]kgvmrsgjaj Kadghkan Iayhr jm Tak Iardhs, Eaduntaj jm Quéigda m Gkcmkgmréa Quéigda

Dursh jm Egsgdhquéigda

UAVGADGÔK JM NA THN]FGNGJAJ DHK NA ZMI\MVAZ]VA

Anardôk Acugrrm, Iargka \aimna iargka.anardhkLukisi.mju.pm
  Bgimkmz Raratm, Akcçngda Basigk akcmngda.bgimkmz6Lukisi.mju.pm
Cumrrmrh Vhsanms, Omnny stmeaky Omnny.cumrrmrhLukisi.mju.pm
]KITI, EQGQ, JAEQ., MA\ Q]GIGDA / GKC. Q]GIGDA D.]. Ngia 1, \mrò

VMT]IMK
Mn hfbmtgvh jm msta prádtgda eum jmtmrigkar mn memdth jm na tmipmratura shfrm na shnufgngjaj jm uk
shnuth ngcmraimktm shnufnm (ádgjh fmkzhgdh mk acua), y dandunar mn danhr jgemrmkdgan jm na shnudgôk
duakjh mstá saturaja, para nh duan sm prmparô uka shnudgôk mk uk iatraz qum a partgr jm a`é sm eum
thia
thiakj
kjhh iu
iumst
mstras
ras a jgjgem
emrmk
rmktm
tmss Z y daja
daja iuiumsmstr
traa sm eu
eumm tg
tgtu
tuna
nakjh
kjh dhk KaH@
KaH@,, prm
prmvg
vgai
aimk
mktm
tm
mstakjargzaja dhk fgetanath jm phtasgh. Imjgaktm mn vhnuimk castajh mk daja tgtunadgôk sm `annô na
iasa jmn ádgjh fmkzhgdh mxpmrgimktan prmsmktm mk na shnudgôk y a partgr jm a`é na ihnangjaj
mxpmrgimktan mk daja iumstra. Dhk nhs jaths jm ihnangjaj (i s) tmipmratura (Z) sm dhkstruyô na
cráegda jm Nk i s vs. 1/Z mn duan pmrigtgô `annar mn danhr jgemrmkdgan jm na shnudgôk dhk na pmkjgmktm jm
na craegda rmsuntakjh
rmsuntakjh ∅@mxp 9 6:767,1 B/ihn y jakjh uk phrdmktabm jm mrrhr jm 6,6:% phr jmemdth
mn duan ms imkhr an =% nh qum gkjgdô qum mstá jmktrh jm nhs paráimtrhs.

\anafras dnavm2 Thnufgngjaj, saturadgôk, mktanpéa jm shnudgôk, prhjudth jm shnufgngjaj.

Gktrhjuddgôk msta apngdadgôk ms usuanimktm utgngzaja mk na

gkjustrga igkmra, jhkjm sm rmqugmrm utgngzar uk
Na shnufgngjaj ms uka prhpgmjaj daradtmréstgda shnvmktm aprhpgajh para hftmkmr na sustakdga
jm nas
nas sust
sustakd
akdga
gass qu
qumm jm
jmpm
pmkjm
kjmkk jm dg
dgmrt
mrths
hs hfbmtgvh shnufnm mk jgd`h shnvmktm
 paráimtrhs jm na tmipmratura y na prmsgôk (para Duakjh uk shnuth jgeédgnimktm shnufnm, sm acgta
mn dash jm nhs casms). Tm mstujga na shnufgngjaj dhk acua `asta qum sm satura na shnudgôk, mn
jm dgmrths dhipumsths dhk mn egk jm mstafnmdmr  mqugngfrgh mstafnmdgjh mktrm na easm sôngja y mn
su kgvmn jm shnufgngjaj mk uk sgstmia dhk uk shnuth mk shnudgôk mstá jajh phr2
shnvmktm h iás. AF(s) ↚ AF(ad)
Mk mn dash jm na mxtraddgôk mstm prhdmjgigmkth \ara mstm prhdmsh na dhkstaktm jm mqugngfrgh ms2
sm utgngza a kgvmn jm nafhrathrgh m gkjustrgan. A
kgvmn jm nafhrathrgh, na apngdadgôk fásgda ms   (1)
 para rmihvmr uka ssustakdga
ustakdga jm uk ngqugjh h jm
uk sôn
sôngjh
gjh imjg
mjgak
aktm
tm na ututggng
ngza
zadg
dgôk
ôk jm uk
shnvm
shnvmkt
ktmm hrcák
hrcákgd
gdhh dh
dhih
ih çtçtmr
mr,, dn
dnhrh
hrheh
ehri
rih,h,
 fmkdmkh, tmtradnhrurh jm darfhkh mk acua. A Mk na mduadgôk (1), aAF(s) 9 1, phr 
kgvmn gkjustrgan sm apngdak mk na rmihdgôk jm dhkvmkdgôk.
mnmimkths kh jmsmafnms mk mn prhjudth egkan, Na dhkstaktm jm mqugngfrgh (Os) sm jmkhigka
 pmrh para msth sm kmdmsgta safmr na daktgjaj jm dh
dhks
ksta
takt
ktmm jmjmnn pr
prhj
hjud
udth
th jm sh
shnu
nufg
fgng
ngja
jajj h
shnvmktm a utgngzar y mn kuimrh jm vmdms qum sm sg
sgip
ipnm
nmim
imkt
ktmm prhju
prhjudt
dthh jm shnuf
shnufgn
gngj
gjaj
aj.. Na
jmfm
kh smmemdtuar mn dgdnh jm rmadtgvhs
jmfm jmspmrjgdgar na mxtraddgôk, ya qum
kg mkmrcéa, adtgvgjaj
jmn shnutha* sm rmnadghka
imjgaktm dhk na ihnangjaj
mn dhmegdgmktm (i s)
jm adtgvgjaj
1
 

]kgvmrsgjaj Kadghkan Iayhr jm Tak Iardhs, Eaduntaj jm Quéigda m Gkcmkgmréa Quéigda

Dursh jm Egsgdhquéigda

δ s , mn duan, a su vmz ms eukdgôk jm Z, \ y na \rhdmjgigmkth mxpmrgimktan

dhiphsgdgôk. Na mduadgôk (1) jmvgmkm mk2
Tm navô y smdô mk na mstuea thjh mn iatmrgan jm
   O 9 δ s . is   *
(6) vgjrgh. Mk uk Mrnmkimymr jm 6=< iN ngipgh,
sm dhnhdô <,3= c jm ádgjh fmkzhgdh y ajgdghkm
Na vargadgôk jm O dhk na tmipmratura a \ aprhxgiajaimktm 1=< iN jm acua
dhkstaktm vgmkm jaja phr2 jmsghkgzaja. Tm danmktô mn sgstmia prmparajh
aktmrg
aktmrghrim
hrimktm
ktm dhk acgtad
acgtadgôk
gôk dhks
dhkstak
taktm
tm `asta
`asta

(  )
∆ nk O 
∆Z   p
9
∅ @ ¼
 VZ 
6
  (4) ushfrmdanmktaigmkth.
ka jgshnudgôk Jm
aktmrg
aktmrghrim
hrimktm
dhinapnshnudgôk
ktm,, (shnudg
(shnudgôk
mta. Tprmparaja
ôk shfrmsat
m mvgtô
shfrmsaturaj
uraja),
a), sm
igjgô 6= iN y sm dhnhdô mk mn tufh jm prumfa.
Jhkjm ∅ @ ¼ ms mn daifgh mstákjar jm mktanpéa
Tm ariô mn mqugph qum sm iumstra mk na egcura
 para mn prhdmsh jm shnudgôk. Na vargadgôk jm O   K¼6 y sm gktrhjubh mk uk fañh jm tmipmratura
gipngda phr takth uk daifgh mk i * y δ s . s
gkemrghr a 6 h 4² D a na tmipmratura mn duan sm
Zhiakjh nhcargtih a na Md. (6) y jmrgvákjhna igjgô na shnufgngjaj jm na iumstra (6= ²D).
dh
dhkk rmsp
rmspmd
mdth
th a Z, nu numc
mchh iunt
iuntgp
gpng
ngda
dakj
kjhh y Tm iaiaktktuv
uvhh na iums
iumstrtraa mk acacgt
gtad
adgô
gôkk ph
phr 
r 
jg
jgvg
vgjg
jgmkj
mkjhh na mxprm
mxprmsg
sgôk
ôk ph
phrr (∆  nk is), m mspadgh jm 6 a 4 igkuths a na tmipmratura mn
gcuanákjhna dhk (4) sm hftgmkm2 duan sm trafabô, iaktmkgmkjh mn mqugph mk mn
¼
 fañh ajmduajh. Numch sm sadô dhk na pgpmta 6
∆ nk O  ∆ nk is ∅ @  JT iumstras sudmsgvas jm 1< iN y sm vgrtgô jmktrh
+1   9

_(   ) Y
∆ Z  Z ,\ ∆ Z   VZ 6   (:) jm Mrnmkimymr ngipghs y smdhs, qum
 prmvgaimktm eumrhk pmsajhs. W sm pmsô
kumvaimktm. Tm vanhrô nas iumstras= jm nhs
Jhkjm ∅ @  JT ¼
  ms mn dandanhr jg
jgem
emrm
rmkd
kdggan jm Mrnm
Mrnmki
kimym
mymrr dh
dhkk na shnudg
shnudgôk
ôk jm KaH@
KaH@ qum
shnudgôk duakjh mstá saturaja a na Z y \ jajas.  prmvgaimktm eum vanhraja dhk fgetanath jm
Duakjh
Dua kjh mn dhme
dhmegdg
gdgmkt
mktmm jm adt
adtgvg
gvgjaj
jaj δ , para mn  phtasgh, usakjh emkhnetanméka dhih gkjgdajhr.
shnuth, daifga ngcmraimktm dhk na Tm rmpgt
rmpgtgô
gô th
thjhjh mn prhdm
prhdmjgjgig
igmkt
mkthh jmsjm
jmsjm na
dh
dhkd
kdmk
mktr
trad
adgô
gôkk dm
dmrd
rdak
akaa a na satu
satura
radg
dgôk
ôk,, mn shnudgôk, para tmipmraturas jm 6<, 1= y 1<² D.
tçrigkh mktrm dhrd`mtms qum va a na gzqugmrja
jm na Md. (:) sm dhkvgmrtm mk na ukgjaj, numch2 m Akángsgs y jgsdusgôk jm rmsuntajhs
gktmcrakjh msta mxprmsgôk, sm tgmkm2
Mk na tafna K¼6 sm iumstra na mstakjargzadgôk
¼ jmn KaH@ 9<.1 dhk mn fgetanath jm phtasgh
nk i s 9 ∖ ∅ @ 
 ( )
 JT  1
+ D   (=) jhkjm sm iumst strra nas vanhradghkms jm
 V Z  dh
dhkd
kdmk
mktr
trad
adgô
gôkk pa
para
ra dadaja
ja iasa
iasa y ca
cast
sthh jm
vhnuimk usajh mk na vanhradgôk. Mk na tafna
h  K¼4 sm iumstra na iasa jmn Mrnmkimymr, iasa
jm MrMrnm
nmki
kimym
mymrr dh
dhkk shshnu
nudg
dgôk
ôk y mn vh
vhnu
nuim
imkk

 ( )
¼
iT ∅ @  JT Z 6∖Z 1 castajh jm KaH@ mk na tgtunadgôk para daja
nk 9
6

  (5) tmipmratura jaja. Mk na tafna K¼: sm iumstra

i T  V
1
Z 6 Z 1
mn kòimrh jm mqugvanmktm jmn ádgjh fmkzhgdh
mk na duan sm dhksgjmra a  @  JT ¼
  dhih  para daja iasa y tmipmratura jaja. Mk na tafna
 K¼= sm iumstrak nhs pmshs jmn Ádgjh fmkzhgdh,
gkjmpmkjgmktm jm na tmipmratura, nh duan ms  pmsh jmn acua y ihnangjaj, jhkjm duya
vángjh cmkmranimktm para shnuths kh ihna
ih nang
ngjaj
jaj eueumm da
dand
ndun
unaj
ajaa na iasa
iasa jmn ád
ádgj
gjhh
mnmdtrhnétgdhs.
 fmkzhgdh y suMkrmspmdtgva
vanhr jajh. na tafna iasa ihnar
K¼5 sm para daja
iumstrak nhs
6
 

]kgvmrsgjaj Kadghkan Iayhr jm Tak Iardhs, Eaduntaj jm Quéigda m Gkcmkgmréa Quéigda

Dursh jm Egsgdhquéigda

ja
jath
thss tmôr
tmôrgd
gdhs
hs jmn
jmn \E c/ c/ih
ihnn (f (fge
geta
tana
nath
th jm
 phtasgh), Κ@JT dan/ihn (tmôrgdh) y \E (c/ihn)
(ádgjh fmkzhgdh)
fmkzhgdh) duyhs vanhrms eumrhk 6<:.16,
6==<< y 166.16 rmspmdt
rmspmdtgvaimk
gvaimktm.tm. Mk na cráegda
 K¼1 sm iumstra mn jgacraia jm shnufgngjaj mk
eukdgôk jm na tmipmratura jhkjm sm iumstra na
jgshnudgôk. Zaifgçk sm vm dnaraimktm qum na
 pmkjgmktm mqugvanm
mq ugvanm a ∖∅ @  JT / V a 35< ii@c.
An tratarsm jm uka mduadgôk ngkman sm hftuvh
uka pmkjgmktm dhk uk vanhr jm —67770.65:3 y
su varg
vargaf
afnm
nm gkjm
gkjmpm
pmkj
kjgm
gmkt
ktmm du
duyh
yh va vanh
nhrr ms
5.=716.
16. Mn % mrrhrrh jm ∖∅ @  JT / V  (tmôrgdh)
imkhs mn ∖∅ @  JT / V  (mxpmrg
(mxpmrgimk
imktan
tan)) eum jm
-6.6:%

Dhkdnusghkms
Mk na Craegda K¼1 sm hftuvh uka durva ngkman
duya pmkjgmktm ms kmcatgva jákjhkhs uka nékma
`adga afabh jhkjm sm pumjm dhkdnugr qum sm
tr
trat
ataa jm uka
uka jg
jgsh
shnu
nudg
dgôk
ôk mk
mkjht
jhtçri
çrigd
gda.
a. Mn %
mrrhr hftmkgjh eum kmcatgvh, msth sm jmfm a qum
mn ∖∅ @  JT  (mxp
(mxpmr
mrgi
gimk
mkta
tan)
n) jg
jghh uk vanhvanhr 
r 
 phsgtgvh imkhr qum mn ∖∅ @  JT  (tmôrgdh). Jmn
kmcatgvh ∖∅ @  JT  (mxp
vanhr kmc (mxpmrg
mrgimk
imktan
tan)) sm
dhkdnuym qum na rmaddgôk ms msphktakma.

Vmemrmkdgas fgfnghcráegdas

1.  @akjfhho he D`migstry akj \`ysgds,

63t` mjgdghk, pufngdadgôk Quéigda Dh.,
Dnmvmnakj, H`gh, 17:4.
6. Dh`mk, \. (mjgthr), Dh`mk, \. (mjgthr),
Iakuan jm ATIM shfrm tmdkhn tmdkhnhcéa
hcéa jmn
acua para sgstmias jm mkmrcéa tçrigda,
Thdg
Th dgmj
mjajaj Ai
Aimrg
mrgda
daka
ka jm Gk Gkcmk
cmkgm
gmrhs
rhs
Imdákgdhs, 1707, pácgka ::6.
4. Cg
Cgnf
nfmr
mrtt S. Da Dast
stmn
mnna
nak?
k? egegsg
sgdh
dhqu
quéi
éigdgda?
a?
smcukja mjgdgôk 1703? ajjgshk wmksnmy
Gfmrhaiçrgda \ác. 67<-674.
:. CaCast
stôk
ôk \h\hks
ks iu
iuzzzzh?
h? eg
egsg
sgdh
dhqu
quéi
éigd
gdaa :¼
mjgd
mjgdgô
gôk,
k, mjmjgt
gthrg
hrgan
an ukukgv
gvmrs
mrsh,
h, \acgk
\acgkas as
656, 654, :50.

4
 

]kgvmrsgjaj Kadghkan Iayhr jm Tak Iardhs, Eaduntaj jm Quéigda m Gkcmkgmréa Quéigda

Dursh jm Egsgdhquéigda

ZAF]NADGHK JM JAZHT W VMT]NZAJHT MP\MVGIMKZANMT2

Zafnas jm jaths mxpmrgimktanms

Zafna K¼12 Dhkjgdghkms mxpmrgimktanms jm nafhrathrgh

\rmsgôk(ii@c) Zmipmratura (D²) %@V  
35< 6< 7:

Zafna 62 Mstakjargzadgôk jmn KaH@9<.1 dhk fgetanath jm phtasgh

Iasa jmn fgetanath( c) Casth jm U1 ( (i
iN) Dhkdmktradgôk dhrrmcgja (K)
<.6: 11.3< <.1<11
<.61 11.<< <.<7::
<.6: 11.4< <.1<:<
 K dhrrmcgja <.<770

Zafn
Zafnaa K¼
K¼42
42 Iasa
Iasa jmn
jmn Mr
Mrnnmk
mkim
imym
ymr,
r, ia
iasa
sa jm Mrn
Mrnmkim
mkimym
ymrr dhk
dhk shn
shnudg
udgôk y mn vhn
vhnui
uimk
mk
castajh jm KaH@ mk na tgtunadgôk.
Iasa jm IasajmMrnmkimymr + Iasa jm shnudghk, Casth,
Z(¼D) Z(O)
mrnmkimymr, S1 (c) shnudghk, S6 (c) S4 (c) U6 (iN)
= 630.1= 34.3017 04.0664 1<.<:<: 1.5
= 630.1= 77.3:34 1<7.077= 1<.1=66 1.=
1< 604.1= 3=.11=1 05.<605 1<.714= 6
1< 604.1= 07.076 77.7056 1<.<7:6 1.7
1= 600.1= 7:.:3=0 1<:.5170 1<.1::< 6.1
1= 600.1= 34.0075 0:.74= 11.<:=: 6.4
6< 674.1= 76.1714 1<6.7144 1<.366< 6.7
6< 674.1= 73.441: 1<3.1:06 7.0150 6.3

Zafna K¼:2 Kòimrh jm mqugvanmktms jmn ádgjh fmkzhgdh.

Iasa jm Iasa jm
Iasa jm shnudghk, Casth, U6 Mqugvanmktms
Z(¼D) mrnmkimymr, S1 Mrnmkimymr +
S4 (c) (iN) jm D5@=DHH@
(c) shnudghk, S6 (c)
= 34.3017 04.0664 1<.<:<: 1.5 <.<<<1=73
= 77.3:34 1<7.077= 1<.1=66 1.= <.<<<1:73
1< 3=.11=1 05.<605 1<.714= 6 <.<<<1775
1< 07.076 77.7056 1<.<7:6 1.7 <.<<<1073
1= 7:.:3=0 1<:.5170 1<.1::< 6.1 <.<<<6<75
1= 34.0075 0:.74= 11.<:=: 6.4 <.<<<6675
6< 76.1714 1<6.7144 1<.366< 6.7 <.<<<607=
6< 73.441: 1<3.1:06 7.0150 6.3 <.<<<657=

:
 

]kgvmrsgjaj Kadghkan Iayhr jm Tak Iardhs, Eaduntaj jm Quéigda m Gkcmkgmréa Quéigda

Dursh jm Egsgdhquéigda

Zafna K¼=2 \msh jmn Ádgjh fmkzhgdh, pmsh jmn acua y ihnangjaj
Iasa jm Iasa jm
Smrnmkimymr  is
Z(¼D) Mrnmkimymr + S shnudgôk (c) D5@=DHH@, S acua (c)
(c) (ihn/oc)
shnudgôk, S6 (c) S: (c)
= 34.3017 04.0664 1<.<:<: <.<17=< 1<.<6<7 <.<1=7
= 77.3:34 1<7.077= 1<.1=66 <.<1067 1<.1447 <.<1:0
1< 3=.11=1 05.<605 1<.714= <.<6:40 1<.0071 <.<104
1< 07.076 77.7056 1<.<7:6 <.<6415 1<.<31< <.<100
1= 7:.:3=0 1<:.5170 1<.1::< <.<6=5< 1<.110: <.<6<3
1= 34.0075 0:.74= 11.<:=: <.<60<: 11.<13: <.<6<0
6< 76.1714 1<6.7144 1<.366< <.<4=4= 1<.5055 <.<631
6< 73.441: 1<3.1:06 7.0150 <.<4671 7.3047 <.<63=

Zafna K¼52 Jaths tmôrgdhs

\E c/ihn (fgetanath jm phtasgh) 6<:.16

Κ@JT dan/ihn (tmôrgdh) 6==<<

\E (c/ihn) (ádgjh fmkzhgdh) 166.16

Zafna K¼32 Vmsuntajhs y % mrrhr

Κ@JT dan/ihn (tmôrgdh) Κ@JT dan/ihn (mxpmrgimktan) %mrrhr  

6==<< 6:767.1 -6.6:

Zafna K¼02 Jaths para na cráegda K¼1

1/Z (O -1) Nk is

<.<<45< -:.147<
<.<<45< -:.61:0
<.<<4=4 -4.777<
<.<<4=4 -4.7366
<.<<4:3 -4.0350
<.<<4:3 -4.03<7
<.<<4:1 -4.5<03
<.<<4:1 -4.=717

Cráegdhs

Cráegda K¼12 Nk is vs 1/Z

=
 

]kgvmrsgjaj Kadghkan Iayhr jm Tak Iardhs, Eaduntaj jm Quéigda m Gkcmkgmréa Quéigda

Dursh jm Egsgdhquéigda

-4.6<

-4.:<

-4.5<
e(x) 9 ∖ 6770.65 x + 5.=7
    T V¶ 9 <.75
   i-4.0<
    N
   k

-:.<<

-:.6<

<.<<4:< <.<<4:= <.<<4=< <.<<4== <.<<45< <.<<45=

-:.:<
1/ Z (O-1)

Egcura K¼6

Aparath para imjgr vargadgôk jm na shnufgngjaj dhk na tmipmratura.

Mbmipnh jm dándunhs

a) Uanhra
Uanhradgôk
dgôk jjmm na shnudgôk
shnudgôk jm KaH@ dhk fgetana
fgetanath
th jm phtasg
phtasgh.
h.

5
 

]kgvmrsgjaj Kadghkan Iayhr jm Tak Iardhs, Eaduntaj jm Quéigda m Gkcmkgmréa Quéigda

Dursh jm Egsgdhquéigda

  #mqugvanmktms KaH@ 9 #mqugvanmktms fgetanath jm phtasgh

 K KaH@ x Ucastajh 9 S fgetanath jm phtasgh
  \M fgetanath jm phtasgh

1.- K KaH@ x 11.3 9 <.6:1:/6<:.16

  K KaH@ 9 <.1<11
  6.- K KaH@ x 11.< 9 <.6:1:/6<:.16
  K KaH@ 9 <.<7::
  4.- K KaH@ x 11.4 9 <.6:1:/6<:.16
  K KaH@ 9 <.1<:<
 
 K KaH@ 9 <.<770

 f) Dándunhs para na iumstra K¼1

 @annakjh mn Sshnudgôk
Sshnudgôk 9 SMrnmkimymr + shnudghk - Smrnmkimymr 
Sshnudgôk 9 04.0664 - 34.3017 9 1<.<:<:

Nhs jmiás rmsuntajhs msták mk Zafna K¼:

 @annakjh mn #mqugvanmktms jmn ádgjh fmkzhgdh

#mqugvanmktmsad.fmkzhgdh 9 # mqugvanmktmsKaH@
#mqugvanmktmsad.fmkzhgdh 9 <.<770x 1.5x1<-4
#mqugvanmktmsad.fmkzhgdh 9 <.<<<1=731

 @annakjh mn pmsh jmn ádgjh fmkzhgdh

#mqugvanmktms 9 Sad.fmkzhgdh 9 <.<<<1=731
  \Mad.fmkzhgdh
 
Sad.fmkzhgdh 9 <.<17=<c

Nhs jmiás rmsuntajhs sm hfsmrvak mk na Zafna K¼=

 @annakjh mn pmsh jmn acua mk na shnudgôk

Sacua 9 Sshnudgôk - Sad.fmkzhgdh
Sacua 9 1<.<:<: - <.<17=< 9 1<.<6<7 c

  Nhs jmiás rmsuntajhs, vmr mk na Zafna K¼=

 @annakjh na ihnangjaj2

- \rgimrh `annaihs
`annaihs mn kòimrh
kòimrh jm ihnms jmn ádgjh
ádgjh fmkzhgdh2
fmkzhgdh2
1.=75x1<-: ihnms
kad.fmkzhgdh 9 Sad.fmkzhgdh 9 <.<17=< / 166.16 9 1.=75x1<
 
Iad.fmkzhgdh

3
 

]kgvmrsgjaj Kadghkan Iayhr jm Tak Iardhs, Eaduntaj jm Quéigda m Gkcmkgmréa Quéigda

Dursh jm Egsgdhquéigda

- @annakjh
@annakjh na ihnangj
ihnangjaj2
aj2

is 9 kad.fmkzhgdh 9 1.=75x1<-: / 1<.<6<7x1<-4 9 <.<1=7 ihn

  Sacua (Oc) Oc

d) Dhk
Dhk nnhs
hs jath
jathss jm
jm is y tmipmratura, dhkstruya na cráeda Nk i s vs 1/Z y `annm mn Κ@ JT .

Jm nhs jaths jm na Zafna K¼= y jmn cráedh K¼1

\mkjgmktm9 -6770.4
Numch2 -6770.4 9 - Κ@ JT V9 1.703dan / ihnxO
  1.703

  Κ@JT 9 6:767.1 dan/ihn

Dhiparakjh
Dhiparakj h mstm vanhr dhk mn tmôrgdh khs ja mn %mrrhr2

6:767.1∖ 6==<<
%mrrhr 9 ¸   ∠¸ x 1<< % 9 -6.6:%
6===<<