Ensayo de Propiedades de Los Materiales
Ensayo de Propiedades de Los Materiales
Ensayo de Propiedades de Los Materiales
Ensayo de la unidad 3.
Nuevos materiales y
tecnologías
En el grafeno la longitud
de los enlaces carbono-
carbono es de
aproximadamente 142 pm
(picómetros). Es el
componente estructural básico de todos los demás elementos grafíticos,
incluidos el propio grafito, los nanotubos de carbono y los fullerenos.
Propiedades destacadas
CARACTERÍSTICAS
Es carbono puro.
Posee una gran superficie específica (SSA) de 2.600 m2/g, de modo que
un gramo bastaría para cubrir totalmente un campo de fútbol.
Tiene una alta conductividad térmica y eléctrica, mayor que las del cobre
y la plata.
Propiedades mecánicas
Formas:
Grafeno reforzado
Esta forma de grafeno cuenta con barras de refuerzo de nanotubos de carbono
incrustadas (o "varillas") es más fácil de manipular, al tiempo que mejora las
cualidades eléctricas y mecánicas de ambos materiales.
Aerogel de grafeno
Grafeno Superrejilla
Placa de grafeno
En el Instituto de Física
“Enrique Gaviola” (IFEG,
CONICET_Universidad
Nacional de Córdoba) otro
grupo está enfocado al
estudio de las propiedades
eléctricas y de transporte.
En el Instituto de Energía y Desarrollo Sustentable de la CNEA y el Instituto
Balseiro se estudian propiedades electrónicas y de transporte de los electrones
en el Grafeno, como así también los efectos que sobre él tienen los campos
electromagnéticos.
Superbaterías eléctricas
Qin Zhou y Alex Zettl son dos científicos de la Universidad de California que
quieren revolucionar el mercado del audio gracias a sus auriculares y altavoces
de grafeno. La idea es crear un diafragma hecho de grafeno que se coloque en
medio de dos electrodos, tras lo cual el grafeno vibra y produce sonido.
Según los investigadores, sin mucho trabajo posterior para "afinar" los
auriculares y darles un tratamiento especial, se consiguió un sonido a la par de
productos actuales de alta calidad. Y como el diafragma de grafeno utiliza una
lámina que es muy delgada, el tamaño y peso del producto también puede ser
muy reducido, por lo que podrían crearse auriculares de alta calidad que al
mismo tiempo sean muy pequeños y livianos.
Grafeno en el espacio
En 2011 el telescopio espacial
Spitzer de la Nasa descubrió
grafeno en el espacio además
de otras moléculas de la familia
de los fullerenos, en concreto las
moléculas C60 y C70.
Conclusion
El uso del grafeno tiene que estar justificado y no utilizarse por ‘estar de moda’.
Es un material con unas propiedades excelentes pero su precio, dependiendo
de su grado, es por el momento alto.
A pesar de ello, creemos que tiene una gran potencialidad para su uso, como
ya hemos visto, en múltiples sectores y a su vez en muy diversas aplicaciones.
Technological Institute of Acapulco
Unit 3 essay.
New materials and
technologies
Material properties
Group: AR3
In this essay we will talk about the properties of graphene, and its applications
It is elastic and flexible, and is endowed with great thermal and electrical
conductivity, which allows it to dissipate heat and withstand intense electrical
currents without heating up.
It is virtually transparent, water-repellent, and so dense that even helium gas
cannot pass through it.
In addition, it has many other qualities, such as the high mobility of its
electrons, a property that increases its potential use in the fast nanodevices of
the future.
Graphene has incredible mechanical, electronic, chemical, magnetic, and
optical properties that have made it one of the most studied nanomaterials
today.
In addition, being pure carbon, it is abundant in nature and ecological.
For all these reasons, graphene promises thousands of applications in very
different sectors and it is believed that it will replace materials as important as
silicon in the next decade.
The spectrum of possibilities for its application is wide and versatile enough to
inaugurate a true technological revolution.
Through sp2 hybridization, the bond angles, at 120°, of the hexagonal structure
of graphene are better explained.
Since each of the carbons contains four valence electrons in the hybridized
state, three of these electrons are housed in sp2 hybrids, forming the single-
covalent backbone of the structure.
Crystalline structure
of graphite. The
interactions of the
various layers of
condensed
aromatic rings are
illustrated.
In graphene the
length of the
carbon-carbon
bonds is
approximately 142
pm (picometers). It
is the basic
structural
component of all
other graphitic
elements, including
graphite itself, carbon
nanotubes, and fullerenes.
Featured properties
FEATURES
• It is pure carbon.
• It is the most resistant material in nature, 200 times more than structural steel
with the same thickness.
• With the same density as carbon fiber, it is 5 times lighter than aluminum. A 1
m2 sheet of graphene weighs only 0.77 mg.
• It is chemically inert, does not react with oxygen in the air or oxidize.
• It has a large specific surface area (SSA) of 2,600 m2/g, so that one gram
would be enough to completely cover a football field.
• It is so dense that not even helium atoms are able to pass through it.
However, it does allow the passage of water vapor.
• It has a high thermal and electrical conductivity, greater than that of copper
and silver.
• It heats up less when conducting electrons (less Joule effect) and consumes
less electricity for the same task than silicon.
• It can chemically react with other substances to form new compounds with
different properties, which opens up a practically unlimited range of fields of
application.
Mechanical properties
Shapes:
reinforced graphene
This form of graphene features embedded
carbon nanotube reinforcing bars (or "rods")
and is easier to manipulate while improving
the electrical and mechanical qualities of
both materials.
Molded graphene
In 2015, researchers at the University of Illinois (UIUC) developed a new
approach to generate 3D shapes from 2D graphene sheets
flat. A graphene film that had been soaked in solvent to make it swell and
malleable was overlaid on an underlying "forming" substrate. The solvent
evaporated over time, leaving a layer of graphene that had taken on the shape
of the underlying structure. In this way, they were able to produce a range of
relatively intricate microstructured shapes. The characteristics vary from 3.5 to
50 μm. Pure graphene and gold-decorated graphene were successfully
integrated into the substrate.
Araphene airgel
Discovery
The sudden increase in scientific interest in graphene can give the impression
that it is a new material. Actually it has been known and described for more
than half a century. The chemical bond and its structure were described during
the 1930s. Philip Russell Wallace first calculated (in 1949) the electronic band
structure.
Little attention was paid to graphene for decades as it was thought to be a
thermodynamically unstable material as it was thought that thermal fluctuations
would destroy the order of the crystal causing the 2D crystal to melt. Under this
premise we understand the revolution that meant that Gueim and Novosiolov
managed to isolate graphene at room temperature. The word graphene was
officially adopted in 1994, after being referred to interchangeably – in the field of
surface science – as “graphite monolayer”.
Furthermore, many recently discovered nanostructures, such as carbon
nanotubes, are related to graphene. Traditionally, these nanotubes have been
described as “graphene sheets rolled up on themselves”.15 In fact, the
properties of carbon nanotubes are easily explained and understood from those
inherent to graphene.1617 The preparation has also been described of
graphene nanostrips by means of nanolithography, using a scanning tunneling
microscope.
Graphene Superlattice
Graphene plate
Some works in this regard in Argentina. At the Institute of Theoretical and Applied
Physicochemical Research (INIFTA, CONICET-UNLP), there is one of the few
groups in the country that is dedicated, among other studies, to obtaining
Graphene.
At the Institute of Energy and Sustainable Development of the CNEA and the
Balseiro Institute, electronic properties and transport of electrons in Graphene are
studied, as well as the effects that electromagnetic fields have on it.
The INTI Physics and Metrology Center is working in collaboration with the United
States National Institute of Metrology (NIST), with the aim of gaining experience for
the manufacture of Graphene samples, which will then be characterized in
Argentina to determine their possible application in metrology.
The chemical engineer and doctor in Chemical Sciences Natalia Monge, also a
professor at UNRC and a researcher at Conicet, is part of this work team and is
particularly in charge of the water purification project through the use of Graphene
oxide. For example, in the south of Córdoba there is a large amount of arsenic in
the aquifers, which must be removed in order to consume that water, because
otherwise it can cause serious illnesses”.
A material that reduces the arsenic content and that can be used with an
economical and efficient technique. The base material used is Graphene oxide,
which has very good properties for the adsorption of contaminants, both ions and
organic compounds that generate residues of pesticides, paints, etc., and that are
thrown into the water.
We manufacture this material in different conditions during the process of
exfoliation, purification and subsequent chemical modification treatment. In this
way, we achieve that it has different properties, to be able to adsorb one type of
compound or another.
In this work it is important to take into account the recovery process after
treatment, so there is a big difference if it is used in the form of a membrane or
filter (where separation is not necessary), or it is added in bulk inside the container.
of water (a more efficient process but which requires its subsequent isolation).
In any case, special attention must be paid to the mechanical properties of the
material used, because it must not break or lose adsorption properties during the
purification process”. “In the laboratory, to study the characteristics of the material,
they make pellets of approximately half a centimeter in diameter and thickness.
The objective is to introduce them into the water so that they absorb contaminants
and then remove them, for example, through a filter.
As a result, we will obtain water free of contaminants and, therefore, suitable for
use for human consumption”. Graphene oxide offers structural diversity, which
allows engineering the material according to the type and conditions of the
contaminant.
The characteristics and lessons learned about Graphene oxide can be
extrapolated to other carbonaceous materials (for example, derived from biomass)
that can be obtained on a massive scale at very low costs.
This type of research could be of great help to millions of people who do not have
access to drinking water and who, according to the UN, the methods used so far
have solved the problem of arsenic contamination, reaching the limits allowed for
human consumption. but, nevertheless, these techniques are associated with high
operating costs and the generation of waste that requires additional treatment.26
In this sense, they sought to characterize and study the electrical properties of a
material that could be used to decipher this code that the protein has hidden. The
material that the researchers proposed was Graphene. The structure of the
material makes it possible to distinguish each of the blocks, the amino acids that
make up the proteins.
The objective is to study, from quantum mechanics, how it distributes its charges
or its electrons on its surfaces with each of these amino acids. If they can make out
a signal or an electrical difference, they can build a protein sequencer.
To achieve this, they thought of a simple device, which they modeled with
sophisticated calculation techniques that even allows them to compare how these
charges are distributed with experimental data.
They model the device by connecting a sheet of Graphene to a 2-volt battery and
calculate how the charge distribution occurs in the material: “We found that
Graphene has a different current for each of the amino acids. It is as if each current
curve were the fingerprint of the amino acid inside the protein." They conclude that,
indeed, Graphene can be a good material to build a protein sequencer.
Applications in electronics
The properties of graphene are ideal for use as a component of integrated circuits.
It is endowed with high carrier mobility, as well as low “noise” level. This allows it to
be used as a channel in field effect transistors (FETs). The difficulty of using
graphene lies in the production of the same material on the appropriate substrate.
Researchers are investigating methods such as transfer of graphene sheets from
graphite (exfoliation) or epitaxial growth (such as thermal graphitization of the
silicon carbide: SiC surface).
In December 2008, IBM announced that they had manufactured and characterized
transistors that operated at frequencies of 26 gigahertz (GHz).28 In February 2010,
the same company announced that the speed of these new transistors reached
100 GHz.29 In September 2010, 300 GHz was reached.30
Graphene will never replace silicon. No one who knows the world can seriously say
this. It will just do some things that silicon won't.
It's like with ships and planes. Planes have never replaced ships.31
Furthermore, graphene lacks a resistivity band, an essential property that is
inherent to silicon.
That implies that graphene cannot stop conducting electricity: it cannot be turned
off.
Perhaps one of the most exciting discoveries is related to the field of electric
batteries, where today technology allows devices that work for a few hours until
they require an electric charge that can last several hours, degrading the
experience of use on phones. mobiles, tablets and laptops.
By being able to conduct electrons very well with almost no heating in the process,
researchers at the University of Texas and the University of South Korea
discovered that a sheet of graphene can be used in the development of touch
screens, taking advantage of the fact that a sheet of graphene can be completely
transparent, ideal for placing on top of a pixel panel without diminishing the
brightness of its backlight.
In addition, this thin sheet of graphene sensitive to electrical conduction and that
would capture our touches can be very flexible, contributing to what could be future
flexible touch screens, which could well be accompanied by flexible OLED
technology for the development of this class of devices. technology.
Qin Zhou and Alex Zettl are two scientists from the University of California who
want to revolutionize the audio market thanks to their graphene headphones and
speakers. The idea is to create a diaphragm made of graphene that is placed in the
middle of two electrodes, after which the graphene vibrates and produces sound.
According to the researchers, without much further work to "tune" the headphones
and give them special treatment, sound was achieved on a par with current high-
quality products. And since the graphene diaphragm uses a sheet that is very thin,
the size and weight of the product can also be very small, so high-quality
headphones could be created that are both very small and light.
Cameras a thousand times more sensitive
A current camera is basically made up of a lens through which light passes and
then reaches a sensor, capturing it and transforming it into digital information. What
researchers at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore succeeded in
creating was a sensor made of graphene, increasing the sensitivity of the device by
about a thousand times relative to current CMOS or CCD technologies.
We are talking about an outrageously high improvement for what are sensors used
in professional and compact cameras, allowing better captures in low light
conditions and in general for any occasion. In addition, these new graphene
sensors consume ten times less energy and are five times cheaper to mass-
produce than conventional ones.
application in medicine
A team of scientists from the University of Manchester has shown that graphene
oxide, a modified form of graphene, behaves as an antineoplastic agent that acts
directly on cancer cells. As a result, graphene could be used to reduce the size of
malignant tumors and prevent the spread of cancer. This discovery is still under
study.32
This finding is very important, since the current cancer treatment consists of
eliminating cells from the affected area, both cancerous and non-cancerous. With
the help of graphene, only malignant cells could be eliminated, causing fewer side
effects in the patient.33
Graphene in space
In 2011 NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope discovered graphene in space in
addition to other molecules of the fullerene family, specifically the C60 and C70
molecules.
Rotated graphene bilayers
In 2018, experimental physicist Pablo Jarillo-Herrero revolutionized the field of
condensed matter physics by successfully rotating two superimposed monatomic
layers of graphene.
Pablo's group discovered that by rotating these layers at a 'magic' angle of around
1.1 degrees, the graphene bilayer exhibited superconducting behaviour. This
discovery opened the door for many groups, both experimental and theoretical, to
explore the system and reproduce the results. This system has generated great
interest in the community due to the richness of its phase diagram and the new
physics it can accommodate. It represents a common point between various areas
of physics by bringing together physicists who study high-temperature
superconductors, topology groups, and strong electronic correlation groups.
The presence of superconductivity has recently been discovered in 3
superimposed layers of graphene in which the lower and upper layers are aligned
and the middle one rotated by about 1.5 degrees.
Conclusion
Graphene has an infinite number of applications given its properties. Materials with
specific properties have just as specific applications.
Currently, graphene presents a series of obstacles to take into account that make it
difficult to use it in more products. The first of them is the technical difficulty to
produce it at an industrial level, which has a great influence on its final price. The
second problem, derived from the previous one, is the increase in the cost of the
products to which it is added.
The use of graphene has to be justified and not used for 'being fashionable'. It is a
material with excellent properties but its price, depending on its grade, is currently
high.
Despite this, we believe that it has great potential for use, as we have already
seen, in multiple sectors and in turn in very diverse applications.