC circuit is an electrical circuit consisting of -

RLC circuit - a resistor (R), an inductor (L), and a capacitor
25.
(C), connected in series or in parallel.

Unit-II : SINUSOIDAL AND STEADY STATE POWER ANALYSIS

A steady-state is an unchanging condition, -
Steady sate - system or physical process that remains the
26.
same even after transformation or change.

An active component is an -
Active component - electronic component which supplies energy
27.
to a circuit.

A passive element is an -
Passive electrical component that does not generate
-
28. component power, but instead dissipates, stores, and/or
releases it.

Impedance Z The measure of the opposition of an electric -

29.
 current to the energy flow when voltage is
applied.

Admittance is the reciprocal of impedance, Z -

Admittance Y
30. and is given the symbol Y.

The current through, or voltage across, any -

element of a network is equal to the algebraic
Network theorem -
31. sum of the currents or voltages produced
independently by each source.

The RMS value is the effective value of a -

varying voltage or current. It is the equivalent
RMS value -
32. steady DC (constant) value which gives the
same effect.

The source of energy used to operate a

Power - machine or other system.
33.
-

Power factor is defined as the ratio of -

Power factor -
34. real power (P) to apparent power (S),

Magnetically coupled circuit means that two -

Magnetically loops, with or without contacts between them,
-
35. coupled circuit affect each other through the magnetic field
generated by one of them.

Self-inductance of the coil is defined as the -

Self inductance - property of the coil due to which it opposes
36.
the change of current flowing through it.

Mutual Inductance is the interaction of one -

Mutual
- coil magnetic field on another coil as it induces
37. Inductance
a voltage in the adjacent coil.

If degrees of numerator and denominator -

Minimum were unequal, a pole or zero can be removed.
-
38. function Such a function cannot be a minimum
function.

Phasors are vector representation of sinusoidal -

signals. Phasors suppress the element of time.
Phasor - The length of the phasor or its magnitude is
39.
the amplitude or maximum value of the cosine
function.

Coupled circuits is the form of multi-turn coils -

Coupled circuits - sharing a magnetic circuit, where the magnetic
40.
flux produced by the current in one coil not
only links with its own winding, but also with
 those of the other coils.

Forced response is the system's response to an -

Forced response -
41. external stimulus with zero initial conditions.

A sinusoidal function is a function that is like -

sinusoidal
- a sine function in the sense that
42. function the function can be produced by shifting,
stretching or compressing the sine function.
In the steady state, the charge (or current) -
Steady state
- flowing into any point in the circuit has to
43. analysis
equal the charge (or current) flowing out.

In a parallel resonant circuit, the circuit -

Parallel resonance -
44. current at resonance is maximum.

Response - The current flowing through or voltage across -

45.
branches in the circuit is called response.
The voltage or current are changed from one -
Transient response - transient state to another transient state is
46.
called transient response.
The response determined by the internal -
Natural response - energy stored in the network is called natural
47.
response.

The state (or condition) of the circuit from the -

transient of switching to attainment of steady
Transient -
48. state is called transient state or simply
transient.

The critical resistance is the value of the

Critical resistance - resistance of the circuit to achieve critical
49. -
damping.

The time constant of RL circuit is defined as -

Time constant of
- the ratio of inductance and resistance of
50. RL circuit
the circuit.

Unit-III : APPLICATION OF LAPLACE TRANSFORM TO CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

A type of frequency that depends on two -
parameters, one is the σ which controls the
Complex
- magnitude of the signal and the other is w,
51. frequency.
which controls the rotation of the signal is
known as “complex frequency”.

Laplace transform is the integral transform of -

the given derivative function with real
Laplace transform -
52. variable t to convert into complex function
with variable s.
 Significant of The Laplace transform is used for solving
53. Laplace transform linear differential and integral equations.

It is used for analysis of linear time-invariant -

Uses of Laplace systems such as electrical circuits, harmonic
-
54. transform oscillators, optical devices, and mechanical
systems.

A Laplace transform which is a constant -

Inverse Laplace multiplied by a function has an inverse of the
-
55. transform constant multiplied by the inverse of the
function.

1. Linearity Property.2. Time Shifting Property

Properties of
- 3. Frequency Shifting Property 4. Time
56. Laplace transform -
Reversal Property.5. Time Scaling Property.

Damped sinusoid is a sinusoidal

Damped sinusoid - function whose amplitude approaches zero as
57. -
time increases.

Frequency-domain analysis is widely used in -

Frequency
- such areas as communications, geology,
58. domain
remote sensing, and image processing.

A time-domain graph shows how a signal -

Time-domain -
59. changes over time

Frequency is the number of occurrences of a -

Frequency -
60. repeating event per unit of time.

the time-domain
relation between
- -
61. the current in
inductance

the time-domain
relation between
- -
62. the voltage VL(t)
in inductance

For capacitance, -
the time-domain
-
63. relation between
voltage

For capacitance,
the time-domain
- -
64. relation between
current
 root of the -
characteristic -
65.
equation

A Resistor in the s- -
-
66. Domain

An Inductor in the
-
67. s-Domain -

A Capacitor in the -
-
68. s-domain

It is defined as the ratio of current transform at

Transfer one port to the voltage transform
- -
69. Admittance
at the other port, and is denoted by Y(s).

It is defined as the ratio of voltage transform -

Transfer at one port to the current transform
-
70. Impedance
at the other port, and is denoted by Z(s).

This is the ratio of current transform at one

Current-Transfer port to current transform at
- -
71. Ratio
other port, and is denoted by a(s).

Voltage transfer -
-
72. Ratio

Driving Point -
-
73. Admittance

Driving Point -
-
74. Impedance

Poles and zeros are critical frequencies. At -

Significance of poles, the network function become infinite,
- while at zeros, the
75. poles and zeros
network function becomes zero

Unit-IV : TWO PORT NETWORK

A branch is represented by a line segment -
Branch - connecting a pair of nodes in the graph
76.
of a network.
 A node is a terminal of a branch, which is -
Node - represented by a
77.
point. Nodes are the end points of branches.

Directed graph - If every branch of a graph has a direction -

78.
A graph is said to be planar if it can be drawn -
Planar graph - on a plane surface such that no two branches
79.
cross each other

There will be branches which are not in the -

same plane as others, i.e. a non-planar
Non-planar graph -
80.
graph cannot be drawn on a plane surface
without a crossover

A tree is a connected subgraph of a network -

Tree - which consists of all the nodes of the
81.
original graph but no closed paths.

The set of all links of a given tree is called -

Co-Tree -
82.
the co-tree of the graph.

In forming a tree for a given graph, certain -

Links - branches are removed or opened.
83.
The branches thus opened are called links

Twigs - The branches of a tree are called its twigs -

84.
The number of twigs (n – 1) is known as the -
Rank of the tree - tree value of the graph. It is also called the
85.
rank of the tree

If a link is added to the tree, the resulting

Loop - -
86.
graph contains one closed path, called a loop.

The incidence of elements to nodes in a

Incidence matrix - connected graph is shown -
87.
by the element node incidence matrix

The fundamental loop formed by one link has

a unique path in the tree joining the two nodes
Tie-set - -
88. of the link. This loop is also called f-loop or a
tie-set

A cut-set - A cut-set is a minimal set of branches of a -

89.
 connected graph such that the removal

of these branches causes the graph to be cut

into exactly two parts

A pair of terminals at which a signal may

Port - -
90. enter or leave a network is called a port.

A two-port network is simply a network

inside a black box, and the network has only
Two-port network - two pairs of accessible terminals; usually one -
91.
pair represents input and the other represents
the output.

Z-parameters of a two‑port for the positive

directions of voltages and currents may be
Z-Parameters - defined by expressing the port voltages V1 -
92.
and V2 in terms of

the currents I1 and I2

Open‑circuit
- -
93. output impedance

The Y-parameters of a two‑port network for

the positive directions of voltages and currents
Y-parameters - may be defined -
94.
by expressing the port currents I1 and I2 in
terms of the voltages V1 and V2.

Short‑circuit input
- -
95. admittance.

Short‑circuited

forward transfer - -
96.
admittance

Short‑circuit

reverse transfer - -
97.
admittance

Transmission
- -
98. parameters
 Quality factor - -
99.

The frequency at which

Resonant the resonance occurs is called the resonant

- -
100. frequency frequency

Unit-V : ELECTRIC MACHINES

1.The dc machines
-
Three basic 2.the poly phase synchronous machine (ac),
rotating machines - and
101.
types
3. Poly and single phase induction machine
(ac)

The flux setup in the air paths around the

magnetic material is known as leakage flux.
Leakage flux - -
102.

In the air gap the magnetic flux fringes out

into neighboring air paths due to the
-
Fringing - reluctance of air gap which causes a non
103.
uniform flux density in the air gap of a
machine. This effect is called fringing effect.

Magnetic Alnicos, chromium steels, copper–nickel alloy,

- nickel, cobalt, tungsten and aluminum.
104. materials
-

The coil remains stationary with respect to

Statically induced flux, but the flux through it changes with time.
- -
105. emf The emf induced is known as statically
induced emf.

Flux density distribution remains constant and -

Dynamically stationary but the coil moves relative to it. The
-
106. induced emf emf induced is known as dynamically induced
emf

If the thumb represents the direction of

Fleming’s right movement of conductor and the fore finger the
- -
107. hand rule. direction of magnetic flux, then the middle
finger represents the direction of emf

- If the forefinger represents the direction of -

108. Fleming’s Left
flux and the middle finger the direction of
 hand rule current, then the middle finger represents the
direction of movement of conductor.

Hysteresis loss, core loss and eddy current -

Type of losses -
109. loss.

Applications of Electric traction, Mixes Hoists, Drilling -

110. DC series motor - machines

Different types of 1. Three-point starter

-
111. starters
2. Four-point starter. -

Protective devices 1, No volt release

- 2. Overload Release.
112. in a starter
-

Various torque 1. DC series motor

- 2. DC cumulatively compound motor
113. operations
-

% Speed regulation= (NL speed- FL speed) -

Speed regulation. -
114. X100/ FL speed

Performance Output Vs torque, Output Vs current, Output

- Vs speed, Output Vs efficiency.
115. curves
-

Used where regulated speed control is -

Applications of
- required in applications such as metering
116. speed.
pumps and industrial process equipment.

According to type of field system -

• Stationary field system type

Alternators • Rotating field system type According to

-
117. classified shape of field system

• Salient pole type

• Smooth cylindrical type

• Smooth cylindrical type alternator -

Types of • Salient pole alternator
118. Alternator -

m=number of slots/ pole/ phase n = order of -

Formula for harmonic
-
119. distribution factor
 The winding factor Kd is defined as the ratio -
of phasor addition of emf induced in all the
Winding factor -
120. coils belonging to each phase winding to their
arithmetic addition.

The interaction between flux set up by the

Armature reaction
- current carrying armature and the main is
121. in Alternators -
defined as the armature reaction

• Effective resistance per phase of the 3-phase

winding R
-
Voltage regulation
• Open circuit characteristic (OCC) at rated
of an Alternator -
122. speed/frequency
by MMF method
• Short circuit characteristic (SCC) at rated
speed/frequency

1. the motor is not inherently self-starting

Characteristic 2. The speed of operation is always in -

features of synchronous with the supply frequency
-
123. synchronous irrespective of load conditions
motor
3. The motor is capable of operating at any
power factor.

Synchronous Synchronous motor operates due to magnetic

- locking taking place between stator and rotor
124. motor
magnetic fields -

• By an extra 3 phase cage induction motor

Starting of • By providing damper winding in pole
Synchronous - -
125. phases
motor
• By operating the pilot excitor as a dc motor

Placement Questions
Current divider rule provides a useful real
Current divider relationship for determine the current through
126. rule - -
individual circuit elements that are connected
in parallel

Ideal voltage A device with zero internal resistance.

127. source -
-

Ideal current A device with infinite internal resistance.

128. source -
-
 A device with small internal resistance. -
Practical voltage
129. source -

Practical current A device with large internal resistance. -

130. source -

Voltage divider rule provides a useful formula -

Voltage divider to determine the voltage across any resistor
131. rule -
when two or more resistors are connected in
series with a voltage source

The path between two points along which an

132. Circuit - electrical current can be carried is called circuit
-

Current can be defined as the motion of

133. Current - charge through a conducting material.
Ampere

An inductor is a passive electrical device

134. Inductor - employed in electrical circuits for its property
-
of inductance.

A capacitor is an electrical device that can

135. Capacitor - store energy in electric fields between a pair of
-
conductors

A super node exists when an ideal voltage

136. Super node - source appears between any two nodes of an
-
electric circuit.

A current flow a wire, the magnetic field

137. Corkscrew rule - rotates in the direction of a corkscrew
-

The state (or condition) of the circuit from the

transient of switching to attainment of steady
138. Transient -
state is called transient state or simply -
transient.

The critical damping is the condition of the

circuit at which the oscillations in the response
139. Critical damping -
are just eliminated. This is possible by -
increasing the value of resistance in the circuit.

The ratio of resistance of the circuit and

140. Damping ratio - resistance for critical damping is called
-
damping ratio.

A train running at the speed of 60 km/hr

crosses a pole in 9 seconds. What is the length
of the train?
141. Train problem -
A)120 meters

B)180 meters
 C)324 meters -

D)150 meters

Ans: D)150 meters

A can do a work in 15 days and B in 20 days. If

they work on it together for 4 days, then the
142. Time and work - fraction of the work that is left is :
-
Ans: 8/15
Tickets numbered 1 to 20 are mixed up and
then a ticket is drawn at random. What is the
probability that the ticket drawn has a number
143. Probability -
which is a multiple of 3 or 5? -
Ans: 9/20

A boat can travel with a speed of 13 km/hr in

still water. If the speed of the stream is 4
km/hr, find the time taken by the boat to go
68 km downstream.
144. Boat and stream -

-
Ans: 4hours

A sum of money at simple interest amounts to

Rs. 815 in 3 years and to Rs. 854 in 4 years. The
-
145. Simple interest - sum is:

Ans: Rs.698

A and B together have Rs. 1210. If of A's

Ratio and amount is equal to of B's amount, how much
146. proportions -
amount does B have? -
Ans: Rs.484

Alfred buys an old scooter for Rs. 4700 and -

spends Rs. 800 on its repairs. If he sells the
147. Profit and loss - scooter for Rs. 5800, his gain percent is:

Ans: 5(5/11) %

Two ships are sailing in the sea on the two

sides of a lighthouse. The angle of elevation of
the top of the lighthouse is observed from the
Height and ships are 30° and 45° respectively. If the
148. distance - -
lighthouse is 100 m high, the distance between
the two ships is:

Ans: 273m
 In the first 10 overs of a cricket game, the run
rate was only 3.2. What should be the run rate
in the remaining 40 overs to reach the target of
282 runs?
149. Average problem -
Ans: 6.25 -

A and B invest in a business in the ratio 3 : 2. If

5% of the total profit goes to charity and A's
share is Rs. 855, the total profit is:
150. Partnership -
-

Ans: Rs. 1500

Faculty Team Prepared Signatures

1. Dr.P.Padmaloshani, ASP/ECE
Dr.U.Saravanakumar,
2.
Prof./ECE
3. Mr.A.Kumaravel, AP/ECE

HoD