GUÍA DE ESTUDIO

INGLÉS
V

2019-1

TURNO MATUTINO
MADE BY MARÍA TERESA MARTÍNEZ SILVA
 GUÍA DE ESTUDIO INGLÉS V

Unidad de
INGLÉS V PLAN DE ESTUDIOS 2008
aprendizaje

Área Humanística Nivel 5º semestre

Academia Inglés Turno Matutino

UNIDAD
COMPETENCIA PARTICULAR RAP
DIDACTICA
1-.Reporta en estilo directo e indirecto, lo expresado
por diferentes especialistas respecto a problemas
Utiliza los estilos directo e indirecto, los
ambientales, en un foro electrónico.
1 EL tiempos futuro continuo y futuro perfecto, así
2-.Comenta las posibles consecuencias de los
MUNDO como el vocabulario y las expresiones
problemas ambientales a nivel mundial, en una
NATURAL pertinentes para discutir la problemática
discusión grupal, utilizando los tiempos futuro continuo
ambiental global.
y futuro perfecto.

1-.Describe el mundo de la moda y sus tendencias,

Utiliza los pronombres relativos, adjetivos y utilizando los tiempos futuros y los pronombre
sustantivos compuestos, así como el relativos.
2 MODA vocabulario y las expresiones pertinentes, 2-.Expresa coincidencias y desacuerdos en
para mostrar coincidencias y desacuerdos conversaciones sobre aspectos de la moda en
sobre tendencias de moda y estilo. diferentes países.

1-.Representa conversaciones entre prestadores de

servicios y clientes, en donde se utilicen las preguntas
Emplea el vocabulario, las estructuras y indirectas y need+_ing.
3
expresiones pertinentes para hablar sobre 2-.Expresa su inconformidad acerca de productos o
SERVICIOS
algunos servicios requeridos. servicios, utilizando las estructuras y expresiones
pertinentes.

1-.Expresa deducciones con respecto a sucesos

Usa el vocabulario, las estructuras y
policiacos, utilizando los auxiliares modales.
expresiones pertinentes, para hacer
4 LA LEY Y 2. Narra eventos en los que se cometen infracciones o
deducciones e indicar diferentes grados de
EL ORDEN delitos, utilizando conectores de secuencia, así como
certeza y duda en relación a historias
verbos en infinitivo y gerundio.
policiacas.

 Revisar y comprender lo que se pide en el contenido de la presente guía; apoyarse en

las fuentes de consulta que se recomiendan.
 Retomar los apuntes y explicaciones contenidos en los libros de texto para revisar los
ejercicios de nivel similar a los que son aquí propuestos.
 Acudir a la Academia a resolver las dudas específicas sobre los temas de la guía en
Recomendaciones los horarios designados para cada nivel y con el profesor a cargo. Los horarios de
generales para asesoría están publicados en la Academia durante todo el semestre.
resolver la guía  Acudir con la guía resuelta a la asesoría de revisión final mínimo tres días antes
de presentar el examen.
 Presentarse a hacer el examen oral el día y hora señalados por la academia para
poder cubrir el porcentaje total asignado al examen en cada una de las habilidades.

2
 GUÍA DE ESTUDIO INGLÉS V

 Inscribirse al ETS a través de la página del SAES o en Gestión escolar.

 Presentarse el día y hora establecidos para el examen, la tolerancia de entrada es de
15 minutos después de iniciado el examen.
 Para poder presentar el examen es requisito indispensable traer comprobante de
inscripción del examen con el sello del área Gestión Escolar además de una
Requisitos para identificación oficial con fotografía.
presentar el  Entregar la guía al profesor a cargo de aplicar el examen.
examen (ETS)  En caso de que se empalmen dos exámenes, el estudiante deberá seleccionar que
examen presenta, no existen consideraciones de presentar antes o posterior al horario y
día establecido por la dirección de la escuela.

NOTA: EL RESOLVER Y PRESENTAR LA GUÍA NO ADJUDICA NINGÚN VALOR DE

PUNTAJE EN EL EXAMEN.

FUENTES DE CONSULTA Y APOYO PARA RESOLVER LA GUÍA

Libro de texto TOP GRAMMAR PLUS (intermediate to advanced level)

Dictionary of English Language and Culture (Addison, Wesley. Longman)
Páginas de internet con contenido de cursos o directamente los temas;

http://www.mansioningles.com
https://www.ego4u.com
http://www.edufind.com
http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/
https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/
https://www.e-grammar.org/reported-speech/
http://www.agendaweb.org
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/english-grammar
http://www.englishpage.com/grammar

VOCABULARY

ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

Match 1–10 with a)–j) to make sentences about the environment.

1 We need to reduce our carbon ...... a) power.

2 We need to protect endangered ...... b) resources.
3 Electric cars are environmentally ...... c) footprint.
4 We should encourage sustainable ...... d) pollution.
5 Try not to waste valuable natural ...... e) energy.
6 Let’s look for ways to combat global ...... f) change.
7 We should increase our use of solar ...... g) friendly
8 Humanity’s greatest threat is climate ...... h) species.
9 Banning cars from cities reduces air ...... i) warming.
10 It’s greener to use renewable ...... j) development.

3
 GUÍA DE ESTUDIO INGLÉS V
GRAMMAR

FUTURE CONTINUOUS OR PROGRESSIVE:

USE 1 Interrupted action in the future

Use the Future Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the future will be interrupted by a shorter action in
the future. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.

Ex: I will be waiting for you when your bus arrives.

He will be studying at the library tonight, so he will not see Jennifer when she arrives.

USE 2 Parallel actions in the future

When you use the Future Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both
actions will be happening at the same time. The actions are parallel.

Ex: Tonight, they will be eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time.

While Ellen is reading, Tim will be watching television.

Put the verbs into the correct form (future progressive).

1. At midnight we (sleep) ______________________.

2. I can't meet you tomorrow. My English study group ______________________ (meet) at the Starbucks at the
Student Centre.
3. What classes ______________________ (take, you) next semester?
4. Kathie ______________________ (not, finish) her degree next year. She will need at least one more year.
5. My mother ______________________ (not, do) laundry on the weekend. She ______________________ (play)
golf with her friends on Salt Spring Island.
6. My best friend ______________________ (go) to Iran next month to meet his girlfriend.

FUTURE PERFECT:

USE Completed action before something in the future

The Future Perfect expresses the idea that something will occur before another action in the future. It can also show
that something will happen before a specific time in the future.

Ex: By next November, I will have received my promotion.

By the time I finish this course, I will have taken ten tests.

4
 GUÍA DE ESTUDIO INGLÉS V
Write positive sentences, questions and negative sentences.

1. Jake /will /met /all his friends / then/ by / have /?

________ Jake ___________________ all his friends by then?

2. hope / I / invited / all his friends / have / won´t / he

I hope ____________________________________ .

3. he / have / played / by then / football / will?

________ he ___________________ football ___________________ ?

4. won´t / Mum / made / the sandwiches / have / yet

________________________________________ yet.

5. for / five / years / Jake and Ben / have / will / been / friends

Jake and Ben ____________________________________ years.

REPORTED SPEECH

If we want to say what other people said, thought or felt, we can use the direct or indirect speech.
The direct speech: "I like it," he said. "Irene is late," he thought. "I will pass the exam," she hoped.
The indirect speech: He said he liked it. He thought that Irene was late. She hoped she would pass the exam.
The indirect speech is typically introduced by verbs such as say, tell, admit, complain, explain, remind, reply,
think, hope, offer, refuse, etc. in the past tense.

Examples:

He said (that) he didn't want it.

She explained that she had been at the seaside.

If these verbs are in the past tense, we change the following:

a) verb tenses and verb forms
b) pronouns
c) the adverbs of time and place

Rules for:

 Reported statements
 Reported questions
 Reported commands, requests and advice

En estos links encontrarás la información para revisar el tema completo.

https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/support-files/reported_speech_explanation.pdf
http://www.eslprof.com/handouts/Info/reportedspeechinfo.doc

5
GUÍA DE ESTUDIO INGLÉS V

6
 GUÍA DE ESTUDIO INGLÉS V
Reporting statements 5 She wanted to know _______________________ an
1 Circle the correct option. easier way. (there / be)
1 My brother told me he will met / would meet / was meet
me after work. Reporting wh- questions | imperatives
2 The police officer said she wanted / was wanting /wants 5 Report the questions.
to ask me a few questions. 1 ‘What do you want for dinner?’
3 Lily said she had to / must / has to go but that she They asked me _______________________
would phone me later. She never did. 2 ‘How do you know?’
4 They said we didn’t have to / shouldn’t have /mustn’t She wanted to know _______________________
talk at all during the examination. 3 ‘What time did you finish work?’
5 The man in the office said / says to / told me that they He asked me _______________________
would be closed the following day. 4 ‘How long have you been learning English?’
6 I met Chris on Monday. On Tuesday, he told a friend The first question they asked me was
he had been pleased to see me the day before / the _______________________
following day / yesterday. 5 ‘When were you living in Scotland?’

2 Report the following statements. Reporting verbs

1 ‘I’m tired.’ 6 Choose the correct reporting verb and complete
He said that _______________________ the sentences.
2 ‘I wasn’t listening.’ 1 ‘Don’t come in here!’ (convinced / suggested /
She said that _______________________ warned)
3 ‘You’re working too hard.’ He _______________________
He told me that _______________________ 2 ‘I was wrong about you.’ (admitted / convinced /
4 ‘I’ve finished’ ordered)
She told me that _______________________ She _______________________
5 ‘I’m going to see her tomorrow.’ 3 ‘It’s not as easy as you think.’ (explained /
He told me that _______________________ suggested / threatened)
They _______________________
3 Complete the sentences with one word in each gap. 4 ‘I’ll help you tomorrow.’ (refused / replied / warned)
1 Jo said that she ______ really enjoyed the party. He _______________________
2 He said he didn’t know where my friend ______. 5 ‘I’ll buy you dinner next time.’ (admitted /
3 Toby said that he ______ only need half an hour to get promised / persuaded)
ready. She _______________________
4 We ______ him we just wanted an explanation.
That was all. 7 Complete the reported statements and questions.
5 I asked if I ______ help in any way. 1 I was, like, are you still listening? (asked)
I _______________________
Reporting yes / no questions 2 Fred goes, it’s too much money, but I say, go on –spoil
4 Complete the reported yes / no questions. yourself! (said; encouraged)
1 They wanted to know _______________________ Fred _______________________
come to my party. (her friend / can) 3 My mum was, like, you’d better tidy your room
2 He asked us _______________________ the way to first.(told)
the station. (we / know) My mum _______________________
3 He wanted to know _______________________ busy. 4 Helen was, like, what’s all the fuss about? (wanted)
(I / be) Helen _______________________
4 They asked me _______________________ any
experience with computer programs. (I / have)

7
 GUÍA DE ESTUDIO INGLÉS V
VOCABULARY
FASHION
Complete with the words. There is one extra.
designer patterns high sporty trend-setter outfits fabric smart branded neutral

My friends wear very different styles. Vanessa, who works in a bank, is a 1......................... and has enough money
to wear 2......................... labels and 3......................... fashion accessories. Tania loves clothes with really bright,
bold 4......................... , like big flowers or coloured shapes, whereas Jane likes plain, 5......................... colours.
Bill is really 6......................... and just wears jeans and trainers, while Tim has to wear 7......................... clothes
for the office. Tim shops in 8......................... street shops, whereas Lea buys 9......................... from the market
and makes her own 10......................... with it.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

Relative Pronouns introduce relative clauses. Relative clauses are of two kinds:
DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING

A relative pronoun (or adverb) generally follows and points back to the noun or pronoun it modifies, and like all
clauses, both dependent and independent, relative clauses have a subject and a verb.

Ex. The students who were most impressive graduated with honors.
Ex. It was an experience that influenced my career choice.”

In this sentence, the relative pronoun “that” introduces the relative clause “that influenced my career choice,”
which modifies the singular noun “experience.” The word “that” is the subject of the relative clause and
“influenced” is the verb.

Although a relative pronoun (or adverb) usually introduces a relative clause, in some cases the pronoun follows
a preposition:
Ex. We have many blessings for which we are deeply grateful.

In this sentence, the relative pronoun “which” is preceded by the preposition “for,” clarifying the relationship of
the relative clause to the noun it modifies.

Relative Pronouns used in Defining Relative Clauses

For persons Subject: who that

Object: whom who that
Possessive: whose
For things Subject: which that
Object: which that
Possessive: whose of which

Use for persons: who or that. Who is normally used as a subject.

Ex. The man who robbed you is called Sykes.

Non-Defining Relative Clauses.

They are placed after nouns which are definite already. They do not therefore define the noun, but merely add

8
 GUÍA DE ESTUDIO INGLÉS V
something to it giving some more information about it. They are not essential in the sentences and can be omitted
without causing confusion. They are separated from their noun by commas.

Relative Pronouns
Subject Object Possessive
For persons who whom, who whose
For things which which of which, whose

Use for persons:

Subject: who. Only who can be used. Note the commas:

Ex. My gardener, who is very pessimistic, says that there will be no apples this year.

Object: whom, who. It must always be used and cannot be omitted: whom is the correct form though who is
sometimes used in conversation:

Ex. She introduced me to her husband, whom I hadn’t seen before.

Write a relative pronoun (that, which, who, where, when or whose) to fill each gap.

1. That's the house _______________ I was born.

2. My Auntie Ella, _______________ is a journalist, is coming to visit next week.
3. People _______________ like outdoor activities will love our holidays.
4. The early 1960s, _______________ the Beatles first started, was a very exciting time in popular culture.
5. My essay on Shakespeare, _______________ I found quite difficult, got a really good mark in the end.
6. The Mayans, _______________ lived in Central America, built many stunning temples.
7. That's the girl _______________ brother is in your class.
8. The snake _______________ was in the garden last week belongs to our next-door neighbour.

En estos links encontrarás la información para revisar el tema completo.

https://www.e-grammar.org/download/relative-clauses.pdf
http://www.edu.xunta.gal/centros/iesbeade/?q=system/files/Relative%20Pronouns.pdf

COMPARATIVE/SUPERLATIVE
Complete with the correct comparative or superlative form of the adjectives words.
Add the, than, as, etc., if it is necessary.

1 I think French is slightly ___________________ German to learn. (easy)

2 That was ___________________ film I have ever seen! (bad)

3 I can run a bit ___________________ last year. (fast)

4 Adults don’t need to eat ___________________ kids. (frequently)

5 Liam sings a great deal ___________________ me. (good)

9
 GUÍA DE ESTUDIO INGLÉS V
QUESTION TAGS

Question tags are short questions at the end of statements. They are mainly used in speech when we want to:

Question tags are formed with the auxiliary or modal verb from the statement and the appropriate subject.

A positive statement is followed by a negative question tag.

 Jack is from Spain, isn't he?

 Mary can speak English, can't she?

A negative statement is followed by a positive question tag.

 They aren't funny, are they?

 He shouldn't say things like that, should he?

When the verb in the main sentence is in the present simple we form the question tag with do /does.

 You play the guitar, don't you?

 Alison likes tennis, doesn't she?

If the verb is in the past simple we use did.

 They went to the cinema, didn't they?

 She studied in New Zealand, didn't she?

When the statement contains a word with a negative meaning, the question tag needs to be positive

 He hardly ever speaks, does he?

 They rarely eat in restaurants, do they?

Complete with the correct question tag.

1 The shops haven’t closed yet, 4 Your parents will go to my wedding,

_______________________________? ______________________?
2 Nelly bought that hat last 5 Look at me! I’m beautiful,
year,___________________________? _______________________?
3 We aren’t late, _____________________?

COMPOUND NOUNS

A compound noun contains two or more words that join together to make a single noun. Is a type of compound
word that is used to designate a person, place or thing. The meaning of the new word must be significantly different
than either of its parts. For example, a hot dog (or hotdog) - i.e., a type of sausage typically eaten on a bun - may
be hot, but it's certainly not a dog. The combination of these two words means something entirely different than
the mere combination of the adjective "hot" and the noun "dog," which would refer to an overheated, panting
canine. Observe the difference below:
 I would like to eat a hot dog when we go to the county fair.
 The hot dog was grateful to find a shady spot for a nap.

10
 GUÍA DE ESTUDIO INGLÉS V
The first sentence uses "hot dog" as a compound word, but the second does not. The meaning is quite different
in each sentence, and English speakers have no trouble telling the difference between pets and food.

Forming Compound Nouns

First Word + Second Word = Compound Noun

1. __________________+ board =______________ 9. _________________ + paper = ______________

2. after + ___________ = _______________ 10. over + ______________ = _______________

3. __________________ + fish = _______________ 11. rain + ______________ = _______________

4. _________________ + scraper = _____________ 12. _____________ + quarters = _______________

5. eye + ____________ = _______________ 13. ______________ + lock = _______________

6. fire + ____________ = _______________ 14. cross + _____________ = _______________

7. __________________ + light = _______________ 15. wheel + ______________ = _______________

8. __________________ + up = _______________ Answers:

Road flood news head jelly coat fly

dead bow sky check key chair lid math

COMPLETE WITH THE CORRECT WORDS SO-NEITHER

1.You are late for school. ________________ I.

2. You don't like red skirts. ________________ Jane.
3. My children go to St Johanna’s School. ________________ yours
4. Students were not tired at the end of the day. ________________ the teachers.
5. Vivian can never get rich. ________________ Paul.

En este link encontrarás información adicional para revisar el tema

https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/so-too-neither-either.html

TOO AND ENOUGH

Complete the sentences with TOO, TOO MUCH, TOO MANY or ENOUGH.

1. Be careful, you are carrying _________________ bottles of water!

2. Oh no, I haven’t got _________________ money for a ticket, I can’t go to the concert.
3. Oh good, the dinner is hot _________________ to eat.
4. A major problem is that the modern world is _________________ polluted
5. There is _________________ air pollution in Mexico city.

11
 GUÍA DE ESTUDIO INGLÉS V
MODAL VERBS

Complete the sentences with one of the two choices of modal auxiliaries.

1. You really ___________ watch tv this much. (shall / shouldn‟t)

2. She ___________ be at work, she always works at this time. (must / could)
3. Speak up, I ___________ hear you! (can‟t / couldn‟t)
4. I ___________ hear a word he said. (can‟t / couldn‟t)
5. Andrew ___________ call his wife urgently. (must / shouldn‟t)
6. Thank you for calling Zee Company, how ___________ I help you? (can‟t / may)
7. If I go to New York, I ___________ see the Statue of Liberty. (will / would)
8. If I went to New York, I ___________ see the Statue of Liberty. (will / would)
9. It ___________ happen, but it is very unlikely. (shall / could)
10. Emma ___________ go out tonight, her parents said no. (can‟t / may)

NEED + ING VERB

1. My computer has a very small memory… a. … it really needs tidying up.

2. My car is making strange noises… b. … I think it needs cutting.
3. Your room is such a mess… c. … it needs ironing.
4. The recycling bin is full… d. … it needs emptying.
5. This apple is rotten… e. … it needs throwing away.
6. The grass is getting very long… f. … they need cleaning.
7. Your shirt is very creased… g. … I think it needs servicing.
8. Your shoes are covered in mud… h. … it needs upgrading.

12
 GUÍA DE ESTUDIO INGLÉS V

EMBEDDED (INDIRECT) QUESTIONS

Fill the gaps to make indirect questions 6. “How long does it take to get there?”
1. “Where’s the station?” “Do you know ……………………………………..
“Can you tell me ……………………………....... 7. “Has she reached a decision yet?”
2. “Are you coming to the party?” “Has she told you whether ……………………...
“Can you let me know...………………………..? 8. ”Do you know the capital of Honduras?”
3. “How does it work?” “Do you happen …………………………………..
“Can you explain ………………………………. 9. “Does Annie know about computers?”
4. “What’s the matter?” “I wonder whether …………………………………
“Please tell me …………………………………... 10. “Excuse me. How do you get to the post office
5. “Where are you from?” form here?”
“I’d like to know …………………………………? “Could you tell us ………………………………….

13
 GUÍA DE ESTUDIO INGLÉS V
CAUSATIVE VERBS GET / HAVE

Example: 1. Tomorrow I´m going to the hairdresser´s to get

my hair cut.
2. Yesterday…
_________________________________________________
3. This afternoon…
_________________________________________________
4. Last week…
_________________________________________________
5. Next Saturday…
_________________________________________________
6. The day before yesterday…
_________________________________________________
7. Last year…
_________________________________________________

8. Next week…_____________________________________

En este link encontrarás información para revisar el tema

https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/support-files/causative-verbs-explanation.pdf

VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVE (to) AND GERUND (_ing)

INFINITIVE

After an adjective Example: The new computer is really easy to use.

After certain verbs (with to) Example: He refused to pay the bill.
· afford · expect · manage · refuse
· agree · fail · mean · want
· appear · help (also · offer · wish
· arrange without to) · plan · would like
· beg · hesitate · prepare · would love
· choose · hope · pretend · would prefer
· decide · learn · promise

GERUND

As the subject of a clause Example: Cycling is good for your health.

After a preposition Example: I did my homework before going out.
Verbs followed by Gerund Example: I enjoy cooking.

· admit · can't stand · finish · practise

· advise · deny · keep · suggest
· allow · dislike · mind · waste time
· avoid · enjoy · miss / money
· can't help · fancy · permit

14
 GUÍA DE ESTUDIO INGLÉS V

Exercise – Infinitive or Gerund (Mix). 4.We might go to England next year.

We intend to spend our holiday in England.

1.When you come to the crossroads - stop there.
We intend spending our holiday in England.
Remember to stop at the crossroads.
Both possibilities are correct.
Remember stopping at the crossroads.
5.I wanted to write a letter, but I didn't know what to write.
Both possibilities are correct.
(So in the end, I didn't write one.)
2.Yesterday she read the first pages of her new book.
I tried to write a letter.
She began to read her new book.
I tried writing a letter.
She began reading her new book.
Both possibilities are correct.
Both possibilities are correct.
3.I was talking to Marc. But when my boyfriend came in, I
could not talk to Marc anymore.

I stopped to talk to him.

I stopped talking to him.

Both possibilities are correct.

En este link encontrarás información adicional para revisar el tema

http://vslicey.cv.ua/attachments/article/213/Gerund%20or%20Infinitive.pdf

READING

I. CLOTHES

Clothing is a distinctly human artefact. Even more than the use of tools, it distinguishes humans from the other
creatures on this planet. While there are other creatures which use implements to a greater or lesser degree,
clothing is unique to humanity. Clothing is also uniquely human, in that it serves more than one function. The
basic purpose of clothing was originally utilitarian. By putting on an artificial skin, humans were able to move into
regions where they otherwise would have been unable to cope with the climate. An extreme example of this use
of clothing can be seen among the Eskimos, and other people who live with extreme cold. However, clothing was
not only used for protection from the elements, but has also been a means of displaying one's status and sense
of style for as long as humans have had civilization. Thus clothing also developed in countries where there is no
real practical need for it, apart from the other, very human function of preserving the modesty of the wearer.

Clothing tells us many things about the wearer. It can be used to indicate whether she is a member of a particular
group or organization, the most extreme example of this type of clothing being a uniform. It tells us a lot about the
importance of clothing that the clothes a person was wearing have been, literally, the difference between life and
death. In war, soldiers recognize friends and enemies by their uniforms. Spies may be shot if captured, but if they
go about their business in the uniform of their country, they are regarded as legitimate members of that country's
armed forces.

Uniforms can also be less formal. Anyone who has seen a group of teenagers walking together will have noticed
that their clothing conforms to the standard set by their particular group. Nor are teens the only ones who are
subject to such pressures. It is a rare businessman who does not feel the need to wear a suit and tie. Most
politicians also try to be neat and well-dressed. People who wish to impress others often do so by the selection
of their clothes - sometimes by choosing more expensive versions. This can be seen particularly in the fashion

15
 GUÍA DE ESTUDIO INGLÉS V
industry, where clothing by a particular designer fetches prices which are out of all proportion to the actual
utilitarian value of the material.

The significance of what we wear and how we wear it is, if anything, becoming more rather than less important
as the cultures of the world mix and sometimes come into collision. There have been cases on holiday islands
where the locals have a strict conservative tradition and have been outraged by visitors - especially female visitors
- who wear far less than the minimum that the locals consider decent. The humble headscarf has become a
symbol of conformism to religious values, and some westerners are as affronted by a woman wearing one as
others in the Middle East are upset by its absence. (Yet in medieval Europe, both men and women habitually kept
their heads covered in public, and almost always when outdoors.) Indeed, the signals given by clothing as worn
by men and women have not decreased because many women now wear what were once "men's" garments. For
example today most women are very comfortable wearing jeans. Yet the sight of a man in a dress would raise
eyebrows in most western cultures. For even though the signals given by clothing change over time - the ancient
Romans thought that only barbarians wore trousers - the signals themselves are as strong as ever. It is impossible
not to signal something about yourself in the clothes you wear, for even not trying to say anything is itself a strong
signal.

Therefore, even though we are steadily managing to adjust our micro-environments to temperatures which are as
close to ideal as the human body wants, and even though sexual taboos of undress are being steadily eroded, it
is highly unlikely the will be no use for clothing in our future, unless humanity evolves into a completely new
species.

1. Clothes are uniquely human because they c. To adjust our micro-environment

a. are artefacts d. To avoid indecency
b. have many different functions
c. are made by tools 4. According to the article, uniforms
d. are worn when they are unnecessary
a. are mainly worn by soldiers
2. The author thinks that b. have many functions
c. show membership of a group
a. clothing is an implement d. are always worn by teenagers
b. there is no real need for clothing in some countries
c. clothes are principally for protection from the weather 5. The author suggests that fashion in clothing
d. people will always wear clothes
a. is ridiculous
3. Which of the following does the author NOT give b. is a part of its social function
as a function of clothing? c. is used to show membership of a group
d. makes clothes too expensive
a. To show how wealthy or powerful the wearer is
b. To show the wearer's taste

II. FORENSICS - The Anatomy of Crime

This fascinating exhibition explores the history of ‘forensics’, the application of medical knowledge
to the process of criminal investigation.

A ROOM 1 – The crime scene

Every element at the scene of a crime has to be preserved as potential evidence which can help police discover
exactly what happened and who was involved. Room 1 shows the development of crime scene records. Early
records consisted of sketches showing the rough location and position of the important elements. The invention
of photography enabled much more detailed recording, and in the late 19 th century, cameras supported on very
high tripods above the scene were used to take aerial photos. Scale models also played an important role and,
today, investigators examine video and CCTV footage. The latest equipment uses 3D scanning technology which
provides an incredibly accurate 360-degree virtual analysis.

16
 GUÍA DE ESTUDIO INGLÉS V
B ROOM 2 – The morgue
The first morgues - or mortuaries - in the 19thcentury, were places to display unidentified dead bodies, so that
family and friends could come and identify them. The contemporary morgue is a more clinical, private place where
post-mortem examinations of bodies for evidence – or autopsies - can take place. Conducted by a forensic
pathologist, autopsies usually happen in cases of suspicious death, in order to establish the cause, manner and
time of death. The first forensic autopsy is said to have been requested in 1302, by a judge in Bologna, although
the process of examining dead bodies has actually been practised for millennia. The main instruments and
methods connected with the morgue have not changed much over the centuries. However, new technology now
allows pathologists to do virtual autopsies using a digital touchscreen interface.

C ROOM 3 – The laboratory

The first police crime laboratory was set up in 1910 in Lyon, France, by Edmond Locard. Locard introduced the
‘exchange principle’, considered to be the basis of forensic science. The principle is that ‘every contact leaves a
trace’ – tiny particles of a person’s identity are left at the crime scene, and tiny particles of the crime scene attach
themselves to any person who was there. These particles include fingerprints, blood, hair, skin cells and DNA.
The relatively recent development of DNA profiling gave investigators a far more accurate form of criminal
evidence, compared with the 19th century methods of tracking criminals based on physical characteristics such
as head shape, eye colour and tattoos.

D ROOM 4 – The search

This room focuses on searching for people who have disappeared. In recent years, forensic science has assisted
efforts to locate and identify missing persons after mass disasters, including 20 th century war crimes. Modern
technology plays an important role here. For example, investigators can superimpose a photographic portrait onto
an X-ray photograph of a skull to see if they match. And forensic experts can use 3D computer imaging to recreate
the facial features of unidentified skulls.

In which paragraph (A-D) do we learn that:

1. 1. photographs have been used to find the truth? .....4. 4. drawings were not very detailed? .....
2. 2. a practice has happened for thousands of years? .....5. 5. a new place was established in the 20th century? .....
3. 3. very small pieces move from one thing to another?.....

WRITING

I. You see this announcement in an English-language magazine.

Write your review. Write 140-190 words.

YOU TOO CAN BE AN ART CRITIC!

Have you been to an art gallery lately? Do you have a favourite painting or work of art?
We want you to write a review of an exhibition, installation or a piece of art that you have seen. It could be in a
major gallery, or you could have a print on your wall or a picture on your screensaver. Maybe there’s a sculpture
or a statue in your home town that you’d like to write about. We don’t mind what it is, as long as it’s art.

Tell us what you think of it and why you like it. .........................................................................................

II. Read the question below and write an essay. Use all the notes and give reasons for your
opinions. Write 140-190 words.

The cost of space exploration is very high. We should be spending this money solving the problems we have
created here on Earth.

Write about:
• the benefits of exploring space • problems on Earth • your own ideas ……………………………..
17