La Sonrisa y Sus Dimensiones-2
La Sonrisa y Sus Dimensiones-2
La Sonrisa y Sus Dimensiones-2
Desde un punto de vista fisiológico, una sonrisa es una expresión facial generada al
flexionar 17 músculos ubi-cados alrededor de la boca y los ojos. De acuerdo con la
función muscular la sonrisa se hace en dos etapas, en la primera hay contracción del
labio superior y del pliegue nasolabial donde actúan el músculo elevador del labio
superior, el músculo zigomático mayor y al-gunas fibras superiores del buccinador. En
la segunda etapa o etapa final hay una contracción de la musculatura periocular para
soportar la máxima elevación del labio superior generando ojos entrecerrados.6
A. Consonante /
Consonant B. Plano / Flat C. No consonante o invertido
Non-consonant or inverted
ESTÉTICA DE LA SONRISA
Con respecto a los labios existen varios aspectos im-portantes relacionados con la
morfología, la longitud, el ancho, el volumen, la simetría y el grosor.12, 20 La longitud
(distancia entre la base de la nariz hasta el labio) debe ser de 20 a 22 mm en mujeres
jóvenes y de 22 a 24 mm en hombres jóvenes, con la exposición del incisivo es de 3 a
4 mm para las mujeres y de 1 a 2 mm para los hombres.21, 22 Es importante tener en
cuenta que la expo-sición dental con los labios en reposo está directamente
relacionada con la edad ya que con el aumento en esta hay una atrofia muscular la cual
lleva a una disminución en el volumen del labio, pérdida de su arquitectura y
alargamiento del mismo. Como consecuencia ocurre disminución de 1,5 a 2 mm en la
exposición de incisivo superior al sonreír, la sonrisa se vuelve más amplia en sentido
transversal y estrecha verticalmente, producién-dose aumento del corredor bucal.12, 22
In terms of the lips, there exist several important as-pects related to morphology, length,
width, volume, symmetry, and thickness.12, 20 Length (the distance between the nose
base and the lip) must be of 20 to 22 mm in young women, and of 22 to 24 mm in young
men, with an incisor display of 3 to 4 mm in women and 1 to 2 mm in men.21, 22 It is
important to bear in mind that tooth display with lips at rest is directly related to age,
because as it increases there occurs some muscle atrophy which results in lip
reduction, loss of its structure, and consequently, its extension. As a result, there occurs
a decrease of 1.5 to 2 mm in the upper incisor display on smiling, the smile becomes
transversally wider and vertically narrower, thus increasing the buccal corridor.12, 22
In 1978, Tkoat reported this alteration as a loss of upper incisors display and greater
exposure of lower incisors through time. Their study shows that up to the age of 29
approximately 3.3 mm of the upper incisor are displayed with lips at rest, at the age of
39 years 1.5 mm is displayed, at the age of 49. 1 mm is shown, at the age of 59, 0.4
mm, and finally at the age of 60 the incisor is totally covered. Similarly, they reported
that lower incisor display evolves directly proportional to age, it is, while at the age of 29
0.5 mm of the lower incisor is displayed, at the age of 60 this figure increases to 2.95
mm with lips at rest23, 24 (table 1).
Incisivos Incisivos
Edad superiores inferiores
Hasta los
30 3,5 0,5
30 a 40 1,5 1,0
40 a 50 1,0 2,0
50 a 60 0,5 2,5
Más de 60 0,0 3,0
Upper Lower
Age incisors incisors
Up to the age
of 30 3.5 0.5
30 to 40 1.5 1.0
40 to 50 1.0 2.0
50 to 60 0.5 2.5
60 and more 0.0 3.0
Lips length increase in men is usually twice as much as in women;21 nevertheless, this
enlargement is not significant, and subjects with a short lip at the age of 7 will still have
it short until they are 18. Similarly, lip thickness also increases, showing greater increa-
se levels at points A and B than in upper Labralle and lower Labralle.12 Lips width at
smile should be at least half the face width; volume is the variable that generates thick,
medium, or thin lips, and symmetry must be the mirror image of both lips at smile, it is,
having a similar contour.12, 25
In terms of the gum, it is important to take into account first that the relation between the
gingival margins of upper anterior teeth plays an important role in the crown’s esthetic
appearance and therefore in the smile. Four aspects must be considered for its
assessment: in the first place, the margin of the upper central teeth must be at the same
level, the margin of both laterals should be located 1 mm more coronal than that of the
central ones, and the gingival margin of the canines must beat the same level than that
of the central incisors, thus creating the seagull effect26 (figure 6).
Como segundo aspecto el cenith gingival es considerado el punto más apical de los
tejidos gingivales a lo largo del eje longitudinal del diente y está ubicado distal al eje
longitudinal de centrales y caninos, normalmente es coin-cidente con el eje axial de
laterales superiores e incisivos mandibulares.12, 27 Tercero, el margen gingival
vestibular debe imitar la unión cementoamélica de los dientes y finalmente debe existir
papila entre los dientes para que la estética en la sonrisa sea la ideal.25, 27 Como
último elemento la estructura dental tiene un papel importante en la estética de una
sonrisa; las proporciones adecua-das entre la longitud, el ancho, la forma y el matiz de
los dientes entre sí como con sus adyacentes son factores determinantes en el
momento de sonreír.
The average central incisors and canines length in men is 10 mm, in a scale between
7.7 and 11.9 mm, and it is 1 mm smallerin women, while lateral in-cisors are
approximately 1.4 mm smaller in both sexes.26-28 Lateral incisors width is
approximately two thirds the width of the central incisors, which provides the upper
anterior segment with a better esthetics. These size relations between central and
lateral incisors have been called “golden propor-tions”.28, 29 Finally, when referring to
dental matrix, it means the different shades observed in the esthetic zone that directly
influence the perception of an ideal smile.28
EVALUACIÓN DE LA SONRISA
A full evaluation of a smile must include four as-pects:3, 8, 30, 31 the vertical
dimension, which implies assessment of incisor display with lips at rest; the sagittal
dimension, or assessment of incisors overjet and angulation, the oblique dimension,
that includes analysis of the smile arch and the palatal plane direction, and finally the
time factor, which includes aspects such as growth, maturing, and aging (figure 7).
Vertical
Vertical
B. Oblicua C. Sagital /
B. Oblique C. Sagittal
D. Tiempo / D. Temporal
ALTERACIONES EN LA ESTÉTICA
Una relación alterada entre los componentes de la sonrisa (labios, dientes y encía)
puede generar una sonrisa anti-estética, como cuando al sonreír se expone más de 2
mm de encía (línea de sonrisa alta), lo que se denomina sonrisa gingival.6, 24 Esta
alteración es una de las más comunes en la población con prevalencia del 26%6 y
puede ser generada por varios factores:
El primero puede ser el labio superior corto, considerado una alteración de tipo
estructural cuando es causada por su disminución en longitud o una alteración de tipo
funcional si la movilidad se encuentra alterada, con un labio hipermóvil.24, 39 El
segundo sería el exceso vertical maxilar que constituye una alteración volumétrica
esque-lética que tiene varios grados de severidad dependiendo de la cantidad de
exposición gingival al sonreír; grado I si la exposición de encía es de 2 a 4 mm, grado II
si se expone de 4 a 8 mm de encía y grado III si se expone más de 8 mm de encía.24,
40
Por último, las alteraciones en la posición del margen gingival ocasionadas por
erupciones pasivas retardadas definidas con migración apical del margen gingival una
vez la erupción activa del diente termina.6, 24, 40 Algunos autores les atribuyen esta
alteración a los adultos, sin embargo existen pacientes niños y adolescentes que
presentan coronas anatómicas excesivamente pequeñas que deben ser incluidos en de
esta gama de alteraciones.
A distorted relation among the smile components (lips, teeth and gum) may produce an
unattractive smile, as the one that displays more than 2 mm of gum (line of high smile),
which is known as gingival smile.6, 24 This is one of the most common alterations
among the population, with a prevalence of 26%,6 and it may be produced by several
factors:
The first one would be a short upper lip, which is considered a structural type of
alteration when caused by a length reduction, or a functional alteration if mobility is
altered, with a hypermobile lip.24, 39 The second factor would be vertical maxillary
excess, which is a skeletal volumetric alteration with several degrees of severity
depending on the quantity of gingival display at smile: level I if gingival display is
between 2 and 4 mm, level II if 4 to 8 mm of gingiva are displayed, and level III if
showing more than 8 mm of gingiva.24, 40
The third and last factor would be gingival margin position alterations caused by
delayed passive erup-tions with apical migration of the gingival margin once the tooth’s
active eruption is completed.6, 24, 40 Some authors suggest that this alteration is com-
mon in adults only, but there are some children and youngsters with excessively small
anatomic crowns that should be included in this range of alterations.41-44
In 2004, Chu et al classified this type of gingival margin position alteration according to
the level of osseous ridge in relation to the cement-enamel junction. In type IA passive
eruption, the osseous ridge is located apically to the cement-enamel junction, there
exists enough amount of gum ad-hered, and the gingival margin is located incisal to the
cement-enamel junction; characteristics observed in type IIA passive eruption are the
same, but it presents an inadequate amount of keratinized gingiva. Active eruption
types IB and IIB are similarly classified. In active eruption IB, the osseous ridge is
located at the cement-enamel junction and there exists an adequate amount of adhered
gingiva; besides, the gingival margin is located incisal to the cement-enamel junction.
Coslet y colaboradores en 2004 reportan el síndrome de diente corto como una de las
alteraciones en la erupción en la cual la longitud de la corona clínica se encuentra
disminuida causada por un exceso de encía o disminución de estructura dental,
generando falta de exposición del in-cisivo.41, 42 La otra alteración frecuente en la
zona estética son las asimetrías gingivales o alteración de la posición del margen
gingival, en esta situación el paciente demanda tratamiento estético para lograr
adecuada arquitectura a nivel gingival y cumplir con los requisitos expuestos
previamente y reportados por Kokich en 1996.26
It also differs from type IIB in the amount of ke-ratinized gingiva, which is smaller in the
latter. All of these factors must be considered to determine the actual gingival
compromise when little incisor display occurs when smiling.40
In 2004, Coslet et al reported the short tooth syndrome as one eruption alteration in
which coronal length is reduced due to an excess of gum or a reduction of dental
structure, thus producing poor incisor display.41, 42 Other frequent alterations in the
esthetic zone are gingival asymmetries or gingival margin position alterations, a
situation in which the patient requires esthetic treatment to achieve adequate gingival
architecture and to meet the aforementioned requirements, that were reported by
Kokich in 1996.26
Varios son los enfoques terapéuticos que se han repor-tado en la literatura para
corregir las alteraciones en la zona estética durante la sonrisa y que pueden llegar a
demandar un manejo interdisciplinario entre todas las especialidades odontológicas;
una vez identificada la etiología del problema se plantea la posible solución que puede
ir desde tratamiento ortodóncico, tratamiento ortodóntico quirúrgico o cirugía
periodontal. Cuando se está frente ca un caso de alteración en la erupción,40 se
sugiere que el plan de tratamiento debe considerar la cantidad de exposición gingival y
la posición de la cresta alveolar con relación a la unión cemento amélica. El tratamiento
puede ir desde gingivectomía, cirugía de colgajo con osteotomía o sin ella, colgajo
posicionado apical o cirugía periodontal con osteotomía en caso de alteración en la
erupción activa40 (tabla 2).
There are several therapeutic approaches repor-ted in the literature for adjusting
esthetic zone alterations during smile, and they may require the interdisciplinary
participation of all the dental specialties. Once the etiology of the problem has been
identified, a possible solution is suggested, and it may range from orthodontic treatment
to sur-gical orthodontic treatment or periodontal surgery. When dealing with a case of
eruption alteration,40 the treatment plan must consider the amount of gingival display
and the alveolar ridge position in relation to the cement-alveolar junction. Treatment
options may range from gingivectomy, flap surgery with or without osteotomy, apically
positioned flap, or periodontal surgery with osteotomy in case of active eruption
alteration40 (table 2).
Condició
n Etiología Dx Tratamiento
•
Gingivectom
Alteraci El margenMargen ía
ón gingival gingival • Cirugía
no llega alocalizado acon o sin
en la nivel la
erupció adecuado unión osteotomía
n durante cemento- • Colgajo
posicionado
pasiva la erupción amélica
apicalmente
Alteraci La crestaMargen
ón ósea no gingival
se reabsorbe • Cirugía
en la 2 mm localizado periodontal
erupció apicales de laincisal a lacon
n unión unión osteotomía
cemento cemento-
activa amélica amélica
Condition
Passive
eruption
alteration
Active
eruption
alteration
Etiology Dx
Gingival Gingival
margin margin
does notlocated
achieve at the
adequate cement-
level enamel
during
eruption junction
Osseous
ridge Gingival
does notmargin
resorb 2 located
mm apicalincisal to
to the the
cement- cement-
enamel enamel
junction junction
Treatment
Gingivectomy
Orthodontic intrusion
only
Combination of
orthodontics
Level 2 to 4 mm of
I gingival and periodontics
display Orthodontics,
periodontics
and restorative
therapy
Periodontics and
Level 4 to 8 mm of restorative therapy
II gingival
display Orthognathic surgery
Orthognathic surgery
with
Level More than 8or without adjunct
III mm of periodontal
gingival
display
or prosthetic therapy
When the etiology of the esthetic zone alteration is a short upper lip, the literature
reports muscle repo-sition for smile correction, as well as the application of botulinum
toxin as a possible solution, as its pharmacological effect occurs at the neuromuscular
junction and it works by inhibiting acetylcholine release. This results in muscular
paralysis, thus avoiding exaggerated mobility during smile, and finally in a temporary
chemodenervation (temporary inhibition of nervous transmission) at the neuromus-cular
junction without producing physical harm to nervous structures.39, 45, 46
There are several treatment modalities to treat al-terations of gingival margins location,
and the de-cision would depend on an adequate diagnosis; out of the range of
possibilities, Kokich (1993) reports periodontal surgery to correct soft tissue shape,
orthodontic intrusion and extrusion, and restoration of the shortest teeth.26, 47-50
REFERENCIAS / REFERENCES
2009. p. 1-18.
Sarver DM, Ackerman MB. Dynamic smile visualization and quantification: part 2. Smile
analysis and treatment strategies. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2003; 124(2):
116-127.
Beall AE. Can a new smile make you look more intelligent and successful? Dent Clin
North Am 2007; 51(2): 289-297.
Ker D, Chan R. Esthetics and smile characteristics from the layperson´s perspective. A
computer-based survey study. J
Peck S, Peck L, Kataja M. The gingival smile line. Angle Orthod 1992; 62(2): 91-100.
Ackerman MB, Ackerman JL. Smile analysis and design in the digital era. J Clin Orthod
2002; 36(4): 221-236.
David M, Sarver D. The importance of incisor positioning in the esthetic smile: the smile
arc. Am J Orthod Dentofacial
Davis NC. Smile design. Dent Clin North Am 2007; 51(2): 299-318.
Dietschi D. Optimizing smile composition and esthetics with resin composites and other
conservative esthetic pro-cedures. Eur J Esthet Dent 2008; 3:14-29.
Frush JP, Fisher RD. The dynesthetic interpretation on the dentogenic concept. J
Prosthet Dent 1958; 8: 858-881.
Waldrop TC. Gummy smiles: the challenge of gingival
Robbins JW. Differential diagnosis and treatment of excess gingival display. Pract
Periodontics Aesthet Dent 1999;
11(2): 265-272.
Ghosh NR. Facial soft tissue harmony and growth in or-thodontic treatment. Semin
Orthod 195; 1(2): 67-81.
Donitza A. Creating the Perfect smile: prosthetic conside-rations and procedures for
optimal dentofacial esthetics. J
Sarver DM, Ackerman MB. Dynamic smile visualization and quantification: part 1.
Evolution of the concept and dynamic records for smile capture. Am J Orthod
Dentofacial Orthop 2003; 124(1): 4-12.
Erdal SH. Smiles Esthetics: Perceptionand comparison of treated and untreated smiles
Am J Orthod Dentofacial
Orthop 2006;129:8-16.
BU Z. Esthetic factors involved in anterior tooth display and the smile; vertical
dimension. J Clin Orthod 1998; 32:
432-445.
Spear FM, Kokich VG. A multidisciplinary approach to es-thetic dentistry. Dent Clin
North Am 2007; 51(2): 487-505.
Van der Geld PA, Oosterveld P, Van Waas MA, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM. Digital
videographic measurement of tooth display and lip position in smiling and speech:
reliability and clinical application. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop
2007; 131(3): 301-308.
Polo M. Botulinum toxin type A (Botox) for the neu-romuscular correction of excessive
gingival display on smiling (gummy smile). Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop
2008;133(2):195-203.
Chu SJ, Karabin S, Mistry S. Short tooth syndrome: diag-nosis, etiology, and treatment
management. J Calif Dent Assoc 2004; 32(2): 143-152.
Fernández-González RA, Simonneau-Errando, G. Altered passive eruption.
Repercussions on dento-facial aesthetics.
Coslet JG, Weisgold A. Diagnosis and classification of delayed passive eruption of the
dentogingival junction in the adult. Alpha Omegan 1977; 3: 24-28.
Morrowa J, Jonesc N, Wilsona N. Clinical crown length changes from age 12-19 years:
a longitudinal study. J Dent
García M. El diccionario médico interactivo. [en línea] [fecha de acceso enero de 2011];
URL disponible en: http:// www.portalesmedicos.com/diccionario_medico/index.php/
Botox
Kokich V. Gingival contour and clinical crownlength: Their effect on the esthetic
appearance of maxillary anterior teeth.
Allen EP. Surgical crown lengthening for function and esthetics. Dent Clin North Am
1993; 37(2): 163-179.