!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 6 
 

 XVDQD@RNAKÑ@
D` omrn fud`n, ons bdakbkbm prmfnr sudrtd k`kakn`bm u` prmjrncn bd trntnckd`tm fnsnbm d` dvkbd`akn pnrn dl nlkvkm
bd ln bdprdskñ` y bkvdrsms tkpms bd n`skdbnb y dstrës5 cîs nllî bd dsm, ons bdakbkbm prmfnr sudrtd am` u` prmjrncn
qud sd bkrkjd n ln cdimrn bd tu anlkbnb bd vkbn. Dstd prmjrncn sd llncn Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl, u`n k`tdrvd`akñ`
dstruaturnbn, sd`aklln d` su nplkanakñ`, y tdñrkancd`td
tdñr kancd`td gu`bncd`tnbn qud, sk sd tkd`d d` aud`tn su burnakñ`, `ùcdrm
bd dstrntdjkns dcpldnbns, ln sdvdrkbnb bd lns prmfldcîtkans d` qud on td`kbm ëxktm, dl rn`jm bd ancfkm mfsdrvnbm,
ln nusd`akn bd rdanãbns trns bms nþms bd trntnckd`tm, y ln bksck`uakñ` bdl usm bd gîrcnams utklkznbms trns su
gk`nlkznakñ`, sd pdrgkln amcm u`n mpakñ` tdrnpëutkan sucncd`td vd`tnimsn. D` dstn k`tdrvd`akñ`
k`t drvd`akñ` sd nfmjn pmr dl usm
bd am`adptms qud bdspntmlmjkzn` lms dstnbms bd î`kcm `djntkvms, y sd lds vd amcm rdspudstns `mrcnlds n`td
akrau`stn`akns bd vkbn bdsgnvmrnflds. Ln Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl fusan nyubnr n lns pdrsm`ns n amcprd`bdr lns
gud`tds dxtdr`ns (am`tdxtm/ncfkd`td) bd su sugrkckd`tm y lmanlkznr nqudllms amcpmrtnckd`tms qud dstî`
cn`td`kd`bm m dcpdmrn`bm su am`bkakñ`, pnrn pmbdr ancfknrlms y jd`drnr u`n dspkrnl bd cdimrn d` ln anlkbnb bd
vkbn.

½^uë cdimr cmcd`tm pnrn k`kaknr qud nomrn ckscm=

Rd snlubm, ck `mcfrd ds Ckaodl. Qmy dl bdsnrrmllnbmr bd dstd aunbdr`kllm bd trnfnim5 pdrm `m lm od odaom ym smlm,
sk`m qud sd on fnsnbm d` ln dxpdrkd`akn qud od td`kbm nl trnfninr am` u`n vnrkdbnb bd usunrkms bd cks sdrvkakms
amcm am`sultmr am`buatunl, tncfkë` n pnrtkr bdl am`sdim bd cndstrms y amldjns, nbdcîs bd ln ncnfld rdvkskñ` bd
ck amldjn Idsskan Ynpntn. Bkaom lm n`tdrkmr, n `mcfrd bd tmbns lns pdrsm`ns qud on` npmrtnbm nljm nl bdsnrrmllm bd
dstd aunbdr`kllm, td bdsdm qud tù y tu am`sultmr am`buatunl pudbn` d`am`trnr d` ël u`n juãn sd`aklln pnrn k`amrpmrnr
ln Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl n tu vkbn.

Vdgdrd`akns9

En`tdr, I.Z., Fusao, N.Z. y Vusao, L.A. (688;). Fdonvkmrnl Natkvntkm`. @udvn [mre9 Vmutldbjd
Cnrtdll, A.V., Bkckbin`, Q., y Odrcn`-Bu`
Odrcn`-Bu``,
`, V. (68>8), Fdonvkmrnl Natkvntkm` gmr Bdprdsskm`,
n Alk`kakn`‛s Jukbd. @udvn [mre9 Juklgmrb
Qî`aodz, I., Fnrrnan, I., Cmrn, D., & Vdyds, C. (68>?). Xrmpkdbnbds pskamcëtrkans
bd ln Dsanln bd Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl pnrn ln Bdprdskñ` (FNBQ)
d` u`n cudstrn cdxkan`n. Alã`kan y Qnlub, 6;, >4>->44.
 

Ã@BKAD
½XMV ^TË ONFLNV BD LN BDXVDQKÑ@, N@QKDBNB [ DL DQRVËQ= . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

K@RVMBTAAKÑ@ - DL QTGVKCKD@RM BDQBD T@N XDVQXDARKWN AMCXMVRNCD@RNL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

LN DQRVTARTVN BD LN NARKWNAKÑ@ AM@BTARTNL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :
DRNXN > N@NLKYNV LN OKQRMVKN BDL QTGVKCKD@RM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?

DIDVAKAKM > ‑ CK XVMXKM N@ÎLKQKQ GT@AKM@NL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;

LN CDRÎGMVN BDL RMFKLLM LT_NBM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>>
DIDVAKAKM 6 - AMCXVD@BDV LN ITQRKGKANAKÑ@ BD LN NARKWNAKÑ@ AM@BTARTNL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>6
CNLK@RDVXVDRNAKM@DQ AMCT@DQ QMFVD LN NARKWNAKÑ@ AM@BTARTNL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >2

DQANLN BD NARKWNAKÑ@ AM@BTARTNL XNVN LN BDXVDQKÑ@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >7

DRNXN 6 - KBD@RKGKANV NARKWKBNBDQ N XVMJVNCNV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >:  
DIDVAKAKM 1 - FLN@AMQ BD LN DWNLTNAKÑ@ AM@BTARTNL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>?
DRNXN 1 - XVMJVNCNAKÑ@ BD NARKWKBNBDQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6>
DIDVAKAKM 2 - XVMJVNCNAKÑ@ BD NARKWKBNBDQ QDCN@NLDQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
DRNXN 2 - LKBKN@BM AM@ LN DWKRNAKÑ@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
½AÑCM VDQXM@BDV NL D@AM@RVNV XVMFLDCNQ BTVN@RD @TDQRVM XLN@ BD NARKWNAKÑ@= . . . . . . . . 67

DIDVAKAKM 4 - DL CMBDLM RVNCXN (QNLKV BD LN QD@BN [ VDJVDQNV NL QD@BDVM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6:

NLKNBMQ BD LN NARKWNAKÑ@ AM@BTARTNL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6?
DRNXN 4 GK@NLKYNAKÑ@
GK@NLKYNAKÑ@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
DIDVAKAKM 7 ‑ XLN@ BD CN@RD@KCKD@RM BD LN NARKWNAKÑ@ AM@BTARTNL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
DIDVAKAKM : ‑ VDQTCD@ BD CK D_XDVKD@AKN D@ DQRD XVMJVNCN BD NARKWNAKÑ@ AM@BTARTNL . . . . . 11  

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 2 
 

½XMV ^TË ONFLNV BD LN BDXVDQKÑ@, N@QKDBNB [ DL DQRVËQ=

• Ln bdprdskñ`, ln n`skdbnb y dl dstrës (n lns qud `ms rdgdrkrdcms bd nquã d` nbdln`td smlm amcm “sugrkckd`tm– ) sm`
am`bkakm`ds grdaud`tds d` lns qud cultktub bd pdrsm`ns pmbdcms vdr`ms k`cdrsns n lm lnrjm bd `udstrn vkbn.
m Qd anlauln qud cîs bd 188 ckllm`ds bd pdrsm`ns d` dl cu`bm sd vd` ngdatnbns pmr ln bdprdskñ`.
m Amcm didcplm pnrnbkjcîtkam bd sugrkckd`tm, ln bdprdskñ` ds ln prk`akpnl anusn cu`bknl bd bksanpnakbnb,
y am`trkfuyd bd gmrcn cuy kcpmrtn`td n ln anrjn cu`bknl jd`drnl bd cmrfklkbnb.
• D` lms ansms cîs sdvdrms, dstns am`bkakm`ds sd nsmakn` am` dl sukakbkm.
• Rncfkë` dxkstd u`n rdlnakñ` kcpmrtn`td d`trd dl sugrkckd`tm y ln snlub gãskan5 nsã, pmr didcplm, lns d`gdrcdbnbds
anrbkmvnsaulnrds pudbd` prmbuakr ngdaakm`ds dcmakm`nlds, y vkadvdrsn.
• Ln fud`n `mtkakn, ds qud dxkstd` k`tdrvd`akm`ds dgkanads pnrn dl trntnckd`tm bd dstns am`bkakm`ds bd bmlmr
dcmakm`nl , ln atkv akñ` am`buatu l ds u`n bd dllns.
• Onfldcms cîs n gm`bm bd ln bdprdskñ`…

½^TË DQ T@ DXKQMBKM BDXVDQKWM=

Ds u` dpksmbkm bd cã`kcm bd bms sdcn`ns, bm`bd dxkstd9
• Xërbkbn bdl k`tdrës y bd ln anpnakbnb bd bksgrutnr.
• Vdbuaakñ` bd ln d`drjãn nsmaknbn n u`n bksck`uakñ` bd ln natkvkbnb.
• Cuaons pdrsm`ns tncfkë` pnbdad` n`skdbnb, nltdrnakm`ds bdl sudþm y bdl npdtktm, sd`tkckd`tms bd aulpn,
fnin nutmdstkcn y bkgkaultnbds bd am`ad`trnakñ`.
Bdpd`bkd`bm bdl `ùcdrm y bd ln k`td`skbnb bd lms sã`tmcns, lms dpksmbkms bdprdskvms pudbd` alnskgkanrsd amcm ldvds,
cmbdrnbms m jrnvds.

NLJT@NQ ANTQNQ BD LN BDXVDQKÑ@

• Odrdbnfklkbnb 3 28-48%
• Onfdr skbm vãatkcn bd ln vkmld`akn m smfrdvkvkd`td bd nljù` tkpm bd trnucn
• Dxpdrkd`akns bd vkbn `djntkvns
• Bdsdcpldm
• Xrmfldcns ldjnlds
• K`bkjd`akn
• Dstrës (pmsktkvm y `djntkvm)
• Vdb bd npmym bdgkakd`td
•
D`gdrcdbnb

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 4 
 

K@RVMBTAAKÑ@
DL QTGVKCKD@RM BDQBD T@N
XDVQXDARKWN AMCXMVRNCD@RNL

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 7 
 

Dl cmbdlm am`tdxtunl bdl sugrkckd`tm, y qud sustd`tn ln Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl, pnrtd bd u` n`îlksks gu`akm`nl bd lms
amcpmrtnckd`tms nsmaknbms nl cn`td`kckd`tm bd dsn dxpdrkd`akn bd cnldstnr (Ln gkjurn > ds u`n rdprdsd`tnakñ`
jrîgkan bd dstd cmbdlm).
T` n`îlksks gu`akm`nl ds u` n`îlksks bd ln rdlnakñ` d`trd `udstrns akrau`stn`akns bd vkbn y ln prdsd`akn bd u`
amcpmrtnckd`tm bd k`tdrës, d` dstd ansm, u` dstklm bd naakñ` qud pmbrãn pdrpdtunr u` dpksmbkm bdprdskvm, bd n`skdbnb,
bd dstrës, m bd tmbm dstm nl ckscm tkdcpm.
Dstm qukdrd bdakr qud, ln Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl d`tkd`bd dl sugrkckd`tm amcm u` pntrñ` bd k`tdrnaakñ` d`trd ln pdrsm`n
y su ncfkd`td, bm`bd9
>. D` prkcdr lujnr9 Ony u` dvd`tm (u`n sktunakñ` m am`iu`tm bd sktunakm`ds) qud tkd`d` amcm am`sdaud`akn u`n bksck`uakñ`
bd natkvkbnbds njrnbnflds y dstkculn`tds. Dstm pudbd m `m namcpnþnrsd bd u` k`ardcd`tm bd dvd`tms/natkvkbnbds
ncd`nzn`tds, dstrdsn`tds m grustrn`tds. Mtrn pmskfklkbnb, ds qud dxkstn u` k`ardcd`tm bd natkvkbnbds am` rdsultnbms
nbvdrsms, sk` qud `dadsnrkncd`td dxkstn u`n bksck`uakñ` bd natkvkbnbds jrntkgkan`tds.
6. Amcm am`sdaud`a
am`sdaud`aknkn bd dstns am`bkakm
am`bkakm`ds,
`ds, lns pdrsm`n
pdrsm`nss dxpdrkcd`t
dxpdrkcd`tn`
n` u`n gnltn bd cmtkvna
cmtkvnakñ`
kñ` (`m dxpdrkcd`
dxpdrkcd`tn`
tn` u` kcpulsm
n onadr amsns pmrqud `m ony k`ad`tkvms bkspm`kflds) y/m u` k`ardcd`tm bd cnldstnr (dxpdrkcd`tn` dl kcpulsm bd dvktnr
pmrqud lns natkvkbnbds lldvn` n ln maurrd`akn bd am`sdaud`akns nbvdrsns).
1. Dl prmfldcn
prmfldcn ds qud, ln rdnaakñ` `n`nturnl
turnl d` dstms ansm
ansmss ds nbmptnr u` dstklm bd naa
naakñ`
kñ` pnskvm
pnskvm m dvnskvm, qud gu`akm`n
gu`akm`n cuy
fkd` n amrtm plnzm pnrn rdbuakr, dvktnr m pmspm`dr lns am`sdaud`akns nbvdrsns y dl cnldstnr nsmaknbm am` dllns.
2. Xdrm n ln lnrjn, ln pnskvkbnb
pnskvkbnb y ln dvktna
dvktnakñ`
kñ` lldvn` n u`n cdcd`mr
`mr dxpms
dxpmskakñ`
kakñ` n natkvkbnbds
natkvkbnbds dstk
dstkculn`
culn`tds
tds y, pmr lm tn`tm,
cn`tkd`d` lns am`bkakm`ds nbvdrsns, rdsultn`bm d` u`n rkjkbdz y ncplknakñ` bd dstd pntrñ` bd k`tdrnaakñ` am` dl d`tmr`m
(m bkaom, bd mtrn gmrcn, bd dstd bmlmrmsm dstklm bd vkbn).

Gkjurn > Dl cmbdlm am`tdxtunl bdl sugrkckd`tm 

Vdnaakm`ds ngdatkvns Xntrñ` bd

(`nturnlds, grdaud`tds d dvktnakñ` am`buatunl
k`dvktnflds) rdspdatm n (`nturnl y grdaud`tds).
dstms dvd`tms 

Dxpdrkd`akns bd

vkbn `djntkvns 

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > : 
 

LN DQRVTARTVN BD LN NARKWNAKÑ@ AM@BTARTNL

Xnrn amrrdjkr dl pntrñ` bd amcpmrtnckd`tm qud tkd`bd n cn`td`dr dstns akrau`stn`akns bd vkbn nbvdrsns y dl

sugrkckd`tm
n lmjrnr. D`rdsultn`td, ln Natkvnakñ`
lns sdaakm`ds Am`buatunl
pmstdrkmrds sd bkvkbd d` sd
bd dstd aunbdr`kllm 2 dtnpns, anbn u`nlnsam`tnrdns
dspdakgkanrî` sus tnrdns
qud tù,dspdaãgkans
dl usunrkmy bd
cdtns
lms
sdrvkakms bd u` am`sultmr am`buatunl anpnaktnbm d` natkvnakñ` am`buatunl, td`brãn qud rdnlkznr pnrn vdrsd
fd`dgkaknbm bd dstn k`tdrvd`akñ`.
Gkjurn 6 Dl aursm bd ln
ln Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl

DRNXNQ > [ 6 DRNXNQ
DRNXNQ 6
 6 [
 [ 1 DRNXNQ
DRNXNQ 1
 1 [
 [ 2 DRNXNQ
DRNXNQ 2 
2 [ 4

N`nlkznr gu`akm`nlcd`td Am`tk`unr cm`ktmrdn`bm dl Dvnlunakñ` bdl jrnbm bd Xrdpnrnrsd pnrn ln

dl dpksmbkmnatunl
sugrkckd`tm bd dgdatm
dl bd lns natkvkbnbds
dstnbm bd î`kcm d` ëxktm bd ln rdnlkznakñ`
natkvkbnbds bd lns
prmjrncnbns gk`nlkznakñ` bd ln tdrnpkn y
prdvd`kr rdanãbns

Kbd`tkgkanr y prkmrkznr Vdsmlvdr prmfldcns

Amcprd`bdr ln iustkgkanakñ` natkvkbnbds nltdr`ntkvns d`am`trnbms am` ln
bd ln Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl n prmjrncnr ²rdnlkznakñ` bd lns
d` tu ansm d` pnrtkaulnr natkvkbnbds prmjrncnbns
Amcd`znr n rdnlkznr lns
natkvkbnbds prmjrncnbns Am`tk`unr ln natkvnakñ`
Kbd`tkgkanr lns rnzm`ds qud fnsî`bmsd d` ln idrnrquãn skcpld m ancfknr n u`
sd tkd`d` pnrn k`kaknr u` rdnlkznbn cmbdlm bd natkvnakñ`
prmjrncn bd Natkvnakñ` amcpldin
Am`buatunl

Kbd`tkgkanr dl dgdatm bd
`udstrns natkvkbnbds d`
`udstrm dstnbm bd î`kcm

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > ? 
 

DRNXN >
N@NLKYNV LN OKQRMVKN
BDL QTGVKCKD@RM

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > ; 
 

DIDVAKAKM > ‑ CK XVMXKM N@ÎLKQKQ GT@AKM@NL

Bknlmjn am` tu am`sultmr am`buatunl pnrn onadr u` n`îlksks gu`akm`nl bd tu dpksmbkm bd sugrkckd`tm natunl. Ru
am`sultmr am`buatunl y tù am`gmrcn` nl “dqukpm bd Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl–, y su prkcdr didrakakm sdrî sdjukr
lms pnsms bdsarktms d` ln tnfln >. Ckd`trns skjud` dstms pnsms, rdlld`n lms aunbrms qud sd d`aud`trn` d` ln
Gkjurn 1.

RNFLN > KBD@RKGKANV DL XNRVÑ@ BD CN@RD@KCKD@R

CN@RD@KCKD@RMM BDL QTGVKCKD@RM
> Kbd`tkgkan tus dxpdrkd`akns bd vkbn `djntkvns.
N`ñtnlns d` dl aunbrm #>
6 Kbd`tkgkanr lns rdnaakm`ds ngdatkvns qud tuvkstd rdspdatm n dstms dvd`tms.
N`ñtnlns d` dl aunbrm #6
1 Kbd`tkgkanr ln gmrcn d` qud natùns grd`td n dsns rdnaakm`ds ngdatkvns (pntrm`ds bd dvktnakñ`).
N`ñtnlns d` dl aunbrm #1
2 @mtn, y bksautd am` tu am`sultmr am`buatunl, ln gmrcn d` qud dstns rdnaakm`ds y naakm`ds rdsultnrãn`
`nturnlds y grdaud`tds n`td dstms dvd`tms bd vkbn.
4 Kbd`tkgkan ln gmrcn d` qud dstns rdnaakm`ds y naakm`ds gmrcn` u` fuald qud pdrpdtùn m njrnvn lns
akrau`stn`akns bd vkbn `djntkvns y ln dxpdrkd`akn bd sugrkckd`tm.
Mfsdrvn dl bknjrncn y tmcn `mtns nbkakm`nlds, bd sdr `dadsnrkm.

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 9 
 
 

Gkjurn 1 N`îlksks gu`akm`nl bd ck dpksmbkm

dpksmbkm bd sugrkckd`tm natunl

Vdnaakm`ds ngdatkvns Xntrñ` bd

(`nturnlds, grdaud`tds d dvktnakñ` am`buatunl
k`dvktnflds) rdspdatm n (`nturnl y grdaud`tds).
dstms dvd`tms 

Dxpdrkd`akns bd
Aunbrm #6 vkbn `djntkvns  Aunbrm #1

Aunbrm #>

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 68 

 

LN CDRÎGMVN BDL RMFKLLM LT_NBM

Bksautd am` tu am`sultmr am`buatunl ln cdtîgmrn bdl tmfkllm luxnbm, ½d`aud`trns skcklktubds m bkgdrd`akns am` tu
ansm pnrtkaulnr=
T` dpksmbkm bd sugrkckd`tm dcmakm`nl ds cuy pnrdakbm n u` dpksmbkm bd cnldstnr gãskam. Xkd`sn d` tus
dxpdrkd`akns bd vkbn `djntkvns amcm onfdrtd luxnbm u` tmfkllm, rdsultn cuy `nturnl dxpdrkcd`tnr cnldstnr d`
u`n sktunakñ` nsã, tn`tm gãskan amcm dcmakm`nl, k`alusm pudbd qud `mtds ln npnrkakñ` bd u`n ansanbn bd
pd`snckd`tms `djntkvms amcm am`sdaud`akn. Lm `mrcnl, y lm qud onrãncms ln cnymrãn bd lns pdrsm`ns, sdrãn
dcpdznr n rdanrjnr dl pdsm bd `udstrm audrpm d` dl mtrm pkd, bd dsn cn`drn dvktnrãncms sd`tkr bmlmr.
K`nbvdrtkbncd`td, dsm pmbrãn lldvnr`ms n lnstkcnr`ms dl mtrm tmfkllm, k`ardcd`tn`bm dl jrnbm bd bmlmr
dxpdrkcd`tnbm, y nbdcîs, `ms lldvnrãn n cn`td`dr ln ldskñ` bdl prkcdr tmfkllm sk` sn`nr.
Gkjurn 2 Cdtîgmrn bdl tmfkllm luxnbm

Amcpd`snr
Bmlmr dcmakm`nl y gãskam dl pdsm d` dl mtrm pkd,
(`nturnlds, grdaud`tds d pnrn dvktnr dl bmlmr
k`dvktnfld).  (rdspudstn `nturnl
y grdaud`td). 

Luxnrsd
Aunbrm #6 dl tmfkllm Aunbrm #1

Dstmy an`snbn Cd qudbm d` ansn y vdm tdld. Cd

 pdrcn`d`tdcd`td y llmrm tmbm d`adrrë pmr amcpldtm. [m smlãn sdr
dl tkdcpm. Qkcpldcd`td mbkm u`n pdrsm`n natkvn, y nomrn `m
ck vkbn y n cã ckscn. onjm `nbn.

Aunbrm #>

Xdrbã ck trnfnim, ck `mvkm cd bdiñ, y

tmbms `udstrms nckjms drn` suyms, nsã
qud pdrbã cks nckjms. Dstmy rdprmfn`bm

d` dl amldjkm y `m td`jm bk`drm.

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 6> 

 

DIDVAKAKM 6 - AMCXVD@BDV LN
 ITQRKGKANAKÑ@ BD LN NARKWNAKÑ@ AM@BTARTNL
Ln natkvnakñ` am`buatunl ds amcm onadr rdonfklktnakñ` gãskan y dcpdznr n cmvdr dl tmfkllm pnrn sn`nr ln ldskñ`.
Bksautd am` tu am`sultmr am`buatunl,
am`buatun l, ln gmrcn d` qud pmbrãns onadr natkvkbnbds bkgdrd`tds qud td lldvd` n rmcpdr
ln dspkrnl bd sugrkckd`tm d` ln qud td d`aud`trns, y n sn`nr dsd tmfkllm bd u`n vdz pmr tmbns. Dsarkfd tus
rdspudstns d` ln Gkjurn 4.

Rnfln 6. AMCM XMBVÃN N[TBNV LN NARKWNAKÑ@ AM@BTARTNL

> @mtn qud dl mfidtkvm bd ln Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl ds “natkvnrsd– amcm nltdr`ntkvn n lns rdspudstns
am`buatunlds dvnskvns `mrcnlds nl sugrkckd`tm.
N`mtn lns #>
dl aunbrm naakm`ds nltdr`ntkvns
bd ln gkjurn 2. qud pmbrãns rdnlkznr (sk` kcpmrtnr qud tn` gn`tîstkans td pnrdzan`) d`
6 @mtn lms dgdatms bd vkbn nltdr`ntkvms qud dstns naakm`ds nltdr`ntkvns bd vkbn pmbrãn` td`dr.
Xudbds dsarkfkrlms d` dl aunbrm #6 bd ln gkjurn 4.
1 @mtn lms dgdatms qud dstns naakm`ds nltdr`ntkvns bd vkbn pmbrãn` td`dr d` tus rdspudstns ngdatkvns.
Xudbds dsarkfkrlms d` dl aunbrm #1 bd ln gkjurn 2.
2 Wdrkgkan, am` tu am`sultmr am`buatunl, ln amcprd`skñ` qud ons jd`drnbm smfrd ln gmrcn d` qud
gu`akm`n ln natkvnakñ` am`buatunl.

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 66 

 

Gkjurn 4 Amcm pmbrãn nyubnr ln natkvnakñ` am`buatunl

Vdspudstns ngdatkvns “Natkvkbnbds–

nltdr`ntkvns qud pmbrãn` nltdr`ntkvns qud pmbrãn`
td`dr dstms dgdatms bd vkbn k`tdrrucpkr dstd aãraulm
nltdr`ntkvms   vkakmsm

Dgdatms bd vkbn
Aunbrm #1 Aunbrm #>
nltdr`ntkv  

Aunbrm #6

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 61 

 

CNLK@RDVXVDRNAKM@DQ AMCT@DQ QMFVD LN

NARKWNAKÑ@ AM@BTARTNL
Ln aulturn d` qud vkvkcms pdrpdtùn u`n sdrkd bd cktms d` tmr`m nl mrkjd` bd `udstrns dcmakm`ds y bdl ancfkm
pskamlñjkam qud pudbd` k`tdrgdrkr am` dl d`td`bkckd`tm bd ln Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl. Nsã ckscm, dstns prîatkans
aulturnlds pmbrãn` lldvnr`ms n supm`dr qud ln Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl rdprdsd`tn u`n dstrntdjkn skcplkstn m
k`sd`skfld pnrn lkbknr am` dl sugrkckd`tm oucn`m. Aunlqukdrn qud sdn dl mfstîaulm pnrn d`td`bdr y
amcprmcdtdrsd am` ln Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl, pudbds bksautkrlm am` tu am`sultmr am`buatunl pnrn nalnrnr dstns
cnlk`tdrprdtnakm`ds amcu`ds y rdsmlvdr lns bubns qud pudbns sdjukr td`kd`bm smfrd dstn pmbdrmsn odrrnckd`tn
bd jdstkñ` bdl amcpmrtnckd`tm.

Rnfln 1 Cnlk`tdrprdtnakm`ds smfrd ln Natkvnakñ`

Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl

Dl cktm bdl CKRM9 Ln Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl sd trntn bd “td`dr gudrzn bd vmlu`tnb–.

“daonrld
jn`ns– VDNLKBNB9 Ln natkvnakñ` ds cîs amcpldin bd lm qud ln jd`td pkd`sn. Ln natkvnakñ` am`buatunl ds
u` trnfnim amlnfmrntkvm, bm`bd tu am`sultmr am`buatunl y tu bdsnrrmllnrî` pln`ds qud sd nbnptd`
n tu rktcm y pmskfklkbnbds. Ru am`sultmr am`buatunl sdrî amcm u` d`trd`nbmr qud td d`sdþnrî n
usnr dstrntdjkns pnrn nyubnr n k`kaknr y cn`td`dr ln natkvnakñ`. D` ln natkvnakñ` am`buatunl, `m
sd nsucd qud ln “gudrzn bd vmlu`tnb– td lldvnrî n natkvnrtd y supdrnr dstd dpksmbkm bdprdskvm.
Ln lñjkan CKRM9 Ln lñjkan bdl ancfkm bd “nbd`trm onakn ngudrn– (sd`tkrsd fkd` prkcdrm pnrn natkvnrsd
bdl ancfkm bdspuës) ds grdaud`td y tkd`d sd`tkbm nsuckrln, yn qud tmbms ln odcms nprd`bkbm d` nljù` lnbm.
k`tdrkmr VDNLKBNB9 Ln pmtd`akn bd ln natkvnakñ` am`buatunl sd d`aud`trn d` qud ds cîs rîpkbm natunr
bkstk`tm prkcdrm pnrn sd`tkrsd bkstk`tm bdspuës. Nbdcîs bd qud dstm bdsnrrmlln cnymr am`gkn`zn
d` u`m ckscm, y cnymr tmldrn`akn nl cnldstnr `nturnl qud vkd`d am` dstd dsgudrzm.
Lñjkan CKRM9 Ln bdprdskñ`, ln n`skdbnb y dl dstrës sm` u` prmfldcn bd `udstrm adrdfrm y, pmr lm tn`tm,
fkmlmjkakstn `dadsktncms tmcnr gîrcnams pnrn amrrdjkrlm.
VDNLKBNB9 Ln k`vdstkjnakñ` on bdcmstrnbm qud ln Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl ancfkn ln quãckan bd
`udstrm audrpm, nsã amcm onadr didrakakm gãskam ancfkn `udstrms tdikbms cusaulnrds.

VDNLKBNB9 Amcfk`nr ln natkvnakñ` am`buatunl am` ln gnrcnamtdrnpkn pudbd sdr bd jrn` nyubn d`
ln cnymrãn bd lms ansms, iustm amcm lm ds dl lldvnr u`n bkdtn y supldcd`tnakñ` nlkcd`tkakn aun`bm
`ms didraktncms. Didraktnrsd td`brî rdsultnbms, pdrm tmcnr supldcd`tms sk` didraktnrsd sdrî bd
cã`kcn nyubn.

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 62 

 

Qk tkd`ds aurkmskbnb bd snfdr dl jrnbm d` dl qud vns nbmptn`bm ln   Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl amcm gklmsmgãn y
lms dgdatms qud dstn tkd`d bd cn`drn jlmfnl d` tu vkbn,   pudbds am`tdstnr ln Dsanln bd Natkvnakñ`

Am`buatunld` pnrn
ancfkms ln Bdprdskñ`bd(FNBQ)
lms rdsultnbms dspmrîbkancd`td
dstn dsanln. Qk bdsdns ynsdsmrãn
n`nlkznr,smfrd
iu`tm am` tu am`sultmr
ln gmrcn am`buatunl
bd anlkgkanr lms  
ln dsanln,
pudbds pdbkr nyubn n tu am`sultmr am`buatunl.

Ln dsanln sd bkvkbd d` 2 sufdsanlns,

sufds anlns, anbn u`n sd amcpm`d bd u` jrupm bd rdnatkvms.
rdnatk vms. 
>. Natkvnakñ
Natkvnakñ`9
`9 1,
1, 2, 4, :,
:, >>,
>>, >6,
>6, 61
6. Dvktnakñ`
Dvktnakñ` / Vuckn9
Vuckn9 ?,?, ;, >8,
>8, >1,
>1, >2,
>2, >4, 62, 64
64
1. Ngdatnak
Ngdatnakñ`
ñ` bdl
bdl Rrnfni
Rrnfnimm / Dbuanak
Dbuanakñ`9
ñ`9 >,
>, 6, 7, 6>,
6>, 66
2. Ngdatnak
Ngdatnakñ`
ñ` bd ln Wkbn
Wkbn Qmaknl
Qmaknl99 >7, >:, >?, >;,
>;, 68

Lns sufdsanlns 6. 1. y 2. Bdfd` pu`tunrsd bd gmrcn k`vdrsn, u`n vdz qud sd k`vkdrtd` lms vnlmrds bd dstms rdnatkvms,
pudbd` sucnrsd tmbms lms rdnatkvms m k`tdrprdtnrsd pmr sufdsanlns.

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 64 

 

Dsanln bd Natkvnakñ`
Am`buatunl pnrn ln Bdprdskñ` 
Bdprdskñ` 
(FNBQ5 En`tdr dt nl. 688:5 Qn`aodz N`julm, Fnrrnan, Cmrn
C mrn y Vdyds-Mrtdjn, 68>?)

Xmr gnvmr, ldn am` ntd`akñ` anbn grnsd y rmbdd am` u` aãraulm dl `ùcdrm qud cdimr rdgldid su sktunakñ` burn`td ln
pnsnbn sdcn`n, k`aluyd`bm dl bãn bd omy.

D` Amcpldtncd`td
nfsmlutm akdrtm

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 6? 

 

DRNXN 6

KBD@RKGKANV NARKWKBNBDQ
N XVMJVNCNV

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 6; 

 

Dl mfidtkvm bd dstn dtnpn ds ln dvnlunakñ` bd natkvkbnbds qud pudbn` gmrcnr pnrtd bd u` pln` bd naakñ` qud
k`tdrrucpn dl akalm bd cn`td`kckd`tm bdl sugrkckd`tm, y bdspuës pudbn prmvmanr u`n dspkrnl bd anlkbnb bd
vkbn. Dl sdjukckd`tm bd dstd pln` bd naakñ`, ds dl amrnzñ` bd lm qud llncncms “natkvnrsd– .
Ln alnvd pnrn td`dr ëxktm d` dstn sdju`bn dtnpn bd ln Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl ds dxplmrnr cultktub bd gud`tds
qud `ms nyubd` n jd`drnr u` pln` vnrknbm, am`ardtm y d`gmanbm d` ancfkms bd amcpmrtnckd`tm qud pudbn`
dcpdznr n rdnlkznrsd bd k`cdbkntm.
Vdnlkzn dstd didrakakm bd k`bnjnakñ` iu`tm am` tu am`sultmr am`buatunl, smlm `dadsktns dxplmrnr lns 7 îrdns
bd k`bnjnakñ` y jd`drnr kbdns bd natkvkbnbds qud pubkdrns dcpdznr n rdnlkznr sdjù` lm dspdakgkanbm d` anbn
îrdn. Bdspuës bd lddr anbn u`n, d`am`trnrîs prdju`tns qud pudbd` nyubnrtd n amcprd`bdr cdimr n lm qud sd
rdgkdrd dl am`adptm, y qud pudbd` mrkd`tnr ln jd`drnakñ` bd kbdns bd natkvnakñ`. Ds kcpmrtn`td jd`drnr u`n
an`tkbnb jd`drmsn bd natkvkbnbds, yn qud dstns gu`akm`nrî` amcm u` lujnr sdjurm nl qud pudbns rdjrdsnr
skdcprd qud tù y tu am`sultmr am`buatunl `dadsktd` kbdns pnrn prmjrncnr `udvns natkvkbnbds.
@m td nprdsurds, ds kcpmrtn`td qud td tmcds tu tkdcpm pnrn jd`drnr dstns nltdr`ntkvns. Xudbd qud sdn
kcpmrtn`td tmcnrtd tmbn u`n sdskñ` pnrn onadrlm,
on adrlm, y am`tk`unr dstd trnfnim pmr tu aud`tn u`n vdz qud ln sdskñ`
am` tu am`sultmr am`buatunl onyn tdrck`nbm.

DIDVAKAKM 1 - FLN@AMQ BD LN DWNLTNAKÑ@

AM@BTARTNL
>. Kbd`tkgkan natkvkbnbds qud gmrcnfn`
gmrcnfn` pnrtd bd tu rutk`n
rutk`n bd aukbnbm pdrsm`nl
pdrsm`nl y qud sd on`
bdsaukbnbm.
Xudbds juknrtd am` lns skjukd`tds prdju`tns9 ½Auîlds bd dstns rutk`ns sd on` k`tdrrucpkbm, m on`
ancfknbm, bdsbd qud dxpdrkcd`tns dstd bmlmr dcmakm`nl= Vutk`ns bd sudþm, Oîfktms nlkcd`tkakms,
Didrakakm, Okjkd`d bknrkn, Omrnrkms bd trnfnim. ½^uë natkvkbnbds pmbrãn` dcpdznr n rdnlkznr pnrn rdtmcnr
dstms oîfktms=

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 6? 

  
 

6. Kbd`tkgkan natkvkbnbds qud smlãns

smlãns bksgrutnr
bksgrutnr onadr,
onadr, pdrm ons
ons bdinbm
bdinbm bd onadr9
Xudbds juknrtd am` lns skjukd`tds prdju`tns9 ½^uë natkvkbnbds bksgrutnfns onadr n`tds
n `tds bd
dxpdrkcd`tnr dstd bmlmr dcmakm`nl= ½Cd pmbrãns nyubnr n d`td`bdr lns natkvkbnbds qud am`stktuãn` tu
vkbn n`tds bd bdprkckrtd m andr prdsm bd ln n`skdbnb/dstrës= ½Dxkstd` natkvkbnbds qud onyns bdinbm bd
onadr bdsbd qud td luxnstd dstd tmfkllm dcmakm`nl=

1. Kbd`
Kbd`tkgk
tkgkan
an `udvns
`udvns natkvkb
natkvkbnbds
nbds qud
qud qukdrds
qukdrds dcpdzn
dcpdznrr n onadr9
onadr9
Xudbds juknrtd am` lns skjukd`tds prdju`tns9 Nomrn qud dstîs n`td ln pmskfklkbnb bd u` `udvm
amckd`zm, ½quë tkpm bd amsns td justnrãn dcpdznr n onadr bd `udvm= ½^uë dstnrãns onakd`bm am` tu
vkbn sk `m tdckdrns npmynr dsd tmfkllm=

2. Kbd`tkgkan natkvkbnbds qud ons dstnbm dvktn`bm

dvktn`bm rdnlkznr
rdnlkznr am`
am` ln k`td`akñ`
k`td`akñ` bd
bd dvnbkr tu cnldstnr
cnldstnr
dcmakm`nl9
Xudbds juknrtd am` lns skjukd`tds prdju`tns9 ½Rd ons `mtnbm dvktn`bm onadr amsns= Aun`bm td rk`bds,
½bd quë gmrcn lm onads= ½Am` quë grdaud`akn td `mtns dvktn`bm m pmspm`kd`bm natkvkbnbds= ½Ony
amsns qud td justnrãn dstnr onakd`bm, pdrm sd skd`td` bdcnsknbm bkgãaklds m bdcnsknbm nfrucnbmrns=
½añcm amcpd`sns aun`bm td budld dl tmfkllm=  

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > >; 

  
 

4. Kbd`tkgkan natkvkbnbds qud tdtd lldvnrãn`

lldvnrãn` n lmjrnr
lmjrnr cdtns n lnrjm
lnrjm plnzm
plnzm vnlmrds, nspkrnakm`ds
nspkrnakm`ds,,
mfidtkvms).
Xudbds juknrtd am` lns skjukd`tds prdju`tns9 ½^uë cdtns n lnrjm plnzm sm` kcpmrtn`tds pnrn tk= ½^uë
td ds kcpmrtn`td onadr d` tu vkbn= ½^uë tkpm bd natkvkbnbds ld bn` sd`tkbm n tu vkbn= ½^uë td onaãn
sd`tkr qud td`ãns u` prmpñsktm d` dlln= ½^uë ds lm qud cîs td kcpmrtn= ½^uë dstî d` iudjm d` tu vkbn
d` dstd cmcd`tm= Qdpnrdcms dstm d` tnrdns n amrtm plnzm qud pudbns onadr sdcn`n n sdcn`n.

T`n vdz qud onyns jd`drnbm u`n an`tkbnb sugkakd`td bd natkvkbnbds n rdnlkznr pmr anbn îrdn, prkmrkzn iu`tm
am` tu am`sultmr am`buatunl lns îrdns pmr bm`bd sdrãn kcpmrtn`td dcpdznr n natkvnrtd. Tsunlcd`td ds fud`n
kbdn k`kaknr pmr natkvkbnbds qud gmrcnfn` pnrtd bd tu aukbnbm pdrsm`nl (rdnatkvm 7).
Xrkmrkbnb >9 ]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]]]]]
Xrkmrkbnb 69 ]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]]]]]]
Xrkmrkbnb 19 ]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]]]]]
Xrkmrkbnb 29 ]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]]]]]
Xrkmrkbnb 49 ]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]]]]]
Xrkmrkbnb 79 ]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
]]]]]]]]]]]

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 18 

 

DRNXN 1
XVMJVNCNAKÑ@ BD
NARKWKBNBDQ

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 11 

 

¡On lldjnbm dl cmcd`tm bd prmfnr

ln dgkanakn bd dstns natkvkbnbds!
Rãpkancd`td, bdfdrãns d`gmanrtd d` 1-4 tnrdns am`ardtns bd natkvnakñ` anbn sdcn`n. Ttklkzn tus rdspudstns nl
Didrakakm 1 amcm gud`td bd k`spkrnakñ`.
Rmcn d` aud`tn lns skjukd`tds am`skbdrnakm`ds (bksaùtdlns am` tu am`sultmr am`buatunl pnrn bdspdinr aunlqukdr bubn
qud pudbn surjkr nl rdspdatm)9
• Rrnfnin amlnfmrntkvncd`td am` tu am`sultmr am`buatunl pnrn kbd`tkgkanr natkvkbnbds quë prmjrncnr.
m Onz u`n fud`n idrnrqukznakñ` am` dl gk` bd bdsnrrmllnr u`n fud`n lkstn bd natkvkbnbds pnrn prmjrncnr.
m @m smlm prmjrncds dvd`tms njrnbnflds, k`aluyd natkvkbnbds mrkd`tnbns n ln rdsmluakñ` bd tus prmfldcns
y lmjrm bd cdtns.
• Xrmjrncn natkvkbnbds dspdaãgkans y am`ardtns.
m Dspdakgkan lm qud onrîs, bm`bd lm onrîs, aun`bm lm onrîs, am` qukë` lm onrîs.
•
Am`skbdrn ln bkgkaultnb bd lns tnrdns.
m Qk ds pmam rdnlkstn lmjrnr tus natkvkbnbds, bkvãbdlns d` u`kbnbds dspdaãgkans cîs pdqudþns
pdqudþ ns y lmjrnflds.
m Bksautd n bdtnlld am` tu am`sultmr am`buatunl > m 6 tnrdns qud pubkdrn` td`dr cnymr bkgkaultnb bd ëxktm.
Iu`tms pmbrî` jd`drnr smluakm`ds qud pdrcktn` qud dstns tnrdns sd rdnlkad` am` dl cnymr ëxktm pmskfld.
m Xrmjrncn natkvkbnbds qud am`td`jn` d` sã ckscns ln rdsmluakñ` bd lms mfstîaulms pnrn rdnlkznrlns.
• Nbmptn u` d`gmqud dxpdrkcd`tnl, `m ony jnrn`tãns bd qud dstns natkvkbnbds td`brî` u` dgdatm pmsktkvm d` tu bmlmr
dcmakm`nl, `dadsktnrîs lldvnrlns n anfm pnrn snfdrlm.
m Cm`ktmrdnr lms rdsultnbms bdsarkfkd`bm rdlnakm`ds d`trd amcpmrtnckd`tm, dstnbm bd î`kcm y/m rdsmluakñ`
rdsmluakñ`
dxktmsn bd prmfldcns.
m Nl rdnlkznr tus natkvkbnbds, rdaudrbn qud ds cdimr k`kaknr u`n natkvkbnb y bdinrln n ln cktnb qud dvktnr
onadrln pmr tdcmr n amcpldtnrln pdrgdatncd`td.
• Jd`drn `udvns rutk`ns.
m Aun`bm `mtds qud u`n natkvkbnb tkd`d u` dgdatm pmsktkvm smfrd tu anlkbnb bd vkbn, ¡vuëlvdln pnrtd bd tu
rutk`n!
Dl Didrakakm 2 rdprdsd`tn dl amrnzñ` bd dstn dtnpn bd ln Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl. Xnrn onadr u`n prmjrncnakñ` bd
natkvkbnbds dspdaãgkan y pmtd`aknlcd`td dxktmsn5 dsarkfd d` ln prkcdrn amluc`n dl bãn bd ln sdcn`n qud pln`dns
rdnlkznr tu natkvkbnb5 d` ln sdju`bn amluc`n bdsarkfd ln natkvkbnb n rdnlkznr (tn` dspdaãgkancd`td amcm sdn pmskfld)5
d` ln tdradrn amluc`n dsarkfd dl jrnbm bd rdnlkznakñ` am` dl qud dstkcns qud rdnlkznstd ln natkvkbnb (8 3 `k skqukdrn
ln dcpdaë y >88 3 ln rdnlkaë tnl aunl ln onfãn pln`dnbm bd prk`akpkm n gk`)5 d` ln aunrtn amluc`n dsarkfd dl jrnbm bd
ntd`akñ`, am`sakd`akn m amcprmcksm, am` dl qud pnrtkakpnstd bd ln natkvkbnb5 d` ln quk`tn amluc`n, dsarkfd dl dgdatm
qud dstn natkvkbnb tuvm d` tu sugrkckd`tm y fkd`dstnr dcmakm`nl.

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 16 

 

DIDVAKAKM 2 - XVMJVNCNAKÑ@ BD
NARKWKBNBDQ QDCN@NLDQ 
QDCN@NLDQ 
!"#$%$ '" $()*+$(*,
$()*+$(*,%%- ."(/$8 >6" (1#24"%'"% 7$ 8"#$%$:
?;$ '" "#$%&%'(' )*+,*(-('( .+*#/8$(>/ .+*#/8$(>/ 47/#$+ +:?/*&('+ /8
7$ !"#$% '()'$% '/ '/ $; ?;7*%-%/8$+
8"#$%$ *() +#,-)% */(6%1(#%28 ($/8#%28 9 /8 $;
!"#$%&'  .(/ *#8)>( >,$6.(% $>*12 !47:44?2 !47:44?2 :%/8/?$(* /-+#%+8(6

91%(768*1%"8 5"%"4$7"8 '" 7$ 8"#$%$:

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 11 

 

DRNXN 2
LKBKN@BM AM@
LN DWKRNAKÑ@

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 17 

 

T`n sdskñ` tãpkan bd nsdsmrãn am`buatunl tkd`d u`n burnakñ` bd 18 n 24 ck`utms. Nl k`kakm bd dstn sdskñ`, tu
am`sultmr am`buatunl k`bnjnrî pmr tu dstnbm ngdatkvm natunl y td nuxklknrî sk dstd bkgkaultn tu am`ad`trnakñ`
burn`td ln sdskñ`. Qk dl dqukpm bd Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl dstî lkstm, prmadbdrî` n dstnfldadr u`n njd`bn bd
trnfnim pnrn ln sdskñ`. Rãpkancd`td, ln njd`bn k`kakn am` ln rdvkskñ` bd lms prmjrdsms rdnlkznbms d` tu pln` bd
Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl y ln bdgk`kakñ` bd mfstîaulms qud onyn` surjkbm pnrn rdnlkznr lns natkvkbnbds prmjrncnbns
(mlvkbnr
burn`td tu rdjkstrm mpnrn
ln sdcn`n, trndrdstm
dl rdvksnrî`
rdjkstrm bddl natkvkbnbds n sdskñ` tncfkë`
rdjkstrm bd prmjrncnakñ` sd am`skbdrn
bd natkvkbnbds u` mfstîaulm
rdnlkznbm ln sdskñ`n rdsmlvdr)
n`tdrkmr
(vdr Didrakakm 2). Bdspuës bd adldfrnr ln kcpmrtn`akn bd onfdr rdnlkznbm dl pln` bd natkvnakñ` y bknlmjnr u`n gmrcn
bd am`vdrtkr lns natkvkbnbds qud onyn` td`kbm u` dgdatm pmsktkvm d` tu fkd`dstnr pskamlñjkam d` pnrtd bd tu rutk`n
bknrkn, sd rdnlkznrî dl Didrakakm 4 pnrn natkvnr  smluakm`ds
  smluakm`ds qud pdrcktn` lmjrnr ln didauakñ` bd lns natkvkbnbds
prmjrncnbns ln sdskñ` n`tdrkmr burn`td ln sdcn`n amrrkd`td. N am`tk`unakñ`, sd prmjrncnrî` d`trd 1 y 4 `udvns
natkvkbnbds bd ln gmrcn bdsarktn d` ln sdaakñ` n`tdrkmr bd dstd aunbdr`kllm (Dtnpn 1). Ln Gkjurn 7 cudstrn u`
rdsucd` bd dstms pnsms. 

Gkjurn 7 DQRVTARTVN RÃXKAN BD T@N QDQKÑ@ AM@ RT AM@QTLRMV AM@BTARTNL

Vdvksnr dl dstnbm ngdatkvm y dstnfldadr ln njd`bn

bd trnfnim bdl bãn.

Vdvksnr dl ëxktm bdl pln` bd natkvnakñ` y bdgk`kr lms

mfstîaulms d`am`trnbms burn`td ln sdcn`n.

Cn`td`dr u` d`gmqud amlnfmrntkvm, dxpdrkcd`tnl y

am`ardtm nl smluakm`nr prmfldcns d`am`trnbms
burn`td dl pln` bd natkvnakñ`.

Cn`td`dr u` d`gmqud amlnfmrntkvm, dxpdrkcd`tnl y

am`ardtm nl sdldaakm`nr natkvkbnbds n cn`td`dr y
sdldaakm`nr `udvns natkvkbnbds n prmjrncnr.

Xrmjrncnr natkvkbnbds pnrn dstn sdcn`n.

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 14 

 

½AÑCM VDQXM@BDV NL D@AM@RVNV XVMFLDCNQ

BTVN@RD @TDQRVM XLN@ BD NARKWNAKÑ@=
Ds cuy gîakl andr d` ln td`tnakñ` bd iuzjnrsd n u`m ckscm aun`bm surjd` bkgkaultnbds pnrn cn`td`dr dl pln` bd
Natkvnakñ`. D` vdz bd rdaurrkr n dxplkanakm`ds smfrd tu anrîatdr amcm “smy pdrdzmsm– m “td`jm u`n td`bd`akn n
snfmtdnrcd–, tu am`sultmr am`buatunl td nuxklknrî n cn`td`dr u`n natktub amodrd`td am` ln Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl,
d` tmbm cmcd`tm gu`akm`nrî amcm u` d`trd`nbmr bdpmrtkvm qud td nyubnrî n cn`td`dr u`n cd`tnlkbnb tn` natkvn
amcm tus naakm`ds. Ln Rnfln 2 am`tkd`d lms prk`akpkms kcpmrtn`tds n am`skbdrnr d` dstd pnsm.

Rnfln 2 Vdspm`bdr n lms prmfldcns d`am`trnbms

d`am`trnbms d` dl pln` bd natkvnakñ`
natkvnakñ`

>  Bkstk`jukr lms bdsd`anbd`n`tds, rdspudstns y pntrm`ds bd dvktnakñ` qud sd k`tdrpuskdrm`

d` dl anck`m bd ln natkvnakñ` vdr dl cmbdlm RVNCXN).  
6 Vdam`mad qud tus rdspudstns y pntrm`ds bd dvktnakñ` sm` `nturnlds, d`td`bkflds y amcu`ds.
Dvktn anstkjnrtd, “dl anstkjm `m nyubn n amcprd`bdr ln dvktnakñ`, `k sdþnln ln smluakñ`–.
1 Kbd`tkgkan y bksautd am` tu am`sultmr am`buatunl lms fd`dgkakms n amrtm plnzm bd lms pntrm`ds
bd dvktnakñ`, d kbd`tkgkan lms prmfldcns qud jd`drn` n lnrjm plnzm. Vdam`mad qud lms pntrm`ds
bd dvktnakñ` pudbd` sdr natkvms m pnskvms.
2  Vdaudrbn qud ln “Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl–, ds u` pln` bd nam`bkakm`nckd`tm qud rdqukdrd
natunr, nu` aun`bm `m sd tkd`d` jn`ns bd natunr.
4 Am`datn ln natkvkbnb n prmjrncnr am` lns cdtns y lms vnlmrds qud tkd`ds d` tu vkbn, tn`tm n
amrtm amcm n lnrjm plnzm.
7  Xln`kgkan tus natkvkbnbds bd dstn sdcn`n, bd gmrcn am`ardtn y n`tkakpî`bmtd nl surjkckd`tm
bd ln td`tnakñ` bd dvktnr.

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 17 

 

DIDVAKAKM 4 - DL CMBDLM RVNCXN

(QNLKV BD LN RVNCXN [ VDJVDQNV NL QD@BDVM)
Dl narñ`kcm RVNX m Rrncpn , bdrkvn bd Rrkjjdr + Vdspm`sd + Nvmkbn`ad Xnttdr` . Rrkjjdr, m Bdsd`anbd`n`td , sd
rdgkdrd n lms dvd`tms `djntkvms qud maurrkdrm` aun`bm td bkspm`ãns n onadr tu natkvkbnb prmjrncnbn, m k`alusm
n`tds bd dllm, y qud td bdsnld`tnrm` bd cn`td`drtd natkvm5 Vdspm`sd m Vdnaakñ` , k`bkan dl cnldstnr dcmakm`nl
dlkaktnbm pmr dl Bdsd`anbd`n`td5 Nvmkbn`ad Xnttdr` m Xntrñ` bd dvktnakñ` , bdskj`n ln dstrntdjkn bd dvktnakñ`
qud nbmptnstd pnrn bksck`ukr, dvktnr m dsanpnr bdl cnldstnr dcmakm`nl dxpdrkcd`tnbm. Dl pntrñ` bd dvktnakñ`
cn`tkd`d ln dxpdrkd`akn bd sugrkckd`tm pmrqud kcpkbd ngrm`tnr lms dvd`tms qud ln on` bdsd`anbd`nbm.
Am` nyubn bd tu am`sultmr am`buatunl, n`mtn ln k`gmrcnakñ` amrrdspm`bkd`td n anbn u`m bd lms rufrms bdsarktms
n`tdrkmrcd`td d` ln Gkjurn :.
Gkjurn : Qnlkr bd ln Rrncpn y rdjrdsnr
rdjrdsnr nl Qd`bdrm

Qnlkr bd ln Rrncpn  

Bdsd`anbd`n`td   Vdnaakñ` Xntrñ`

bd dvktnakñ`

[ v mlvdr nl   sd` drm  RVNA) 

Bdsd`anbd`n`td   Vdnaakñ` Ngrm`tnckd`tm

nltdr`ntkvm

Xnrn snlkr bd dstn trncpn, pudbds cn`td`dr dl narñ`kcm RVNA d` cd`td, qud bdrkvn bd Rrkjjdr + Vdspm`sd +
Nltdr`ntkvd Ampk`j. Dl dldcd`tm `udvm am` rdspdatm n RVNX ds Nltdr`ntkvd Ampk`j m grm`tnckd`tm nltdr`ntkvm ,
qud k`bkan u`n `udvn pnutn bd naakñ` qud k`tdrrucpd dl pntrñ` bd dvktnakñ` k`stnurnbm y prmcudvd ln rdnlkznakñ`
bd ln natkvkbnb (m natkvkbnbds) prmjrncnbns. 

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 1: 

 

NLKNBMQ BD LN NARKWNAKÑ@ AM@BTARTNL

Ru am`sultmr am`buatunl am`mad u`n jrn` vnrkdbnb
v nrkdbnb bd n mtrns pdrsm`ns qud td npmyd` cmrnlcd`td pnrn
dstrntdjkns nbkakm`nlds
am` mfstîaulms qud pudbd`
amcu`ds pnrn lnnyubnrtd n lkbknr
natkvnakñ`. Ln rdnlkznr tus cîs
am`skbdrd` natkvkbnbds, `m bdsk`mln gmrcn
nprmpknbn, d` ln d`
qudqudtu dllms
y tu
prkcdrn dstrntdjkn ds ln smluakñ` `nturnl nl mlvkbm bd am`sultmr am`buatunl snfd` qud pmbrãn gu`akm`nr. D`
rdnlkznr lns natkvkbnbds prmjrncnbns m rdjkstrnr su ansm bd sdr `dadsnrkm, tu y tu am`sultmr am`buatunl
rdnlkznakñ`, dstn sd llncn Am`trml bd Dstãculms, y pmbrãn` d`trdvkstnrsd am` pdrsm`ns alnvd am` lns qud
am`stn bd ardnr rdamrbntmrkms m rdcmvdr bkstrnatmrds am`vkvds pnrn jdstkm`nr ln gmrcn d` qud pudbd`
qud pudbn` k`tdrgdrkr am` dl rdaudrbm bd tus k`amrpmrnrsd amcm ckdcfrms bdl dqukpm bd Natkvnakñ`
natkvkbnbds prmjrncnbns. Am`buatunl y gmrtnldadr ln rdnlkznakñ` bdl pln`.
D` mtrns manskm`ds, pmbrãns `mtnr qud rdqukdrds Ln Ntd`akñ` Xld`n m Ck`bgul`dss , ds ln onfklkbnb
gmrtnldadr tus onfklkbnbds pnrn rdnlkznr bd prdstnr ntd`akñ` k`td`akm`nlcd`td n lm qud dstî
dgdatkvncd`td nlju`n tnrdn prmjrncnbn, dstm ds maurrkd`bm d` dl cmcd`tm prdsd`td, am` bdsnpdjm
pnrtkaulnrcd`td amcù` aun`bm sd prmjrncn` bd lms pd`snckd`tms y sd`snakm`ds qud am`tkd`d,
natkvkbnbds `mvdbmsns qud skdcprd ons qudrkbm lkfrî`bm`ms bd ln td`bd`akn bd rdspm`bdr am`
rdnlkznr, m natkvkbnbds mrkd`tnbns nl lmjrm bd cdtns. mfdbkd`akn m luaon n `udstrms sd`tkckd`tms. Dstn ds
D` dstms ansms, tu am`sultmr am`buatunl pmbrãn u`n bdstrdzn pnrn gmrtnldadr aun`bm lms
nyubnrtd am` dstrntdjkns bd Gmrcnakñ` bd pd`snckd`tms smfrd dl pnsnbm m dl guturm
Onfklkbnbds, dstm ds mrkd`tî`bmtd y d`snyn`bm k`tdrrucpd` ln pnrtkakpnakñ` bd `udstrns natkvkbnbds
onfklkbnbds smaknlds (p.di. nsdrtkvkbnb), onfklkbnbds prmjrncnbns, y aun`bm `udstrn k`bkspmskakñ` n
bd rdsmluakñ` bd prmfldcns, m nyubî`bmtd n bkvkbkr dxpdrkcd`tnr cnldstnr ds u` mfstîaulm kcpmrtn`td
u`n tnrdn amcplkanbn d` sus dldcd`tms cîs pnrn amcprmcdtdr`ms am` ln Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl.
pdqudþms, bd gmrcn qud pudbns smluakm`nrln am`
cnymr gnaklkbnb. Ln Gkjurn :  klustrn bms mpakm`ds fîskans d` u`
prmjrncn bd Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl. Ln Natkvnakñ`
Mtrm mfstîaulm amcù`, ds qud mtrns pdrsm`ns Am`buatunl sd`aklln, qud d` cuaoms ansms dstm ds
bdsnlkd`td` ln rdnlkznakñ` bd tus natkvkbnbds sugkakd`td pnrn dsanpnr bdl aãraulm vkakmsm bdl
prmjrncnbns. Ln arãtkan, bdldjnrtd bdfdrds m pdbkrtd sugrkckd`tm y am`buakrsd onakn u` dstklm bd vkbn cîs
gnvmrds k`amcpntkflds am` ln rdnlkznakñ` bd tus skj`kgkantkvm y sntksgnatmrkm. [ ln Natkvnakñ`
natkvkbnbds sm` gmrcns amcu`ds d` qud sd flmqudn` m Am`buatunl Amcpldin, qud ds ln cîs amcù` y qud
k`okfd` `udvns naakm`ds. T`n cn`drn bd lkbknr am` k`aluym amcpldcd`tnr ln Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl am`
dstms mfstîaulms ds lm qud sd am`mad amcm Cn`dim bd dstrntdjkns nlknbns qud, am` nyubn bd tu am`sultmr
Am`tk`jd`akns , d` dstn dstrntdjkn, tu am`sultmr am`buatunl, pudbd` nyubnrtd n cn`td`drtd mrkd`tnbm
am`buatunl td d`sdþnrî n pdbkr n pm`dr lãcktds m pdbkr pmr dl anck`m bd vkbn qud n`odlns trn`sktnr.

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 1? 

 

Gkjurn : ‑ Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl Amcpldin

NARKWNAKÑ@ QKCXLD M AMCXLDIN 

AMCXLDIN 
(En`tdr, Fusao, Vusao, 688;. Xj. :7)

½Ln natkvnakñ`
sd`aklln gu`akm`ñ=

“@M–
“QK– Dvnlunr
Am`tk`ùd am` gu`akm`nlcd`td
ln natkvnakñ`  ln `dadskbnb bd
utklkznr

Am`trml bd Dstkculms Gmrcnakñ` Cn`dim

(Cmbkgkanr n`tdadbd`tds bd Onfklkbnbds bd Am`tk`jd`akns Ntd`akñ` pld`n m
pnrn gnvmrdadr ln (Qk dxkstkdrn` (K`amrpmrnr rdgudrzm Ck`bgul`dss
natkvnakñ`). bëgkakts). smaknl)

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 6; 

 

GK@NLKYNAKÑ@  

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 26 

 

Dspdrm, sk`adrncd`td, qud dstd aunbdr`kllm td sdn bd utklkbnb pnrn mptkckznr u`n
dxpdrkd`akn bd Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl sntksgnatmrkn. Amcm bdaãn d` ln prdsd`tnakñ`, ln
Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl pnrdad sd`aklln, y bd odaom ds u` trntnckd`tm pnrskcm`kmsm, pdrm
`m pmr dsm bdfdcms am`gu`bkrln am` u`n k`tdrvd`akñ` k`sugkakd`td. Ln k`vdstkjnakñ` y ln
dxpdrkd`akn bmaucd`tnbn bd cklds bd pdrsm`ns, am`sultmrds am`buatunlds y pnakd`tds,
rdspnlbn tus dsgudrzms y am`gmrcn ln amcu`kbnb bd ln qud gmrcns pnrtd nl bdakbkr prmfnr
lms dgdatms bd ln Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl d` tu vkbn.

Dl `ùcdrm bd sdskm`ds qud `dadsktn u`n pdrsm`n trnfninr d` amlnfmrnakñ` am` u` am`sultmr
am`buatunl vnrãn bd ansm n ansm, lm kcpmrtn`td ds qud `m k`td`tds nprdsurnrtd, dl trnfnim
bd nam`bkakm`nckd`tm am`buatunl, nsã amcm ln tdrnpkn gãskan, vnrknrî d` grdaud`akn,
k`td`skbnb y burnakñ`, bdpd`bkd`bm bd lns `dadskbnbds bd anbn pdrsm`n. Ru am`sultmr
am`buatunl y tù rdam`madrî` aun`bm tus rutk`ns bd vkbn pnrdzan` onfdrtd k`vmluarnbm d`
u`n sk`drjkn bd snlub am`buatunl qud gu`akm`d pmr sk ckscn, aun`bm pudbns rdam`madr
lns trncpns y vmlvdr n ln sd`bn bd cn`drn dspm`tî`dn,
dspm`t î`dn, y aun`bm dstës d` anck`m bd lmjrnr
tus cdtns vnlkmsns y smluakm`nr tus prmfldcns bd vkbn sk` juãn. T`n vdz qud kbd`tkgkqud`
qud sd on` lmjrnbm dstms mfidtkvms, pmbrî rdbuakrsd ln grdaud`akn am` qud td d`aud`trns
am` tu am`sultmr
dl didrakakm 7 ) yam`buatunl, trnfninr bd
onadr u` rdsucd` d` u`
tu pln` bd cn`td`kckd`tm
dxpdrkd`akn qud skrvn bdbdbdspdbkbn
ln natkvnakñ` (ckrnrdl
(ckrnr
didrakakm :).

Lms cdimrds bdsdms,

Ckaodl

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 21 

 

DIDVAKAKM 7 ‑ XLN@ BD CN@RD@KCKD@RM

BD LN NARKWNAKÑ@ AM@BTARTNL
Vdspm`bd lns skjukd`tds prdju`tns qud pudbd` nyubnrtd n dlnfmrnr u` pln` bd Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl bdspuës bd
tdrck`nr tu prmjrncn d` amcpnþãn bd tu am`sultmr
m`sultmr  am`buatunl. Vdjrdsn n am`tdstnr dstns prdju`tns sk `mtns qud
lms sã`tmcns bd sugrkckd`tm dcpkdzn` n rdjrdsnr, m sk `mtns qud dcpkdzns n sd`tkr qud pkdrbds dl rucfm bd ln
natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl. Vdjrdsn n dstns prdju`tns tn`tm vdads amcm sdn `dadsnrkm, rdaudrbn qud sdrî `mrcnl qud
lms dvd`tms `djntkvms bd vkbn y dl sugrkckd`tm qud lds namcpnþn rdjrdsd`, ds pnrtd `nturnl bdl vkvkr.
Ln prkcdrn vdz qud am`tdstds dstns prdju`tns, onzlm am` nyubn bd tu am`sultmr am`buatunl pnrn qud pudbn`
bdsnrrmllnr u` pln` bd cn`td`kckd`tm bd ln natkvnakñ`.

½^uë alnsd bd dvd`tms sd nsmakn` nl surjkckd`tm bd ck sugrkckd`tm= ½^uë rdnaakm`ds ngdatkvns dstmy
dxpdrkcd`tn`bm grd`td n dstms dvd`tms= ½^uë dstrntdjkns bd dvktnakñ` am`trkfuyd` n jd`drnr y cn`td`dr
fualds bd rdtrmnlkcd`tnak
rdtrmnlkcd`tnakñ`
ñ` bd sugrkckd`
sugrkckd`tm=
tm= rdjrdsnr nl Didrakakm > bd sdr `dadsnrkm)

½^uë naakm`ds `dadsktm cn`td`dr m dcpdznr n rdnlkznr pnrn amrrdjkr dl rucfm= rdjrdsnr n lms Didrakakms 1 y
2 bd sdr `dadsnrkm)

½^uë pudbm onadr pnrn nucd`tnr ln prmfnfklkbn

prmfnfklkbnbb bd am`tk`unr am` cks am`buatns n`tkbdprdskvns=
n`tkbdprdskvns = rdjrdsnr
nl Didrakakm 4 bd sdr `dadsnrkm)

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 26 

 

DIDVAKAKM : ‑ VDQTCD@ BD CK D_XDVKD@AKN D@

DQRD XVMJVNCN BD NARKWNAKÑ@ AM@BTARTNL
Vdspm`bd lns skjukd`tds prdju`tns qud pudbd` nyubnrtd n rdgldxkm`nr smfrd lms nspdatms cîs kcpmrtn`tds bd tu
dxpdrkd`akn d` dstd prmjrncn bd Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl. Rus rdspudstns sdrvkrî` bd rdtrmnlkcd`tnakñ` pnrn tu
am`sultmr am`buatunl. T`n vdz qud lns am`tdstds, tù y tu am`sultmr am`buatunl pudbd` rdgldxkm`nr smfrd dllns y
utklkznr dstns rdspudstns amcm u`n rdgldxkñ` qud om`rd dl trnfnim qud on` rdnlkznbm iu`tms y qud skrvn amcm u`n
bdspdbkbn bd tu pnrtkakpnakñ` bdl prmadsm.

½Dxkstkdrm` nspdatms bd su trntnckd`tm qud td gudrm` dspdaknlcd`td ùtklds bdl prmjrncn bd Natkvnakñ`
Am`buatunl= Qk ds nsã, bdsarkfd auîlds gudrm`. Qd tn` dspdaãgkam amcm sdn pmskfld.

½^uë nprd`bkstd bd ln Natkvnakñ` Am`buatunl qud pmbrãn nyubnrtd d` dl guturm=

½^uë pmbrãns bdakrtd pnrn adldfrnr lms rdsultnbms bd tu pnrtkakpnakñ` d` dstns sdskm`ds bd Natkvnakñ`
Am`buatunl=

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 21 

 

std aunbdr`kllm sd dbktn fnim u`n Lkad`akn Ardntkvd Amccm`s

Ntrkfuakñ` @mAmcdraknl Amcpnrtkrkju

Amcpnrtkrkjunl
nl 2.8 K`tdr`nakm`
K`tdr`nakm`nl.
nl.

!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+
!"#$%&$'()*!"+!,$-"'./+ > 27