Transferencia, Transnacionalizacion y Transformación de Las Políticas Educativas (1945-2018) )
Transferencia, Transnacionalizacion y Transformación de Las Políticas Educativas (1945-2018) )
Transferencia, Transnacionalizacion y Transformación de Las Políticas Educativas (1945-2018) )
Colección Ágora, n. 10
Colección Agora, n. 10
Edita
FahrenHouse
Valle Inclán, 31
37193. Cabrerizos (Salamanca, España)
www.fahrenhouse.com
© De la presente edición:
FahrenHouse
y los autores
Título de la obra
Transferencia, transnacionalización y transformación de las políticas educativas (1945-2018)
Editores de la obra
Mariano González-Delgado, Manuel Ferraz Lorenzo & Cristian Machado-Trujillo
Diseño y composición
Iván Pérez Miranda
Materia IBIC
JN - Educación Pedagogía
JNB - Historia de la Educación
Comité científico
Adelina Arredondo (Autonomous University of the State of Morelos. Mexico); Rosa Bruno-Jofré
(Queen’s University. Canada); Antonella Cagnolati (University of Foggia. Italy); Maria Helena Camara
Bastos (Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul. Brazil); Silvia Finocchio (FLACSO Argentina
/ University of Buenos Aires. Argentina); Tamar Groves (University of Extremadura. Spain); José María
Hernández Díaz (University of Salamanca. Spain); Joaquim Pintassilgo (University of Lisbon. Portugal);
Simonetta Polenghi (Catholic University of Milan. Italy); Guillermo Ruiz (University of Buenos Aires.
Argentina); Marta Ruiz Corbella (National Distance Education University. Spain); Carmen Sanchidrián
Blanco (University of Málaga. Spain); Roberto Sani (University of Macerata. Italy); Jesús Valero Matas
(University of Valladolid. Spain)
Esta investigación se ha llevado a cabo bajo el marco de los proyectos de los proyectos de investigación
titulados Modernización, desarrollo y democratización. El papel de las potencias europeas occidentales y
de las organizaciones internacionales en el cambio político y social en España, PGC2018-097159-B-I00.
Índice
PANELS
1. De lo nacional a lo internacional en el
campo de la Historia de la Educación
1
Esta investigación se ha llevado a cabo bajo el marco del proyecto de los proyectos
investigación titulados Modernización, desarrollo y democratización. El papel de las
potencias europeas occidentales y de las organizaciones internacionales en el cambio
político y social en España, PGC2018-097159-B-I00 y Economía, patriotismo y ciudadanía:
La dimensión económica de la socialización política en los manuales escolares españoles
desde el Tardofranquismo hasta la Transición, EDU 2016-78143-R.
de todo un debate que afectó también a los estilos de vida y los valores de
las sociedades occidentales. De esta forma, la Guerra Fría afectó también a
la puesta en marcha de nuevos conocimientos sobre los estudios sociales
en las escuelas norteamericanas (Evans, 2011) y en otros países (Martín
García, 2013). El objetivo era socializar determinados conocimientos
acerca de las virtudes que presentaban los modelos de convivencia en las
sociedades occidentales (Gilman, 2003).
Por otro lado, el contexto abierto por la Guerra fría modificó por
completo la forma en que se habían establecido hasta la II Guerra Mundial
los procesos de Diplomacia Pública entre los diferentes países. Nuevas
instituciones o agencias de cooperación internacional surgieron a partir
del impacto geopolítico generado durante esta época. Así, podemos
observar en la actualidad interesantes estudios que señalan cómo a través
de agencias como la United States Agency of International Development
(USAID), se desplegaron una cantidad notable de ayudas económicas
en Latinoamérica para la puesta en marcha de políticas educativas
encaminadas a la búsqueda del desarrollo económico y la modernización
de los países en vías de desarrollo (Lindo-Fuentes & Ching, 2012). Por
tanto, otra línea de investigación abierta en los últimos años ha sido
aquella que se ha dedicado a investigar el impacto que la propia Teoría
de la Modernización ha tenido en la definición de las políticas educativas
de los países a nivel mundial (Lindo-Fuentes, 2009; Martín García, 2015;
Snider, 2020).
Pero no sería la USAID la única ni la principal institución que desarrollase
programas educativos a nivel mundial e intentase desarrollar las Teorías de
la Modernización en diferentes áreas geográficas. Una de las instituciones
que mayor relevancia ha tenido en los procesos de transferencia educativa
durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX ha sido, sin lugar a dudas, la
UNESCO. En los últimos años, ha aparecido una cantidad importantísima
de trabajos que se han dedicado a investigar el impacto del citado
organismo internacional en diferentes países. No sólo se han analizado
los debates y las direcciones de la UNESCO en torno a la transferencia de
las Teorías de la Modernización (Graham, 2006; Dorn & Choodse, 2012).
Tampoco se han detenido de manera exclusiva en esclarecer su influencia
en la construcción y ampliación de los sistemas educativos en los países
africanos o asiáticos (Mikobi Dikay, 2016). Otros aspectos que también han
sido analizados de manera notable dentro de la Historia de la Educación
lo constituyen los programas de la UNESCO en torno al desarrollo de
programas educativos como la modernización de los manuales escolares
en torno a la comprensión internacional (Nygren, 2011; Kulnazarova &
Ydesen, 2017; González-Delgado, 2018) o la importancia en la transmisión
3. Estructura de la obra
4. Referencias bibliográficas
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Madrid: Morata.
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Mariano González-Delgado
[email protected]
Universidad de La Laguna. España
Cristian Machado-Trujillo
[email protected]
Universidad de La Laguna. España
Education, today, is accepted all over the world as the bedrock of any
meaningful development, most especially basic education which is the very
foundation upon which other levels are built. Literature is replete on the
arrival of various missionary bodies in Nigeria between September 1842
and 1860 and the introduction of western education (Otonti 1965; Fafunwa
1974; Taiwo 1980, and Ukeje & Aisiku 1982). The coming of these various
missions was the beginning of basic education in Nigeria. This was because
their primary objective was to convert Africans to Christianity, noting they
could not spread the gospel effectively if the people do not understand their
language. Sound education was not their primary aim; they just needed to
train at least some people that will be their support staff in the propagation
of Christianity - interpreters, cooks, messengers, and Catechists. Therefore,
the establishment of schools was a sine qua non to their missions; mission
stations were always followed by the opening of primary schools. As
the first manager of basic education in Nigeria between 1842 and 1882,
the missionaries had no written/formal education policy, curricula and
other elements were largely determined by each denomination to suit
their needs, and each mission did what it deemed fit. Nevertheless, the
basic curriculum consisted principally of the four Rs: Reading, Writing, (A)
Rithmetic and Religion (Fafunwa, 1974). By 1882 the colonial government
became the manager of education through the 1882 Education Ordinance.
This was because the school products that were being employed as clerks,
messengers and interpreters could not live up to the expected standard.
Subsequently, other education ordinances were promulgated in 1887, 1916,
and 1926 to further put basic education in sound footing.
“The Richard Constitution of 1946”, according to Osokoya (1987:16),
“started to put Nigeria firmly on the path to political independence”.
This constitution divided Nigeria into three regional administrative units
- West, East and North. By 1951, the Macpherson’s constitution gave
each region power to legislate and make laws on several issues including
education. Hence, the promulgation of the 1952 Education Ordinance
which empowered each of the regions to develop its educational policies
and systems (Taiwo, 1980; Fafunwa, 2004), the Colonial Education Board
was then abolished, and basic education management became the
responsibility of the regions. Nationalist pressures for better education and
conditions of life led to Nigeria’s political independence on October 1,
1960, and since then, the formulation of policies and management of basic
education has been done by Nigerians with support from Development
Partners. The consensus after independence was the need to overhaul
the education system by doing away with contents that are not relevant to
the needs of society. This led to the 1969 curriculum conference with its
outcome thoroughly examined and published as the first National Policy
on Education (NPE) in 1977. The policy has been subsequently revised in
1981, 1998, 2004, 2008 and 2014. In the contextual framework of basic
education as a right for all, this paper has focused its discussion on the six
editions of the NPE paying particular attention to basic education policy
implementation and management in Nigeria after independence. The
paper discussed what basic education means in different editions of NPE
showing the transformation over the years. It also presented the activities
during each policy era and managers of policy implementation, identified
the issues and discussed the way forward.
The NPE 1977, 1981 and 1998 had separate headings for pre-primary
education, while the 2004 edition had Early Childhood/pre-primary
education as a separate heading. From the table, the 2008 and 2014
editions extended their definition to include Early Childhood and pre-
primary, primary and junior secondary education. It is only in the 2008
edition that pre-primary was called nursery school.
* UBEC (Universal Basic Education Commission) SUBEB (State Universal Basic Education
Board) NERDC (Nigerian Educational Research and Development Council) NPEC (National
Primary Education Commission)
In the latest edition of NPE - 2014, it was stated that; the Federal
Government instituted a Universal Basic Education (UBE), for purposes of
policy coordination and monitoring, with the following objectives;
a. Development in the entire citizenry a strong consciousness states in
clear terms that primary education is the key to the success or failure of
the whole system for education and a strong commitment to its vigorous
promotion;
b. The provision of compulsory free and universal basic education for
every Nigerian child of school age;
3. The Issues
11. References
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school-children-ubec.html
Akanbi, G. O. (2017). Changing bodies, degenerating output: phases
of Basic Education in Nigeria from 1914 to 2014. Education History
Notebooks, 16(1), pp. 180-195.
1. Introducción
3. Conclusiones
4. Referencias
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watch?v=KB6RbYWfzk0. Consultado 5 de junio de 2017.
Walsh, C. (2013). Pedagogías decoloniales: Prácticas insurgentes de resistir,
(re)existir y (re)vivir. TOMO I. Quito, Ecuador: Ediciones Abya-Yala.
1. Introducción
1
Segunda provincia más populosa de Argentina después de Buenos Aires.
control, demanda analizar los efectos (Ball, 2015) que los cambios en los
procesos de evaluación -tanto de los alumnos, como en las evaluaciones
externas- tienen en el trabajo docente. En este sentido consideramos
que estos instrumentos de regulación de tipo posburocráticos (Barroso,
2005) tienen el objetivo de flexibilizar el régimen académico y generar
condiciones para garantizar la obligatoriedad del nivel de enseñanza.
Entendemos que tal flexibilización puede ser interpretada como la
respuesta de la política educativa (NRA) para alterar el histórico formato
homogéneo de la escuela secundaria; sin embargo, tales propuestas de
reforma acontecen en el día a día escolar bajo dinámicas que tensionan
los objetivos declarados por la política.
2
El ciclo lectivo empieza en el mes de marzo en Argentina.
hay “docentes taxi”3 por tanto pueden aportar tiempo de calidad, tienen
escuelas y recursos adecuados. Como tratando de colocar a este directivo
en Argentina otro docente exclama.
Profesor- el desafío es nuestro para llegar con los chicos, pero después
desde arriba siempre nos piden el número, ahora es el 7
Profesora- Es una locura esto, estoy enloquecida tomando recuperatorios
de todos los temas. No di ni la mitad del programa, los chicos no vienen a clase
y quieren que vengan a trayectoria asistida y al turno que les toca. Y los tutores
brillan por su ausencia
Profesor- Pero eso es una incoherencia nos piden que contextualicemos, pero
esa profe de biología que trabajo sobre las plagas y que los chicos aprendieron,
en la prueba Aprender le tiene que haber ido muy mal porque no dio nada de lo
que tenía que dar.
Director- Yo siempre les dije no me interesan los resultados del Aprender,
lo tomamos como algo para aprender y demandar condiciones y recursos para
mejorar.
Profesor- Pero la diferencia está y el de la escuela privada si tuvo buenos
resultados porque vio la curricula.
3
Docente que se traslada por varias escuelas en su jornada laboral.
4
Video titulado: La Superación Del Águila - Motivación y Superación Personal
Disponible en: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1zn1LZrfZ1s
3. A modo de cierre
4. Referencias
Ball, S. (2015). La educación y la tiranía de los números. En Monarca, H.
(Ed.), Evaluaciones externas. Mecanismos para la configuración de
representaciones y prácticas en educación (pp. 9-13). Buenos Aires:
Miño y Dávila.
Barroso, J. (2003). A escola publica, regulação, desregulação, Privatização.
Porto: ASA.
Barroso, J. (2005). Liderazgo y autonomía de los centros educativos. Revista
Española de Pedagogía, 63(232), pp. 423-441.
Bocchio, M. C.; Miranda, E. (2018) La escolaridad secundaria obligatoria en
Argentina: Políticas para la inclusión social y educativa en la escuela.
Revista Educación, 42(2), pp. 1-16 En: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.
oa?id=44055139037
Silvia Grinberg
[email protected]
Universidad Nacional de Quilmes y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones
Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Argentina
1. Introdução
2. Síntese
1
Lei Estadual n° 13.273, de 15 de Julho de 2007.
Indicadores educacionais
4. Conclusões
5. Referências
Andrade, E. de C. (2008). “School accountability” no Brasil: experiências e
dificuldades. Rev. Econ. Polit., 28(3), pp.443-453.
Azevedo, J. M. L. de (2001). A educação como política pública. Campinas,
SP: Autores Associados.
Cabral Neto, A. & Castro, A. M. D. A. (2011). Gestão escolar em instituições
de ensino médio: entre a gestão democrática e a gerencial. Educação
& Sociedade, 32(116), pp. 745-770.
Valéria Figuerêdo
[email protected]
Gerente regional de educação da Mata Sul de Pernambuco. Brasil
Charles Dorn
1. Introduction
In 1975, the United Nations, under the auspices of its Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and Environment Program (UNEP)
established the International Environmental Education Program (IEEP).
IEEP was the first coherent, global program for environmental education
articulated at the international level and supported by hundreds of
governments and non-governmental organizations. For two decades, the
program aimed to fulfill goals ascribed to it by the international community
and fostered communication between that community’s members through
Connect, the UNESCO-UNEP environmental education newsletter.
Between 1975 and 1995, IEEP was largely responsible for transforming
the purpose of environmental education across the globe. Initially charged
with fulling responsibilities in the field of environmental education similar
to those UNESCO had pursued more broadly for decades, such as
facilitating international networks for exchange of educational information,
IEEP soon became infused with the concept of the “human” or “total”
environment. Developed across a series of conferences, beginning
with the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held
in June 1972 in Stockholm, Sweden, continuing with the International
2. Summary
IEEP grew directly out the United Nations Conference on the Human
Environment held in June 1972 in Stockholm, Sweden.1 This landmark
event in the history of international environmentalism was, according to
historian John McCormick, “the first occasion on which the political, social,
and economic problems of the global environment were discussed at an
intergovernmental forum with a view to actually taking corrective action”
(McCormick, 1989, p. 88). The conference produced a Declaration on the
Human Environment, a list of Principles, and an Action Plan consisting of
109 recommendations. Recommendation 96, which directly addressed
education, stated:
1
On the Stockholm conference, see Caldwell (1996), Chapter Four and McCormick
(1989), Chapter Five.
Among the reasons the Stockholm conference was significant for the
environmental movement, McCormick notes that the gathering “confirmed
the trend towards a new emphasis on the human environment (McCormick,
1989, p. 104). For decades, concern for the environment had revolved
around protecting flora and fauna and conserving natural resources. By
1972, however, a global environmental revolution (the beginning of
which historians often mark in the United States with the 1962 publication
of Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring) led many to conclude that saving the
environment meant addressing not just the scientific sphere of the natural
world but its ecology, including the political, economic, social, and cultural
spheres comprising the human environment.
This “new environmentalism” had the potential to substantially
transform the education projects regarding the environment that UNESCO
had been pursuing for almost three decades. Instead, the specific
responsibilities Recommendation 96 assigned UNESCO and UNEP were
very much aligned with the former organization’s previous efforts. For
instance, while the recommendation indeed described the need to educate
the “ordinary citizen” as to “the simple steps he might take” to “manage
and control his environment”—an obvious reference to the ecology of
the human environment—in most cases the responsibilities detailed in
Recommendation 96 amounted to little more than extending already-
existing UNESCO projects into the field of environmental education
(UNESCO, 1972, p. 9).
Subsequently, a UNESCO report describing the impact of the
Stockholm conference on the organization observed that Recommendation
96 had “relatively minor implications” for UNESCO’s education-related
work. “Considered as a whole,” it noted, “Unesco’s programme in
educational training in relation to the environment embraces the kinds of
activities recommended by the United Nations Conference on the Human
Environment” (UNESCO, 1972, p. 10). The one exception, the report
claimed, was “the opportunity and the obligation to serve a catalytic role
in the development and execution of the kind of co-operative, interagency
‘international programme in environmental education’ envisaged by
the recommendation” (UNESCO, 1972, p. 11). Over the next two and a
half years, UNESCO took advantage of this opportunity and fulfilled this
obligation by developing, in coordination with UNEP, the International
Environmental Education Program.
IEEP launched in January 1975 under the direction of William Stapp,
an American biologist on the faculty of the University of Michigan who
was interested in effectively teaching about the environment at both the
secondary and collegiate levels (Gough, 2001, p. 19-20). In keeping with
4
The Belgrade Charter: A Framework for Environmental Education, 22 October 1975, 1.
The Belgrade Charter: A Framework for Environmental Education, 22 October
5
1975, 2.
6
The Belgrade Charter: A Framework for Environmental Education, 22 October 1975, 4.
3. Conclusion
7
Connect: UNESCO-UNEP Environmental Education Newsletter, 3, No. 1, January
1978, Paris: UNESCO, 2.
4. References
Caldwell, L. K. (1996). International Environmental Policy: From the Twentieth
to the Twenty-First Century. Durham: Duke University Press.
Connect: UNESCO-UNEP Environmental Education Newsletter, 3, No. 1,
January 1978, Paris: UNESCO, 2.
Gough, A. (2001). For the Total Environment: Bill Stapp’s Contribution
to Environmental Education. Australian Journal of Environmental
Education, 17, pp. 19-24.
McCormick, J. (1989). The Global Environmental Movement: Reclaiming
Paradise. London: Belhaven Press.
Stapp, W. B. (1969). The Concept of Environmental Education. The Journal
of Environmental Education, 1(1), pp. 30-31.
UNESCO (1972). UNESCO General Conference, Seventeenth Session,
Report on the Work of the United Nations Conference on the Human
Environment and its Implications for UNESCO. Paris: UNESCO.
UNESCO-UNEP Environmental Education Newsletter, 1, No. 1, January
1976, Paris: UNESCO.
Charles Dorn
[email protected]
Bowdoin College. USA
Lia Machado Fiuza Fialho, José María Hernández Díaz & Vitória Cherida Costa Freire
1. Introdução
1
Entende-se por educação formal àquela concebida de maneira intencional,
sistemática, com objetivo preestabelecido, geralmente fomentada por instituições
específicas para essa finalidade (LIBÂNEO, 2002).
Eu gosto muito de tocar nesse assunto da raiz, porque é algo que mexe
muito com o que sou hoje. Minha mãe engravidou de mim aos dezenove anos,
eu acho. E ela pensou em me abortar duas vezes, porque meu pai disse pra ela,
assim que soube que ela estava grávida de mim, que não queria mais ela, e que
só voltaria se ela me abortasse. Ela ainda tentou me abortar duas vezes usando
remédios naturais e também químicos, e eu não saí, né?! (José Neta, Fortaleza,
05/05/2018).
[...] quando eu nasci minha mãe não teve condições de me criar no interior
do Cedro e foi morar em Fortaleza, deixando-me com minha vó. Minha vó cuidou
de mim até os 16 anos e faleceu. Mas [...] ela cuidou muito bem (José Neta,
Fortaleza, 05/05/2018).
Eu fui abusado aos cinco anos de idade por um parente da família, isso que
conturbou toda a minha vida, porque eu não sabia o que fazer, até porque minha
família bebia. Meu tio bebia, minha avó bebia, meu avô bebia. Era uma família
de alcoólatras, que bebiam todo dia e quase todo dia tinha uma confusão (José
Neta, Fortaleza, 05/05/2018).
Comecei [...] a aflorar minha sexualidade, a saber que eu não era parecido
com as outras pessoas, eu comecei a ser excluído na escola e a apanhar dentro
de casa, porque eu comecei a dançar como menina, brincar de boneca com as
meninas e a passar batom escondido. (José Neta, Fortaleza, 05/05/2018).
3. Considerações Finais
4. Referências
Alberti, V. (2003). O fascínio do vivido, ou o que atrai na História oral. Rio de
Janeiro: CPDOC.
Amado, J.; Ferreira, M. M. (eds.) (2006). Usos e abusos da História oral. Rio
de Janeiro: FGV.
Burke, P. (2010). A escola dos Annales (1929-1989): a revolução francesa
da historiografia. São Paulo: Editora Unesp.
Certeau, M. (1982). A escrita da história: novas perspectivas. Rio de Janeiro:
Forenze-Universitária.
Dosse, F. (2009). O desafio biográfico – Escrever uma vida. São Paulo: USP.
Foucault, M. (1997). Microfísica do Poder. Rio de Janeiro: Graal.
Gohn, M. da G. (1995). História dos movimentos e lutas sociais: a construção
da cidadania dos brasileiros. São Paulo: Loyola.
Le Goff, J. (2003). História e memória. Campinas: Unicamp.
Libâneo, J. C. (2002). Pedagogia e pedagogos, para quê? São Paulo: Cortez.
Loriga, S. (2011). O pequeno x: da Biografia à História. Belo Horizonte:
Autêntica.
Oliveira, M. R. G. de (2017). O diabo em forma de gente: (r)existências de
gays afeminados, viados e bichas pretas na educação. 2017. 192 f. Tese
(Doutorado em Educação). Universidade Federal do Paraná: Curitiba.
Petry Meyer, A. R. (2011). Dagmar Elisabeth Estermann. Transexualidade
e heteronormatividade: algumas questões para a pesquisa. Textos &
Contextos, 10(1), pp.193-198.
Rangel, M. (2010).A diversidade e a reivindicação de direitos nos movimentos
sociais. Revista da FAEEBA-Educação e Contemporaneidade, 19(34),
pp. 39-47.
Souza, Heloisa A de; Bernardo, M. H. (2014). Transexualidade: As
consequências do preconceito escolar para a vida profissional. Revista
Bagoas-Estudos Gays: Gênero e Sexualidade Natal, 8(11), pp. 157-175.
Souza, R. G. de. (2002). Maternidade solitária: relatos de mães solteiras de
classe populares. 2002. 164f. Dissertação de Mestrado. Curso de Pós-
Graduação em Psicologia, Universidade de São Paulo: São Paulo.
Angelo Gaudio
Those that today are classics of standard sociology for us, such as
the works of Marzio Bbarbagli on intellectual unemployment and the
Italian school system (Barbagli, 1974) and his anthologies of sociology
of education (Barbagli, 1972; Barbagli, 1978), are classified as radical
sociology.
What was being targeted even before the reformist optimism was
explicitly the anthropological optimism behind any reform program the
attitudes of the operators, that is, those who manage the training systems,
are conditioned by different perspectives, the qauli cannot be easily
modified. A man of the Church, Cardinal Michele Pelllegrino, speaking of
the Council to the Danish journalist Emmanule Rudbeck affirmed that «The
Council demands a change of radical mentality, not easy for us who have
such a different formation: we can say that this change is difficult for those
over forty». The same argument applies, and perhaps even more so, in the
field of teachers: one can say what one wants but they have been trained
as «scholars of a discipline which, in some way, transmit to others. A global
pedagogical vision they cannot have it // given their type of training, nor
could they, having it, apply it to the type of institution in which they operate
and the types of services that are required of them» (Gozzer 1975, p. 116-7).
Those that Barbagli had denounced as “vestals of the middle
class”(Barbagli Dei 1969 ), professors linked to the model of classical elitist
school, became a sort of force majeure of possible political decisions,
giving rise to a sort of conservative populism; the pedagogical version of
the silent majority embodied in the public opinion that had its eponymous
hero in Indro Montanelli. Must be emphasized the connection between
opposition to church reform and opposition to school reform; something
like an Ivan Illich on the contrary.
The last volume (Gozzer, 1980) devotes a particular attention was
paid to the events of the schools council of the schools reformed by the
1974 delegate decrees and the interweaving of reforms and dynamics
of movements and the policy that had developed in those years. Gozzer
referring to (Cascioli, 1980), based on the reports of the Censis, while noting
the crisis of participation, he stressed that it was the reaction to an excess
of expectations but also that there was still a wide unexpressed potential.
The conclusion takes on the tones of a very politicized philosophy
of history: The explosive mixture that threatened to completely blow up
the scholastic santabarbara is therefore in approximately equal parts
constituted by the «retrivo» attitude connected to the Marxist and socio-
utopian matrix populism (the refusal of modernization) and, on the opposite
side, of the excess of modernization, that is the introduction in the mixture
of the most advanced (and often utopian-futuristic) recipes proposed by
1. References
Barbagli, M. (1982). Disoccupazione intellettuale e sistema scolastico
in Italia, Il Mulino 1974 english ed. Educating for unemployement.
politics labour markets and the school system 1859-1973. New york:
Columbia Univeristy Press.
Barbagli, M. (ed.) (1972). Scuola potere e ideologia. Bologn: Il Mulino.
Barbagli, M. (ed.) (1978). Istruzione, legittimazione e conflitto. Bologna: Il
Mulino.
Barbagli, M. (1969). Le vestali della classe media. Bologna: Il Mulino.
Cascioli P. (1980). Il distretto scolastico: proposte operative. Brescia: La
Scuola.
Gozzer, G. (1975). ll capitale invisibile: 25 rapporti sull’educazione: 1970-72:
La ristrutturazione scolastica, 1973-75: la destrutturazione scolastica.
Roma: Armando.
Gozzer G. (1980). Il capitale invisibile : l’epoca dei ripensamenti, 1977-
1980. Roma: Armando.
Gozzer, G. & Valitutti, S. (1978). La riforma assurda: La scuola secondaria
superiore da G. Gentile a M. Di Giesi. Roma: Armando.
Nuovi indirizzi dell’istruzione secondaria superiore. Atti dell’incontro di
esperti convocato dal Governo italiano in collaborazione con l’OCSE-
CERI (Frascati, Villa Falconieri, 4-8 maggio 1970), Centro Europeo
dell’Educazione. Frascati: Tipografica Laziale, 1970.
Cappa, C. (2018). Comparative studies in education in Italy. Heritage and
transformation. Comparative Education, 54(4), pp. 509-529.
Caruso, Rury, J. L. & Tamura, E. H. (ed.) (2019). The History of Transnational
and Comparative Education, Handbook of History of education. Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
De Giorgi, F. & Gaudio, A. (eds.) (2019). Manuale di storia della scuola
italiana. Dal Risorgimento al XXI secolo, Udine: Pruneri Scholè.
Angelo Gaudio
[email protected]
Università degli Studi di Udine. Italy
Mattia Granata
1. Riferimenti
Alacevich, M. & Granata, M. (2019). Sviluppo e istruzione. Ocse e Sud
Europa nel progetto regionale mediterraneo. Contemporanea, 2, pp.
225-256.
Blaug, M. (1968). Economics of education 1-2. Penguin: Londra.
Brent Edwards, C. D. & Storen, I. (2017). The World Bank and educational
assistance. In Oxford Research Encyclopaedia of Education.
De Rita, G. (1958). Formazione del personale nel mezzogiorno d’Italia.
Roma: Svimez.
Elfert, M. (2013). The educational work of UNESCO: between idealism and
functionalism, University of British Columbia, May, 2013.
Gaudio, A. (2018). Comparative Education Discourse In Italy After Wwii:
The Case Of Giovanni Gozzer. Rivista di storia dell’educazione, 2, pp.
17-28.
Granata, M. (2019). Oece, Svimez e programmazione economica in Grecia
nel dopoguerra. Italia Contemporanea, 290, pp. 11-41.
Granata, M. (in pubb.) Investimenti per lo sviluppo: i progetti pilota in Epiro
e Sardegna
Huber, V. (2016). Planning education and manpower in the middle east,
1950s-60s. Journal of Contemporary history, 52(1), pp. 95-117.
Medici, G. (1959). Introduzione al piano di sviluppo della scuola. Roma:
Minstro Della Publica Istruzione.
OECD (1961). Economic growth and investment in education. Paris: OCDE.
OECD (1962). Policy conference on economic growth and investment in
education. Washington 16th-20th October 1961, I Summary report and
conclusions keynote speeches, Paris: OECD.
OECD (1962). Policy conference on economic growth and investment in
education, III , The challenge of Aid to Newly developing countries.
Papers by Professor A. Lewis,Professor F. Harbison, Professor J.
Mattia Granata
[email protected]
Università degli Studi di Milano. Italia
1
This research was carried out in the framework of the research project: Societal
Transformation in Conflict Contexts (TRANSFORM) financed by Research Council of Norway.
imaginary with the 1960s and the conflict on campuses, mainly in the US
and France. Nevertheless, research indicates that students have kept being
active in politics and are currently an important component in movements
struggling for social and political change around the world. (Brooks, 2017).
In the beginning of the 21st century, students participated in important
struggles all across the globe. In countries with developed economies their
demands evolve around issues such as self- expression and quality of life,
while in other places they raise issues such as democratisation, minority
rights, and the fight against corruption (Klemenčič, 2014).
Research concerning students’ protests highlights that they tend to be
enthusiastic and committed, but many times fail to achieve their political
goals, due to their inability to become significant political actors in the
aftermath of protest cycles. The case of Egyptian students is used as an
example as they were not especially sympathetic to the Muslim brotherhood
which came into power as a result of the Arab Spring social conflicts.
Another example is the Ukrainian students who were not supporters of the
ultranationalist powers which became dominant in the country. Generally
speaking, it is acknowledged that the success of student protests is mainly
limited to higher education measures (Altbach and Klemenčič, 2014).
In this paper we look at the student protests against the National
Education Law (NEL) in Myanmar. The law, enacted in 2014, was part of the
efforts of the new semi-civilian government to gain a democratic reputation
and to tackle the huge educational challenges facing the country.
Nevertheless, critics argue the educational reform did not go far enough
claiming it limited academic freedom, restricted the impact of regional
entities on educational policy as well as that of the students’ and teachers’
unions. It also did not include minority languages, culture, and literature
in the university syllabi (Fortify Rights & Harvard Law School International
Human Rights Clinic 2015). Ultimately, the new law was by opponents seen
to be non-inclusive and make greater divides in Myanmar society. Foreign
observers recently claim that the “…need for a more equitable, culturally
sensitive and humane education system that can build the human and
social potential of Myanmar youth is clear” (Smith & Novelli, 2019, p. vii).
Using 16 interviews with participants in the protests (identified by
a number in the text) as well as secondary resources we highlight the
students’ attempt to combine demands related to higher education with
wider programs for the whole education system as part of a struggle for
the future of Myanmar. We strive to show how their socially based struggle
interacted with official policies and, though their struggle did not change
the educational situation radically, it did bring to amendments which can be
considered a contribution to the democratisation of education in Myanmar.
and students from all over the country mobilised against it. The following
quotation of one of the participantsin the protests reflects how the struggle
around educational issues made sense to students vis-à-vis the changing
political situation:
Since 1962 and until, yeah until maybe basically until now, today, the student
unions were illegal. So, people are afraid to join the student unions. So, I think
if they don’t join, I will. You know, because student unions need me. And I need
the student unions to change the country’s education system. To support my
university. And I, and you know, maybe you know, our university system, education
system, it really sucks. They cannot give us critical thinking. They cannot give us
what we want (1).
The notion that the education system did not provide students with
the ability to think critically was common to most interviews referring
to root learning and repetition. Criticism of the general low quality and
the inadequacy of the educational services stood at the heart of the
mobilization. More interestingly the students’ unions were presented as an
efficient tool to combat this situation, as it is also illustrated in the words of
another interviewee who took part in the struggle:
So, I think that only the education can lead to the development of the country.
So that’s why I try to motivate the universities to form student unions until now.
Because that’s the only way our country will be developed. So only the students
and the young people can form a knowledge society. And we try to make people
not to get afraid and to stand freely and to say what is right for our generation (2).
Our demands, I can give you the most important demands. It is about budgets.
The government is giving only four percent of national budget to education. So,
that’s not enough. We need teachers, we need better facilities, and laboratories.
We got nothing. So, at least 20 % of the government budget. And another thing
is the language. So, we need the curriculum that is based on the mother tongue.
Because in the ethnic areas they have to learn the Burmese language in the
schools. But what we want is in the Kachin, in the Kayah, in the Karenni, these
kind of ethnic areas, they should be learning in their own ethnic languages. And
another thing is the formation of the student unions. Independency of the student
unions. So, we want the right to form the student unions freely and independently,
and when the government decide that the matter of education for the students,
we want our representative from the student union to get involved in it, the
process. And another thing that is very, very important is free education systems.
And we demand that education must be free up to matriculation, 10th grade in
our country (3).
By the time the bill was released, all the student unions from all over the
country didn’t approve it. So, student groups from each university denounced
that and they release a statement. But despite the fact that all the student groups
are releasing the statements and denouncing the education bill, the government
approved it. So, first we organized a four-day strike in Yangon in four different
areas, and we give an ultimatum with eleven points of our demands. In the points,
if there is no response from the government, the students will organize a bigger
and a larger strike on a national scale. Since there was no response from the
government, we decided to march from Mandalay to Yangon (6).
The highlight of the students’ mobilization was the march from Mandalay
to Yangon. After walking for a couple of months the students re-addressed the
government demanding again the revision of the bill. By then they stopped
in Letpadan, a town 90 miles from Yangon. On the morning of the 1 of March
2015, the date the students had declared they would resume their march, they
woke up surrounded by a police blockade. After several days surrounded by
police, the students tried to move past the blockade. The police responded by
violently cracking down on the protesters using excessive force, and arresting
over 100 students, supporters, and others (McCarthy, 2016).
This development obviously led to a sense of pessimism among the
participants and many of the interviewees expressed disappointment
regarding their struggle:
I would say that it doesn’t make any difference, until now the government
didn’t make any significant change to it. Nowadays, university students have
been forming, organizing their own student unions… It doesn’t mean that they
recognize the independency of student unions (8).
For me, I had to sacrifice one year in the school. Since I was supposed to be
in school only four years, but I spent five years in school to finally have graduated.
So, in the past I didn’t feel any regret, but now when I consider what we did, so, I
feel that for that one year, that waste of one year, that there are mistakes that we
made during the strikes, during the march. And, since we are very young, there
are things that we could have actually negotiated before the crackdown (9).
In addition, since then the government has changed since the march
and the opposition identified with democracy reached the government in
2015, the situation has become even more complex for the students and
their struggle:
It’s been one year since student unions has taken time off from this issue.
But the current generations of the student unions will keep doing that. But, the
problem is that the political situation right now is very complicated. Now, before
that, there is like the USDP government that we are against. But at this time, it is
the NLD government. So, for example when we are released from the prison, we
organize a speech, a public talk near the Shwedagon Pagoda… What the public
understood is that we are going against the NLD government, so we are trying to
disrupt the governments functions (7).
The interviewee refers to the fact that the National League for
Democracy (NLD), the party which headed the opposition to the former
military dictatorship, won the elections and its leader, Aung San Suu
Kyi, became State Counsellor. Her government released many of the
imprisoned students, though it did not agree to meet all of their demands.
The reaction of the student leaders was to announce that they would
continue their protests against the NEL indefinitely (Metro, 2017).
Nevertheless, it cannot be overlooked that the delicate issue of
minority languages, so important to the students, was taken on by the
government. The National Education Amendment Law of 2015 recognizes
the participation of the State and local government in the development of
20 % of the curriculum designated as ‘local’ (including subject areas such as
ICT, Income Generating Programmes (IGP), life skills or ethnic languages).
In addition, the Amendment permits to use the ethnic languages in some
schools (Shah, Aung, and Lopes Cardozo 2019). More specifically, ethnic
minority languages are now acceptable as “classroom languages” used in
order to explain concepts when it is necessary. Yet the plan does not admit
the ethnic languages as medium of instruction, and there is no mention of
the mother tongue-based multilingual education (Lall & South, 2018).
Evaluating the effects of social mobilization is always a complex task.
The uncertainty which characterises the situation in Myanmar today makes
it even more difficult. It is too risky to try to evaluate the lasting impact
of the students’ mobilizations and its interactions with other factors.
Nevertheless, it is clear that the students assumed the responsibility for
trying to change the educational reform of the semi-civilian government
and that some of the ideas which they promoted were taken on by the
first democratic government. Education in Myanmar is in the midst of a
process of change, intimately related to the political transformation and
the students are aspiring to have their say in the future of educational
policy and practice.
1. References
Altbach, P. G., & Klemencic, M. (2014). Student activism remains a potent
force worldwide. International Higher Education, 76, pp. 2-3.
Aung Saw Oo. 1993. http://www.burmalibrary.org/reg.burma/
archives/199412/msg00059.html
Brooks, R. (Ed.). (2017). Student politics and protest: International
perspectives. N.Y: Taylor & Francis.
Clymer, M. (2003). Min Ko Naing, Conqueror Of Kings: Burma’s Student
Leader. The Journal of Burma Studies, 8, pp. 33–63.
Fortify Rights & Harvard Law School International Human Rights Clinic.
(2015). Crackdown at
Letpadan: Excessive force and violations of the rights to freedom of peaceful
assembly and expression. Bangkok, TH: Fortify Rights & Harvard Law
School International Human Rights Clinic.
Klemenčič, M. (2014). Student power in a global perspective and
contemporary trends in student organising. Studies in Higher
Education, 39(3), pp. 396-411.
Lall and South (2018). Dynamics of language and education policy in
Myanmar. Comparative Education Review, 62, pp. 482-502.
Tamar Groves
[email protected]
Extremadura University. Spain
Trude Stapnes
[email protected]
Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO). Norwey
«I feel convinced that Piaget would wish you and the Council to know
that, while our Bureau would welcome the setting up after this war of an
International Organisation of Education, it would consider it a very great
pity that the enormous amount of pioneer work done by the Bureau to
promote the advancement of education generally should be neglected
and duplicated. » (M. Butts to G. Murray, 24 December 1942).
Thus, the Secretary-General of the International Bureau of Education
(IBE) addresses the builders of the “New World Authority” (future UNESCO)
to have the IBE’s “pioneering” work recognized. Thanks to the sustained
negotiations of its respondents, the IBE maintained its existence and
autonomy, cooperating densely with UNESCO since 1946, before it was
fully integrated into it in 1969.
We trace here the history of the IBE, based on its rich archival resources
and referring to the literature of the “transnational turn” (Iriye, 2002; Minard,
2013; Saunier, 2013; about culture and education, Iriye, 1997; Laqua 2015;
Sluga, 2013; Steiner-Kahmsi & Waldow, 2012). The creation of the IBE is an
example of what Rasmussen describes as the “internationalist turning point”
of the late 19th century, guided by the “arrow of progress” (2011, 27-32),
leading in the first decades of the 20th century to an “institutionalization
of the international”. As the first intergovernmental institution in education,
1. A Brief Retrospective
Mode of operation
The IBE’s ICPIs were designed as a forum for governments to present and
discuss the “highlights of the educational movement”, which together
provide a means of “gaining an idea of the state of education in the world”
(ICPI IX, 1946, PV, 7). The delegates gathered were ministers, diplomats,
educators, researchers. Their collaboration undoubtedly constituted the
“originality” of the company, which also guaranteed its fertility: “specialists
are sometimes happy to be brought back to reality... just like realists to be
reminded of the ideal” (ICPI V, PV, 1936, 31).
Schematically described, ICPIs worked as follows. Before the
Conference, an International Yearbook of Education published an
assessment of recent reforms carried out in each country, a “an educational
world tour “, commonly introduced by a synthesis of the movement. At the
same time, the IBE was launching 2 or 3 surveys on crucial educational
problems in an attempt to solve them collectively. For each survey, a
questionnaire was sent to all countries around the world to find out how
each country was dealing with the problem. The IBE gathered all the replies
received, and provided an analytical synthesis of them in a new publication.
This served as a basis for exchanges during the Conference, to collectively
define recommendations likely to solve the problems addressed.
What were the main themes addressed in the IBE surveys and its Conferences,
convened in collaboration with UNESCO between 1946-1968? Redesigning
Rosselló’s classification (1961/1978), we distinguish three main categories:
N %
Structure and organization of school systems 17 36,2
Problems of contents and methods 20 42,6
Teacher education and status of teachers 10 21,3
Total 47 100,0
Table 1 : Categories of themes dealt with by the ICPIs between 1946 and 1968
Given the fact that the low qualifications of teachers in public or private
schools are often among the main reasons for their low salaries and unfavorable
conditions of employment, and are also detrimental to the interests of the
children, public authorities should consider the desirability of fixing by law the
minimum qualifications of teachers in all types of primary schools. (Article 24)
The IBE’s internationality can be observed in two ways, which are certainly
interrelated, but in fact independent.
1. The number of governments that join the IBE, and commit to paying
contributions, the IBE’s main resource, can be examined. Figure 1 shows
the rapid growth in the number between 1946 and 1968, the period
covered in this text.
4. Concluding remarks
5. References
Hofstetter, R. (2017). Matrizes do internacionalismo educativo e sua
primeira institucionalização em uma escala global: O exemplo do
Bureau Internacional de Educação no Entreguerras In J. Gondra,
Histõria da Educação, Matrizes interpretativas e internacionalização
(pp. 47-98). Brasil: EDUFES.
Hofstetter, R., Droux, J. & Christian, M. (Ed.). (in press). Construire la paix
par l’éducation : réseaux et mouvements internationaux au XXe siècle.
Genève au cœur d’une utopie. Neuchâtel : Alphil.
Hofstetter, R. & Schneuwly, B. (2013). The International Bureau of Education
(19251968): a platform for designing a ‘chart of world aspirations for
education’. European Educational Research Journal, 12(2), 215-230.
Iriye, A. (1997). Cultural Internationalism and World Order. Baltimore and
London: John Hopkins University Press.
Iriye, A. (2002). Global community: The role of international organizations in
the making of the contemporary world. California UP.
Laqua, D. (2015). The age of internationalism and Belgium, 1880–1930.
Peace, progress and prestige. Manchester: Manchester University
Press.
Minard, P. (2013). Globale, connectée ou transnationale: les échelles de
l’histoire. Esprit, 12, 20-32.
Piaget, J. (1931). L’esprit de solidarité chez l’enfant et la collaboration
internationale. Recueil pédagogique, 2, 11-27.
Piaget, J. (1960). Introduction à la troisième édition. In Conférence
internationale de l’éducation. Recommandations 1934-1977 (p. ix).
Paris : UNESCO.
Rasmussen, A. (2011). Tournant, inflexions, ruptures: le moment
internationaliste. Mil neuf cent. Revue d’histoire intellectuelle, 1/ 19,
27-41.
Rosselló, P. (1961/1978). Aperçu historique. In Conférence internationale
de l’instruction publique, Recommandations 1934-1977. Genève :
UNESCO-BIE.
Rosselló, P. (1964). La conférence internationale de l’instruction publique et
les problèmes concernant le personnel enseignant (Document pour
l’Unesco, rédigé le 30 avril 1964). Genève : UNESCO-BIE.
Rita Hofstetter
[email protected]
University of Geneva, (UNIGE). Switzerland
Bernard Schneuwly
[email protected]
University of Geneva, (UNIGE). Switzerland
Jones Irwin
1. Introduction
In 2019, for the first time in over twenty years, the Irish education system
is focused on developing a new Primary Curriculum for children aged
4-12. This work, undertaken primarily by the Irish Curriculum Unit (NCCA)
seeks to take account of international research in curriculum studies but of
the singular history and specificity of the Irish context of education. With
regard to the latter, we can note the overall dominance of the religious
churches in being ‘patrons’ of schools, with 96% of Irish schools at primary
level under a specific faith based ethos.
How in 2019 should the state curriculum unit explore the question of
Curricular reform and change, given the specific constraints of the Irish
education system. How can it learn from the theory and practice in the
international scene. Since 2014, the author has been working in a dual
role, both as a philosopher of education at university level but also as a
curriculum developer with the curriculum unit. Some of our paradigm
questions here have been;
Is there a philosophy of Irish education and curriculum?
Child-centred or teacher-centred or both?
What does a process curriculum mean?
Apple’s analysis and critique highlights two central issues for us in the
context of curriculum development in Ireland. 1. First, what is the process of
curriculum development itself? This also raises the related question of how
the model of curriculum development relates to the model of curriculum
implementation. 2. How does this model of curriculum development
embody the values of the curriculum as such? Both of these issues are
very pressing in the contemporary Irish context. Apple’s work has shown
us a vision of education and curriculum which argues that it is possible to
engage in 9 A somewhat more radical vision for educational transformation
is notable in, for example, Biesta’s interview with the American arts educator
John Baldacchino, ‘Weak Subjects. On Art’s Art of Forgetting – An Interview
with John Baldacchino by Gert Biesta’ (Biesta and Baldacchino 2018).
The educational philosophy of Ivan Illich is invoked here and his warning
‘not to counter schooling with another form of schooling’ but rather that
‘what we need at this stage is a shift which cannot offer an alternative but
which seeks something totally different, almost unrelated to education
as we know it’ (Biesta and Baldacchino 2018: 143) [my emphasis]. For
Baldacchino, ‘education cannot be reduced to a teleological project’. 20
socially and educationally critical activities that ‘solve real problems in real
schools in real communities’ (Apple 2000). A.V. Kelly had foregrounded
the ‘process’10 of curriculum, which he connected back to the work
of Stenhouse and also of Dewey. For Stenhouse, we begin curriculum
development by defining our ‘value positions embodied in the curriculum
specification’ (Stenhouse 1970: 80; Kelly 2013:94), a clear set of principles
which then allow us to build ‘hypotheses concerning the effects [rather
than] objectives’ (Stenhouse 1970: 80).
2. Summary
The above setting of the problem leads us in this paper into the following
questions with regard to curriculum development and especially with
regard to the specific learning experiences in the Irish school situation.
Apple’s analysis and critique highlights two central issues for us in the
context of curriculum development in Ireland.
3. Conclusions
[Goodson 2004, 2007, 2014] or what Stenhouse called the ‘story of action
within a theory of context’ [Stenhouse 1970]). What we need to avoid, as
Goodson claims, is the ‘disenfranchisement’ of teachers and children/
communities alike often under the guise of participation.
For Goodson, such an alienation is endemic to the type of curricular and
education vision of ‘Curriculum as prescription’ (CAP). In an Irish context
of education, we have seen similar critique put forward of the preformed
curriculum, for example by Sugrue and Gleeson (Sugrue 2004a: Sugrue
and Gleeson 2004; Gleeson 2004). Significantly, Goodson also warns us as
educationalists against over-reacting to this curricular malaise and simply
asserting teachers as autonomous. In distinction to the CAP narrative: A
number of counter-narratives have sought to re-enter the practitioner’s
world and, explore research in this milieu; genres such as teacher’s stories,
‘reflective practice’ and action research are examples of such a move back
to action and practice. Nonetheless a survey of these genres reflects a
common problem; in entering the teacher’s practical world they have too
often lost contact with the historical context of practice and with theoretical
and disciplinary understanding generally. Thus, in trying to bring the
teacher back into educational study they have had the paradoxical result
of weakening the teacher’s understanding of context, politics, patterns and
theories (Goodson 2007: 25 ff.).
This is an insightful and balanced diagnostic from Goodson. But such
difficulties are hardly insurmountable and continue to leave room for hope,
inspiration and the possibility of good curricular and educational practice.
Perhaps, to conclude, we can foreground some of the most searching
questions articulated by another great stalwart of curricular studies,
W. H. Schubert (Schubert 1993). Schubert describes them as ‘haunting
questions; at the same time, they are the most hopeful questions we can
ask’ (Schubert 1993: 115). It is perhaps also appropriate, in a discussion
of philosophies of education and values of education, to end with some
provocative questions rather than with any definitive answers.
4. References
Apple, M. (2001). Educational and Curricular Restructuring and the Neo-
liberal and Neoconservative Agendas: Interview with Michael Apple
1999. Currículo sem Fronteiras, 1(1), pp. i-xxvi.
Biesta, G & Priestley, M. (2013). A Curriculum for the Twenty-First Century?
In Priestley, M. and Biesta, G. (eds.), Reinventing the Curriculum: New
Trends in Curriculum Policy and Practice. London: Bloomsbury.
Biesta, G. and Baldacchino, J. (2018) Weak Subjects. On art’s art of
forgetting – an interview with John Baldacchino by Gert Biesta’ in Biesta,
G., Naughton, C and Cole, D.R. (2018) [eds] Art, Artists and Pedagogy:
Philosophy and the Arts in Education.
Biesta, G. (2013). The Beautiful Risk of Education. London: Routledge.
De Freitas, E. (2012). The Classroom as Rhizome: New Strategies for
Diagramming Knotted Interactions. Qualitative Inquiry, 18(7), pp. 560–
588.
Goodson, I. (2004). Change Processes and Historical Periods: An
International Perspective. In Sugrue, C. (ed.), Curriculum and Ideology.
Irish Experiences. International Perspectives (pp. 19-34). Raheny: Liffey
Press.
Greene, M. & Griffiths, M. (2003). Feminism, Philosophy and Education:
Imagining Public Spaces. In Blake, N., Smeyers, P., Smith, R. & Standish,
P. (eds.), The Blackwell Guide to the Philosophy of Education. Oxford:
Blackwell.
Irwin, J. (2012). Paulo Freire’s Philosophy of Education: Origins,
Developments, Impacts and Legacies. London: Bloomsbury.
Kelly, A.V. (2013). The Curriculum: Theory and Practice. London: Sage.
Noddings, N. & Slote, M. (2003). Changing Notions of the Moral and of
Moral Education. In Blake, N., Smeyers, P., Smith, R. and Standish, P.
(eds.), The Blackwell Guide to the Philosophy of Education. Oxford:
Blackwell.
Parekh, B. (2005). Rethinking Multiculturalism. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Sugrue, C. (ed.) (2004). Curriculum and Ideology. Irish Experiences.
International Perspectives. Raheny: Liffey Press.
Walsh, T. (2018). Literature Review of the Introduction to the Primary School
Curriculum. Dublin: NCCA.
Jones Irwin
[email protected]
Dublin City University. Ireland
Chiaki Ishida
1. Introduction
the presenter to consider how the meaning of literacy has changed under
the logic of digital capitalism and how Japanese higher education has
worked to domesticate it.
2. Summary
theory and computer management society, which argued how TV, radios,
and PCs in the workplace influenced industrialized society (Ibid). After the
internet became a common feature of our daily life (beginning in 1992), the
situation changed in a several-phase process. For instance, the Japanese
government advocated a digitization of education and a computerization
of the school to be reached by 2000. In 2003, the course guidelines
for high school stipulated three compulsory general subjects, jyōhō A
(information A), jyōhō B (information B), and jyōhō C (information C), and
it revised and unified two subjects entitled jyōhō no kagaku (information
study with a scientific approach) and shakai to jyōhō (information study for
a participating community). A development of the curriculum to nurture
an advanced information literacy through information-related education
has been consistent throughout these revisions. Thus, the objectives of
information-related education that developed after 2000 are not limited
to mere mastery of machine operation but relate to the utilization of
information and communication technology (ICT) in relation to other
advanced learning activities.
The changes made in high school education also affected university
education. From the late 2000s, subjects that related to the utilization of
ICT increased in non-specialized university subjects. Many ICT-conscious
subjects that appeared in the 2000s showed the feature of cultivating new
concepts of ability, including generic skills and competencies listed by
international organizations like OECD. The ICT-conscious curriculum seems
to require a certain kind of information literacy, which was directly linked
to innovation that produced economic profit, but it remained somewhat
distant from the actual need. The greater the assiduity with which curriculum
reformation was pursued (especially in the 1990s), the worse the situation
became. Meanwhile, economic power, measured as productivity (GDP per
capita), for instance, continued to descend after Japan’s economic bubble
burst (from about 1991 to 1992). Likewise, social disparities widened,
and a general fear of unstable employment grew, with the percentage of
non-regular employment surpassing 30%. Therefore, third, the presenter
investigates the academic controversy of how government-led curriculum
policy has deviated from responsiveness to the real situation. This is
supported by discussion of the connection between the university and the
Japanese labor market. Here, the presenter refers to the custom of the
simultaneous recruiting of new graduates, termed the J-mode and how
this custom is part of the peculiar cultural foundation that is absent from
Western and other societies, such as the tacit understanding between
industrial world and academic world in spite of the absence of a direct
relationship.
Finally, the presenter reviews the report “Grand Design for Higher
Education toward 2040” issued by Central Education Council in 2018. While
reviewing this report, the presenter checks to what extent the concept of
the government report was instilled in the management of each university.
To explore this, the presenter uses several online resource.
Historically, university education has been guaranteed academic
freedom under Article 23 of the Constitution of Japan. Therefore, university
can distance itself from political imperatives. With reference to the
government report on higher education in the last 20 years, we find many
ways in which the government has intervened in university education.
Career education, which was introduced in 2008, and entrepreneurship
education are symbolic curricula in the field of non-specialized education
that are intended to carry out government policy. In the review of the
curriculum, the presenter considers the counter-hegemonic movements
in the field of university education. The presenter seeks the differences in
both government-mandated curricula and counter-hegemonic movements
incorporate ideas of literacy as an aim in university education.
3. Conclusions
4. References
Amano, I. (2003). Nihon no kōtō kyōiku shisutemu (Japanese Higher
Education System). Tokyo: Tokyo University Press.
Amano, I. (2016). Shinsei daigaku no tanjyō: Taishū kōtō kyōiku e no michi
(The birth of a new university: Road to mass higher education). Nagoya:
The university of Nagoya Press.
Chiaki Ishida
[email protected]
Center for Institutional Research, Educational Development, and Learning
Support, Ochanomizu University. Japan
1. Introducción
2. Historia de la Educación
Unos días más tarde, Bessie vuelve a escribir otra carta a Barbara
diciéndole:
3. Formación de maestros
Hemos leído vuestra carta…nosotros también nos hemos fijado con los
colores no de los rosetones sino de la ropa tendida en la calle. Estamos trabajando
un proyecto sobre la ropa y …. mirad en lo que nos hemos fijado, en los mensajes
y letras que hay en las camisetas….
Gracias por darnos la idea de buscar letras en la ropa, hemos traído ropa
de casa y hemos encontrado muchas letras y mensajes. Algunas también tienen
números…Hemos salido a la calle a buscarlos.
4. Conclusión
5. Referencias:
Deleuze, G. (2002). Diferencia y repetición. Buenos aires: Amorrortu.
Gallo, S. (2000a). Disciplinariedade e transversalidade. In Candau, V.M
(Ed.), Linguagens, espaços e tempos no ensinar e aprender (pp. 165-
179). Rio de Janeiro: DP&A.
Gallo, S. (2000b). Conhecimento, transversalidade e currículo do libro.
Transversalidade e educação: pensando uma educação não-
disciplinar. In Alves, N, & Garcia, R.L. (Eds.), O sentido da escola (pp.
17- 40).Rio de Janeiro: DP&A.
Munhoz, A. (2012). Práticas investigativas: experiencias nao escolarizadas.
In Munhoz et al. (Eds.), Diálogos na pedagogia – coletâneas (pp. 11-
26). Lajeado: Univates.
Glòria Jové,
[email protected]
Universidat de Lleida. España
Meritxell Simon-Martin,
[email protected]
Universidad de Roehampton. Reino Unido
1. Introducción
2. Resumen
3. Conclusiones
4. References
Apple, M. (1991). The new technology: is it part of the solution or part of
the problem in Education? Computers in the schools, 8, 59-82. DOI:
10.1300/J025v0801_07.
Arnove, R. F. (1975). Sociopolitical Implications of Educational Television.
Journal of Communication, 25(2): 144-156.
Carnoy, M. (1975). The economic cost and status to educational television.
Ekistics, 40(240): 370-384.
Cuban, L. (1986). Teachers and Machines: The Classroom Use of Technology
since 1920. New York: Teachers College Press.
Lerner, D. (1958). The Passing of Traditional Society: Modernizing the
Middle East. New York: Free Press.
Mayo, J., R. Hornik, & E. McAnany. (1976). Educational Reform with
Television: The El Salvador Experience. Palo Alto: Stanford University
Press.
McAnany, E. G. (2012). Saving the World: A Brief History of Communication
for Development and Social Change. Urbana: University of Illinois
Press.
Cristian Machado-Trujillo
[email protected]
Universidad de La Laguna. España
Mariano González-Delgado
[email protected]
Universidad de La Laguna. España
más pequeños de casa, tiene tanto valor como aquellos que respetando
los currículos estatales, se desarrollan en la esfera académica. Y aun así
son miles de personas las que todos los años entran a las aulas de las
Facultades de Educación, satisfaciendo en potencia la exigencia que se
genera públicamente de profesionales de la educación actualizados,
apasionados, implicados y precarizados.
Las exigencias para mejores bases educativas son irrefutablemente
necesarias, y más ante el claro concepto de crisis que ha ido colándose
en los estudios sobre la educación. Una educación en crisis, tema de
millones de entradas a los buscadores digitales. «El maestro» (titular de
cualquier artículo de opinión), figura que hospedaba la cultura y el saber,
cuyo deber es el introducir y potenciar el aprendizaje, parece ser ahora
un administrador de calificaciones, criticado por su insensibilidad ante
el alumnado, y por mantenerse apartado en su posición divinizada...
(continuación del artículo). Dale like y comparte. Y ante esto, nuevas figuras
que captan la atención y la confianza de las nuevas generaciones, reyes y
reinas de las redes sociales: los influencers.
El término «influencia» se ha venido configurando, entonces, como un
término red. Entretejidos a éste encontramos el sentimiento de idealidad,
el deseo de reproducción, la creación de modelos de vida, la compra-venta
de formas de hacer, de pensar, de ver el mundo. Es claro y reconocido
que los influencers (instagramers, youtubers, twitteros...) se alzan como la
nueva herramienta de marketing, sin embargo, esta influencia sobrepasa
el mercado de masas y alcanza incluso las representaciones de viejas y
nuevas “identidades”. Coaches de salud; fitness gurus; expertos del
Mindfullness; de la herbología y la medicina natural, se han adentrado en
el mundo de la educación, han hecho y fijado su espacio.
Lipovetsky, G. (1986) habló sobre la nueva fase en la historia del
individualismo occidental, dentro de una lógica a la que llamó «proceso
de personalización», que no es otra cosa sino una nueva manera de
organizar y orientar las sociedades. Aquí toma relevancia el jabón
de Baudrillard que mencionamos al inicio, sobretodo desde la lupa
educativa; y es que el proceso de personalización permite la fractura con
el orden disciplinario-convencional y construye una sociedad basada en
la información y en la estimulación de necesidades… el seductivo jabón,
probado científicamente, adaptado a tí únicamente, se vuelve irresistible.
Aprovecharse de esto ha generado un nuevo interés comercial, al que
muchos llaman marketing de influencers, y con el que la educación, en su
esfera más amplia, ha encontrado cabida.
El sueño de Comenio de la educación para todas y todos que inspiró
el nacimiento de la UNESCO (1946); aquel giro copernicano que le dió el
Lo que resulta una amenaza puede ser una oportunidad. Los investigadores
en educación no deben ignorar lo que se desarrolla en el ámbito informal;
el lugar donde habitan la generación de «millennials». Aquellos que
encuentran en las redes satisfacción a su curiosidad y a sus deseos; ya sea
por el formato dinámico y audiovisual; para-activo y video-esférico (Nair,
2013), por su estructura rizomática (Deleuze y Guattari, 2015) o claro, no
lo obviemos, por esa capacidad de idealizar la existencia con tácticas de
photoshop o del streaming.
No se trata pues de negar ni de aceptar sino de dialogar con la
hiperrealidad; el maestro debe ser un influencer que explore, como un
nuevo Humboldt, las redes sociales; debe retornar a su activismo intelectual
en el escenario donde se dan las condiciones para la comunicación
transgeneracional. La globalización de las bases (Appadurai, 2007)
entronca con la mirada rizomática (Delezeu y Guattari, 2015) en contra de
esa estructura arbórea que mantiene, a los sistemas formales superiores,
como celosos veladores de una academia monástica, incapaz de conectar
los saberes en un diálogo fuera de los muros, penetrar en las redes para
influenciar a los influenciados y a los propios influencers.
Las políticas de la educación rizomáticas son epistemologías de la
resistencia frente a la banalización y los fakes que anegan la hiperrealidad
(Baudrillard, 2008) y al mismo tiempo un desempolvar el trastero de
Agamben y sacar de la buhardilla aquellos saberes anquilosados de forma
monumental, como advertía el propio Foucault, y darles uso. Frente a la
tecnificación y mercantilización de la educación, desde las demandas del
mercado, descolonizar los espacios educativos explorando los espacios
virtuales donde habitan todos esos seres que componen las estadísticas
de la excelencia y del fracaso escolar; responder a cierta sociología de las
ausencias (De Sousa Santos, 2006) mediante un magisterio que responda
etimológicamente a su grandeza, protagonice debates y desenmascare
posverdades, que conecte el aula y la escuela a las redes en una simbiosis
rizomática que signifique una ampliación del escenario de participación
de la ciudadanía en la defensa y vigilancia de la democracia (Roiz, 1998);
4. Referencias
Ambler, J. S. (1997). Who Benefits from Educational Choice?. Some
Evidence from Europe en Cohn, Elchanan (ed.), Market Approaches to
Education. Vouchers and School Choice, Oxford, Pergamon, pp. 353-
379.
Appadurai, A. (2007). El rechazo de las minorías. Barcelona: Tusquets
Editores.
Baudrillard, J. (2008). Pacto de la lucidez o la inteligencia del mal. Madrid:
Amorrortu.
Castoriadis, C. (1996). El ascenso de la insignificancia. Madrid: Cátedra.
Deborg, G. (2005). La sociedad del espectáculo. Valencia: Editorial
Pretextos.
De Santos Sousa, B. (2006): La Sociología de las Ausencias y la Sociología
de las Emergencias: para una ecología de saberes en Renovar la teoría
crítica y reinventar la emancipación social. Buenos Aires: CLACSO.
Viñao Frago, A. (2001). El concepto neoliberal de calidad de la enseñanza.
Su aplicación en España (1996-1999). Témpora, 4, pp. 63-87.
Freire, P. (2016). El maestro sin recetas. El desafío de enseñar en un mundo
cambiante. Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI.
Kant, I. (2003). Pedagogía. Madrid: Ediciones Akal S.L.
1. Introduction
The end of the Cold War and the demise of the Soviet bloc at the turn of
the 1980s and 1990s has created a vision of the former socialist European
countries and other former Soviet ally states as gradually transforming
from the Soviet-style policies, mentalities and practices to the Western
liberal democratic – that is, the neoliberal – ones. In spite of this apparently
homogenising transformation, there’s a persistent heterogeneity within
these countries. The existence of this heterogeneity and its historical
roots, including in the field of education, are not entirely unacknowledged
(Cerych, 1999; Ekiert & Ziblatt, 2013). Nevertheless, the dominating and
relatively undifferentiated representation of education and teachers in the
former socialist countries is a ‘culturally backward’ context that gradually
and painfully, and with a necessary help of foreign advisers, now passes
a process of cultural globalisation, homogenisation and neoliberalisation
(see the criticism of this representation by Mikser & Goodson, 2020;
Tabulawa, 2003). Such a one-sided and superficial representation of a global
political and economic unanimity versus local, indigenous, traditional and/
or outdated policies, mentalities and practices is not limited to the former
socialist countries alone, but is applied to other traditionally ‘non-Western’
2. Summary
3. Conclusions
4. References
Braudel, F. (2009). The Longue Dureé. History and the Social Sciences 32(2),
pp. 171–203. (Originally published 1958).
Cerych, L. (1999). General report on the symposium “Educational reforms
in central and eastern Europe: Processes and outcomes.” European
Education, 31(2), pp. 5–38.
Clandinin, D. J. & Murphy, M. S. (2009). Relational Ontological Commitments
in Narrative Research. Educational Researcher, 38(8), pp. 598–602.
Considine, G. D. & Kulik, P. H. (2008). Refraction. In Van Nostrand’s Scientific
Encyclopedia, (pp. 4473–4474). Hoboken, New Yersey: Wiley-
Interscience.
Rain Mikser
[email protected]
Tallinn University. Estonia
Ivor Goodson
[email protected]
Tallinn University. Estonia
1. Introducción
china (tampoco ofrecía títulos superiores a pesar del nombre) fue quizá
la materialización más impresionante en China del ideal de formación
profesional introducido por los anarquistas en la primera década del siglo
que luego fue compartido por un grupo diverso de revolucionarios en la
década de 1920.
Con este trabajo pretendemos conocer qué importó (objetivos,
organización, arquitectura) Girón de la Université du Travail belga a
España a través, fundamentalmente, de lo que NO-DO mostró sobre estas
instituciones españolas.
3. Conclusiones
4. Referencias
Barrachina, M. A. (1998). De la propagande à la publicité: le cas de la
Section Féminine de la Phalange. Hispanística XX, (16), pp. 9-30.
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servlet/articulo?codigo=3609242
Broseta, S., & Feenstra, R. A. (2009). La manipulación de la sociedad
civil: la producción del NO-DO al servicio de la dictadura franquista.
En Marzal Felici, J. J. & Gómez Tarín, F. J. (coords.), El productor y la
producción en la industria cinematográfica (pp. 125-134). Madrid:
Editorial Complutense.
Chan, M. K., & Dirlik, A. (1991). Schools into Fields and Factories: Anarchists,
the Guomindang, and the National Labor University in Shanghai, 1927–
1932. Durham and London: Duke University Press.
Delgado Granados, P. (2005). El profesorado de las Universidades
Laborales y su práctica escolar. El Guiniguada, (14), pp. 61-74.
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bitstream/10553/5778/1/0235347_00014_0005.pdf
Delgado Granados, P. (2010). El proyecto de Universidad gironiano para la
clase trabajadora y su sistema de estudios. Sarmiento: Anuario galego
de historia da educación, (14), pp. 89-107. Recuperado el 23 de julio
de 2019 de: https://ruc.udc.es/dspace/bitstream/handle/2183/8471/
SAR%2014%202010%20art%207.pdf?sequence=1
1. Introdução
1
Argentina - Proyecto EducAR 2050; Brasil - Todos pela Educação; Chile - Fundación
Educación 2020; Colômbia - Fundación Empresarios por la Educación; El Salvador -
Fundación Empresarial para el Desarrollo Educativo (Fepade); Equador - Grupo FARO;
Guatemala - Empresarios por la Educación; Honduras - Fundación Educativa Maduro
Andreu (Ferema); México - Mexicanos Primero; Nicarágua - Eduquemos/Empresarios
por la Educación; Panamá - Unidos por la Educación/FUDESPA; Paraguai - Juntos por
la Educación; Peru - Asociación Empresarios por la Educación; República Dominicana -
EDUCA; e Uruguai - ReachingU.
2
Todos pela educação. (2011). Educação: Uma Agenda Urgente. Reflexões do
Congresso Internacional realizado pelo Todos pela Educação. Brasília: Moderna.
3
Conferir: Balcazar, S. (2014). Educación: Cambian los nombres, sigue el Programa.
Fundación Educación 2020. (2014). La Reforma Educativa que Chile necessita. Hoja
4
de Ruta 2014-2020.
5
Mexicanos Primero. (2012). Ahora es cuando. Metas 2012-2024. México, D.F:
Mexicanos Primero.
3. Considerações
4. Referências
Ball, S. J. (2014). Educação Global S. A.: Novas redes de políticas e o
imaginário neoliberal. Ponta Grossa: UEPG.
Bevir, M. (2011). Governance as Theory, Practice, and Dilemma.
In The SAGE Handbook of Governance (p. 1–16). https://doi.
org/10.4135/9781446200964.n1
Howard,P.N.(2002).Network ethnography and the hypermedia organization:
New media, new organizations, new methods. New Media & Society,
4(4), 550–574. https://doi.org/10.1177/146144402321466813
Jessop, B. (1983). Accumulation Strategies, State Forms and Hegemonic
Projects. Kapitalistate, 10, 89–111. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-
21464-8_5
Jessop, B. (1999). The dynamics of partnership and governance failure.
The new politics of local governance in Britain, 11–32.
Kenis, P., & Schneider, V. (1991). Policy Networks and Policy Analysis:
Scrutinizing a New Analytical Toolbox. In B. Marin & R. Mayntz (Orgs.),
Policy Networks: Empirical Evidence And Theoretical Considerations
(Public Policy & Social Welfare) (p. 335). Frankfurt am Main: Westview
Press.
Lima, J. Á. (2010). Thinking more deeply about networks in education.
Journal of Educational Change, 11(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s10833-008-9099-1
Mundy, K. E., Green, A., Lingard, B., & Verger, A. (Orgs.). (2016). The
handbook of global education policy. Chichester, Uk Malden, MA:
John Wiley & Sons.
1. Introdução
2. Síntese
Caso do Namibe
3. Conclusões
Angola é uma nação multilingue. Porém, esse facto não foi contemplado
nas políticas curriculares durante o período colonial, porquanto as línguas
angolanas não foram incluídas nestas políticas. Isto causou variados
impactos históricos nesta colónia.
A língua de ensino sempre foi o português, mesmo após a
independência nacional. Mas esse marco histórico trouxe uma visão
diferente sobre as línguas angolanas, começando a ser cada vez mais
valorizadas. Seis anos após a paz nacional estas são incluídas nas políticas
curriculares do ensino primário.
Os resultados desta pesquisa mostram que a inclusão do ensino
das línguas angolanas nas políticas curriculares é percecionado pelos
estudantes como positivamente impactante. Apesar de recente, pois foi
implementado apenas em 2012 na província do Namibe, já conta com
alguns impactos históricos, como por exemplo a contribuição para a
preservação do património linguístico e da paz nacional, fator marcante
nesta época pós-conflito civil.
Acredita-se que esta pesquisa possa ser uma ligeira contribuição
para a reflexão sobre as políticas curriculares e seus impactos históricos
em Angola. Analisando os resultados, pode-se, por exemplo, sugerir
que próximas políticas curriculares incluam uma metodologia onde se
convergem mais as línguas angolanas com a língua portuguesa, sendo
esse um processo complexo, mas com certa exequibilidade, torna-se
4. Referências
Almeida, A. O papel dual da educação em Angola colonial: instrumento
de repressão ou agente transformador da realidade?. In Ensaios.
União dos Escritores Angolanos. Acedido em 04/12/2017. Disponível
em: www. ueangola.com.
Constituição da República. (2010). Luanda: Governo de Angola.
Direção Provincial da Educação do Namibe (2017). I Colóquio Provincial
de Educação. Namibe.
Ferreira, M. J. S. M. (2005). Educação e política em Angola, uma proposta
de diferenciação social. Centro de Estudos Africanos/ISCTE.
Instituto Nacional de Estatística (INE). (2016) Censo 2014: Resultados
definitivos: Recenseamento Geral da população e da habitação de
Angola 2014 – Província do Namibe. Luanda: INE.
James, W. M. (2004). Historical Dictionary of Angola. Toronto: The Scarecrow
Press.
Kukanda, V. (2000). Diversidade linguística em África. Africana Studia, 3,
pp. 101-117.
Lei 17/16, de 7 de Outubro, I Série – Nº 170.
Moutinho, M. (2000). O indígena no pensamento colonial português –
1835-1961. Lisboa: Edições Universitárias Lusófonas.
Patatas, T. J. P. A. (2017). “Realidade” e esperanças dos estudantes
universitários de Angola: o Caso da Escola Superior Politécnica do
Namibe. Berlim: Novas Edições Acadêmicas.
Patatas, T. A. (2019). A preservação do património linguístico pela
introdução das línguas angolanas na educação formal – Caso Namibe.
In Correia, S.V. & Ricardo, M. M. C. (Orgs.). 8º Encontro de investigadores
– Investigação em Educação: Percursos e processos contemporâneos
– Estudos. 105-110.
Patatas, T. A. & Quintas, J. (2019). Em Angola o ensino bilingue pode
contribuir para a educação e manutenção da paz nacional. Revista
Transversos, 15 (abril, 2019). Dossier: Reflexões sobre e de Angola
1. Introdução
2. Sumário
3. Conclusões
4. Referências
Aróstegui, J. (2004). La historia vivida: Sobre la historia del presente.
Madrid: Alianza.
Barroso, J. (2001). O século da escola: Do mito da reforma à reforma de
um mito. In E. Terrén, D. Hameline, & J. Barroso. O século da escola:
Entre a utopia e a burocracia (pp. 63-94). Porto: Edições ASA.
Canário, R. (2002). Inovação Educativa e práticas profissionais reflexivas. In
R. Canário, & I. Santos (Org.). Educação, inovação e local (pp. 13-23).
Setúbal: Instituto das Comunidades Educativas.
Cros, F. (2001). L’innovation scolaire. Paris: INRP.
Entrevista à Diretora do Agrupamento Padre Vítor Melícias, Elisabete
Jerónimo, realizada por Joaquim Pintassilgo e Alda Namora de
Andrade em 24 de julho de 2018.
1. Introdução
3. Considerações finais
4. Referências
Arapiraca, J. O. (1982). A USAID e a educação brasileira. São Paulo: Cortez/
Autores Associados.
Alves, M. M. (1968). Beabá dos MEC-USAID. Rio de Janeiro: MEC.
Atcon, R. (1966). Rumo à reformulação estrutural da universidade brasileira.
Rio de Janeiro: Ministério da Educação e Cultura.
Cunha, L. A. (1989). A Universidade Critica: o ensino superior na Republica
Populista. Rio de Janeiro: Francisco Alves.
Ariclê Vechia
[email protected]
Universidade Tuiuti do Paraná. Brasil
1. Referencias
Bergsdorf, W. (2002). Die Universität in der Wissensgesellschaft«, Aus
Politik und Zeitgeschichte 26, pp. 20-27.
de la Cruz Ayuso, C. & Sasia Santos, P. M. (2015). La responsabilidad
de la universidad en el proyecto de construcción de una sociedad.
Educación Superior y Sociedad 13, pp. 17-53.
Maciel, M. L. & Albagli, S. (2009). Knowledge Societies, seen from the
South: Local Learning and Innovation Challenges. International Social
Science Journal, 195, pp. 97-109.
1. Referencias
Depaepe, M. & Smeyers, P. (2008). Educationalization as an ongoing
modernization process«. Educational Theory, 58(4), pp. 379-89.
Bruno-Jofré, R. (2019). The “long 1960s” in a global arena of contention:
Re-defining assumptions of self, moral- ity, race, gender and justice,
and questioning education. Espacio, Tiempo y Educación, 6(1), pp.
5-27.
Meadows, D. L. (1972). The Limits to Growth. USA: Universe Books.
World Bank (2011). Learning for all. Investing in People’s Knowledge
and Skills to Promote Development. Disponible en: http://
siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/ESSU/463292-
1306181142935/WB_ES_ExectiveSummary_FINAL.pdf.
1. Referencias
Berger, P. (2014). The many altars of modernity. Berlin: Walter De Gruyter.
Igelmo Zaldívar, Jon y Laudo Castillo, Xavier (2017). Las teorías de la
desescolarización y su continuidad en la pedagogía líquida del siglo
XXI. Educación XX1, 20(1), pp. 37-5
Lipovetsky, G. y Charles, S. (2006). Los tiempos hipermodernos. Barcelona:
Anagrama.
Lipovetsky, G. (2016). De la ligereza. Barcelona: Anagrama.
Pinar, W. (2019). Educationalization as technologization. En Bruno-Jofré
(Ed.). Educationalization and its complexities. Religion, politics and
technology (pp. 239-253). Canadá: University of Toronto Press.
Taylor, C. (2007). A Secular Age. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Vadeboncoeur, J. A. y Padilla-Petry, P. (2017). Learning from teaching
alternative and flexible education settings. Teaching Education, 28(1),
pp. 1-7.
1. Referencias
Allchin, A. M. (1997). N.F.S. Grundtvig. An Introduction to his Life and Work.
London: Darton, Longman & Todd.
Kitchenham, A. (2013). The Evolution of John Mezirow´s Transformative
Learning Theory. Journal of Transformative Education. 6(2), pp. 104-
123.
Jørgensen, T. (2003). Grundtvigs Verständnis von theologischer Lehre und
Lehrfreiheit aus ökumenischer Sicht. Kerygma und Dogma. Zeitschrift
für theologische Forschung und Kirchliche Lehre, 49(4), pp. 320-334.
Kvist, M. (2005). N.F.S. Grundtvig’s Conception of Historical Christianity: An
Introduction to the Relationship between Kierkegaard and Grundtvig.
En Kierkegaard Studies Yearbook (pp. 37-53).
Meincke, I. (2000). Vox viva. Die „wahre Aufklärung“ des Dänen Nikolaj
Frederik Severin Grundtvig, Heidelberg: Winter.
Mezirow, J. (2006). An overview on transformative learning. En P. Sutherland
& J. Crowther (eds.). Lifelong Learning. Concepts and Contexts (pp. 24-
38). London: Routledge.
ROBERTO SANI
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Sulle tracce di adenauer,
de gasperi e schumann.
l’incidenza dell’unione europea
sulle politiche scolastiche e
formative italiane dagli anni
settanta ai giorni nostri
Roberto Sani
1. Introduzione
2. Riferimenti
Allulli, G. (2010). Politiche europee della formazione e delle risorse umane.
Dalla Strategia di Lisbona a Europa 2020. Roma: Editrice Nuova cultura.
Bocca, G. (1995). Istruzione, formazione e cultura. Una politica della
Comunità Europea per l’educazione. Milano: Vita e pensiero.
Castoldi, M., Chiosso, G. (2017). Quale futuro per l’istruzione? Pedagogia e
didattica per la scuola. Milano: Mondadori Università.
Cocconi, M. (2003). Il ruolo della politica comunitaria nel settore
dell’istruzione e della formazione professionale nella costruzione
della dimensione sociale dell’Unione europea. Rivista Italiana di Diritto
Pubblico Comunitario.
Simoncini, A. (2010). Dai Trattati di Roma alla strategia di Lisbona. Le
politiche comunitarie per lo sviluppo delle risorse umane. Roma:
Editrice Nuova cultura.
Varsori, A. (a cura di). (2006). Sfide del mercato e identità europea. Le
politiche di educazione e formazione professionale nell’Europa
comunitaria. Milano: FrancoAngeli.
Roberto Sani
[email protected]
Università degli Studi di Macerata. Italia
1. Introduzione
Nel dicembre 1970, sulla scorta della risoluzione n. 1131 adottata dalla
XVI sessione, la Conferenza generale dell’Unesco autorizzò il direttore
generale a costituire una Commissione internazionale per lo sviluppo
dell’educazione incaricata di elaborare un «riesame critico delle strategie
educative su scala internazionale» (Faure, 1973, p. 13) e di «stendere un
Rapporto che abbia il fine di aiutare i governi a formulare le strategie
nazionali per lo sviluppo dell’educazione» (Faure, 1973, p. 15). Nel febbraio
dell’anno successivo il direttore costituì ufficialmente la commissione,
chiamando a dirigerla una personalità di alto profilo, l’ex presidente del
consiglio ed ex ministro dell’educazione nazionale francese, Edgar Faure.
L’autorevole consesso era formato da personalità provenienti da vari paesi
con incarichi prestigiosi: Felipe Herrera, cileno, ex presidente della Banca
interamericana di sviluppo ed ex direttore esecutivo del fondo monetario
internazionale; Abdoul-Razak Kaddoura, siriano, membro del consiglio
4. Conclusioni
5. Riferimenti
(1976). I documenti del rapporto Faure. Roma: Armando.
(1979). Educazione scolastica ed extrascolastica oggi. Atti del XIII
Congresso Nazionale di Pedagogia (Macerata, 15-19 Maggio 1977).
Bologna: Patron.
Alberti, A. (2015). La scuola della Repubblica. Un ideale non realizzato.
Roma: Anicia.
Antonelli, Q., Arcaini, R. (eds.) (2016). Giovanni Gozzer a 100 anni dalla
nascita. Trento: Provincia autonoma di Trento, Soprintendenza per i
Beni culturali, Ufficio Beni archivistici, librari e Archivio provinciale.
Callegari, C. (2017). L’educazione continua nei documenti internazionali
dal dopoguerra agli anni Settanta. In Zago, G. (eds.), L’educazione
extrascolastica nella seconda metà del Novecento. Tra espansione e
rinnovamento (1945-1975) (pp. 225-246). Milano: FrancoAngeli.
Chiosso, G. (1977). Scuola e partiti tra contestazione e decreti delegati.
Brescia: La Scuola.
Chiosso, G. (1986). Pedagogia e scuola in Italia tra utopia e riformismo
(1968-1983). In Macchietti, S.S. (eds.). Questioni di storia della scuola
italiana (1945-1985) (pp. 45-67). Città di Castello: Tibergraph.
Chiosso, G. (1998). Dalla pedagogia della “società educante” al Rapporto
Faure. Pedagogia e Vita, 2, pp. 90-107.
Anna Ascenzi
[email protected]
Università degli Studi Macerata. Italia
Fabio Targhetta
[email protected]
Università degli Studi Macerata. Italia
Serena Sani
A partire dagli ultimi decenni del secolo XX, il progressivo consolidarsi del
fenomeno migratorio ha comportato, tra le altre cose, anche un notevole
incremento dei ricongiungimenti familiari e, come conseguenza, una
significativa presenza nelle scuole europee di bambini stranieri.
In tale contesto, le istituzioni europee hanno ritenuto opportuno
adeguarsi alla situazione elaborando un apparato legislativo finalizzato
non solamente a garantire ai minori immigrati il diritto all’istruzione e
ad una equità di trattamento rispetto ai bambini autoctoni, ma anche a
guidare gli Stati membri nella promozione di politiche scolastiche volte a
favorire la loro integrazione.
A questo proposito, vale la pena di ricordare la Risoluzione del
Consiglio e dei ministri della Pubblica Istruzione riuniti in sede di Consiglio,
del 9 febbraio 1976, che contempla un programma di azione in materia di
istruzione. Tale Risoluzione prevedeva «migliori possibilità di formazione
culturale e professionale per i cittadini degli altri Stati membri delle
Comunità e dei paesi non membri, nonché per i loro figli»; stabiliva altresì
un programma di azione volto a sviluppare «adeguate azioni intese a
Com’è noto, l’Italia è stata per lungo tempo paese di emigrazione e, solo
a partire dagli anni Settanta del Novecento, è diventato anche paese
d’immigrazione. Inizialmente, l’improvviso arrivo di significativi flussi di
immigrati unito alla mancanza di adeguate politiche migratorie e di uno
specifico apparato normativo in materia, ha creato non poche difficoltà in
merito alla gestione di tali flussi.
Per questo motivo, sovente le politiche di integrazione adottate al
riguardo – basate, in molti casi, sull’erronea convinzione che fosse un
fenomeno passeggero – si sono contraddistinte soprattutto per la loro
natura emergenziale, rivelando chiaramente i limiti della mancanza di un
quadro progettuale a lungo termine.
In seguito, la crescente consapevolezza della sistematicità del
fenomeno ha indotto i governi del paese ad affrontare tale questione e
ad elaborare una legislazione volta a garantire l’integrazione sociale dei
lavoratori immigrati e la scolarizzazione dei loro figli.
Dal momento che in questa sede non è possibile esaminare tutti
i molteplici provvedimenti legislativi approvati negli ultimi decenni a
favore dell’integrazione degli stranieri nella scuola italiana, ci limiteremo
a segnalare quelli che, a nostro avviso, risultano essere i più significativi in
materia.
1
Pubblicata sulla G.U. n. 59 del 12 marzo 1998 – Supplemento Ordinario, n. 40.
2
Decreto Legislativo n. 286 del 25 luglio 1998, pubblicato sul supplemento ordinario
alla G.U., n. 215 del 15 settembre 1998.
3. Conclusioni
In conclusione, alla luce del quadro normativo sin qui tracciato, sembra
di poter dire che, nel confronto internazionale, l’Italia ha dimostrato e
dimostra una chiara consapevolezza della necessità e urgenza di favorire
l’integrazione scolastica degli alunni stranieri e di promuovere il confronto
e il dialogo interculturale tra autoctoni e stranieri.
A conferma di ciò è sufficiente ricordare che quello italiano è uno
dei pochi Stati europei ad avere accolto senza riserve gli appelli e le
sollecitazioni dell’Unione Europea e ad avere dato corpo ad un apparato
normativo specifico in materia di istruzione e di integrazione degli alunni
immigrati.
4. Riferimenti
Allemann-Ghionda, C. (2009). From intercultural education to the inclusion
of diversity. Theories and policies in Europe. In Banks, J.A. (a cura di),
The Routledge International Companion to Multicultural Education (pp.
134-145). New York-London: Routledge.
Amatucci, L. (2008). L’intercultura nella normativa e nei documenti
dell’amministrazione scolastica. In Susi, F. (a cura di), Come si è stretto
il mondo: l’educazione interculturale in Italia e in Europa: teorie,
esperienze e strumenti (pp. 235-264). Roma: Armando.
Commissione Nazionale per l’Educazione Interculturale (2000). Educazione
interculturale nella scuola dell’autonomia. Parma: Spaggiari.
Dusi, P. (2000). Flussi migratori e problematiche di vita sociale. Verso una
pedagogia dell’intercultura. Milano: Vita e Pensiero.
Frigerio, A. (1996). L’inserimento scolastico degli stranieri. Il quadro
normativo, in Nigris, E. (a cura di), Educazione interculturale. Milano:
Bruno Mondadori.
Melotti, U. (1993). Migrazioni internazionali e integrazione sociale: il caso
italiano e le esperienze europee, in Delle Donne, M., Melotti, U., Petilli,
S., Immigrazione in Europa. Solidarietà e conflitto (pp. 29-65). Roma:
Cediss.
Portera, A. (a cura di). (2006). Educazione interculturale nel contesto
internazionale. Milano: Guerini.
Sani, S. (2016). Alle radici della società interculturale: l’integrazione
scolastica dei minori immigrati nell’Europa del terzo millennio. Lecce-
Rovato: Pensa Multimedia.
Sani, S. (a cura di). (2011). Le nuove frontiere dell’educazione in una società
multietnica e multiculturale. Lecce-Rovato: Pensa Multimedia.
Santerini, M. (2003). Intercultura. Brescia: La Scuola.
AUTOR
email:
institución
1. Introduzione
1
Commissione Europea, Gender Differencies in Educational Outcomes: a study on
the measures taken and the current situation in Europe: Italy, redatto dall’Eacea nel 2008,
nell’ambito del Progetto Eurydice della Commissione Europea, p. 62.
3. Conclusioni
4. Riferimenti
Bauman, Z. (2011). Culture in a liquid modern world. Cambridge: Polity.
Biemmi, I. (2010). Educazione sessista. Stereotipi di genere nei libri delle
elementari. Torino: Rosenberg&Sellier.
Borruso, F. (2015). Il sistema scuola. Cooperazione Educativa, vol. 64, n. 2,
pp. 33-37.
Braidotti, R. (2011). Nomadic subjects: embodiment and sexual difference
in contemporary feminist theory. New York: Columbia University Press.
Cavarero, A. (a cura di). (2003). Diotima. Il pensiero della differenza sessuale.
Milano: La Tartaruga.
Covato, C. (2007). Memorie discordanti. Identità e differenze nella storia
dell’educazione. Milano: Unicopli.
Covato, C. (2014). Idoli di bontà. Il genere come norma nella storia
dell’educazione. Milano: Unicopli.
Gianini Belotti, E. (1978). Sessismo nei libri per bambini. Milano: Dalla parte
delle bambine.
Guerrini, V. (2018). Educazione e differenze di genere. Una ricerca nella
scuola primaria. Pisa: ETS.
Carmela Covato
[email protected]
Università degli Studi Roma Tre. Italia
Francesca Borruso
[email protected]
Università degli Studi Roma Tre. Italia
con una serie di azioni ispirate dalla medesima ratio di fondo che poi
avrebbe dato il là alla «svolta bolognese». Come è noto, infatti, nel
1987 la Commissione europea lanciava il Programma Erasmus, al fine di
promuovere la cooperazione tra le istituzioni di istruzione superiore dei 12
Paesi membri di quella che allora si chiamava Comunità Europea. In pratica
a tali istituzioni erano offerti incentivi concreti per stabilire accordi con
partners europei, finalizzati essenzialmente allo scambio di studenti per
periodi di studio (fino ad un anno), pienamente riconosciuti dall’istituzione
di appartenenza2. Qualche anno più tardi sarebbe invece decollato il
progetto pilota European Credit Transfer System (ECTS)3 mirante alla
creazione di un sistema europeo di crediti formativi che agevolasse di fatto
le procedure di riconoscimento universitario degli studi fatti all’estero e
incoraggiasse gli stessi docenti a recarsi presso altri Paesi per svolgere
attività di insegnamento e progettare corsi di studio congiunti con i colleghi
di quelle istituzioni (Perotti, 2010).
Proprio in tale atmosfera, peraltro decisamente condizionata anche
dall’enunciazione della Magna Charta Universitatum del 1988, che ribadiva,
tra le altre cose, la necessità di un «sapere universitario universale», capace
di ignorare ogni frontiera geografica o politica (Zani, 2006, pp. 18-19), e
dalla stipula della Convenzione di Lisbona del 1997, in virtù della quale i
cittadini di ciascuno Stato contraente sarebbero stati facilitati nell’accesso
alle risorse dell’educazione degli altri Stati, molti governi iniziarono a
riflettere, seriamente e proficuamente, sull’opportunità di creare uno Spazio
Europeo dell’Istruzione Superiore, che favorisse la mobilità internazionale
di studenti e docenti.
Di fatto, la possibile e auspicata realizzazione di uno spazio universitario
comune europeo, se da un lato appariva quale soluzione ottimale per
favorire il proficuo spostamento di capitale economico ed umano tra le
varie sedi accademiche e i loro rispettivi Paesi di appartenenza, dall’altro
avrebbe comportato inevitabilmente un superamento dei modelli
tradizionali di organizzazione delle università, sia con riguardo alla
didattica che alla ricerca. Come opportunamente rilevato da Annamaria
Poggi, infatti, condizione imprescindibile per concretizzare l’ipotesi del
cosiddetto «spazio comune», era la graduale ma necessaria trasformazione
dei sistemi universitari europei che, «nonostante avessero coltivato per
2
In parallelo all’allargamento del Programma Erasmus ai nuovi paesi membri
dell’Unione Europea, questo tipo di cooperazione fu esteso gradualmente anche a paesi
esterni all’Unione, attraverso il Programma Tempus, proponendo così una definizione più
ampia del concetto di Europa.
3
Si veda quanto riportato nel sito web http://ec.europa.eu/education/programmes/
socrates/ects/guide_en.html
5
Si veda inoltre http://www.processodibologna.it/
6
Ai 29 paesi aderenti nel 1999 si sono poi aggiunti nel corso degli anni: a partire dal
2001 Cipro, Croazia, Liechtenstein, Turchia; dal 2003 Albania, Andorra, Bosnia Erzegovina,
Ex- Repubblica Iugoslava di Macedonia, Federazione russa, Santa Sede, Serbia; dal 2005
Armenia, Azerbaigian, Georgia, Moldova, Ucraina; dal 2007 Montenegro (a seguito della
dichiarazione di indipendenza del 2006); dal 2010 Kazakistan.
7
Si vedano i documenti programmatici consultabili in http://www.ehea.info/
4. Riferimenti
Adinolfi, A. (2007). La politica dell’Unione Europea in materia d’istruzione:
obiettivi, competenze, strumenti d’azione. In Roselli, O. (a cura di),
Osservatorio sulla formazione giuridica 2006. Napoli: ESI, pp. 98-108.
Araújo, C., Veloso, B., Nascimento, S.V. (2018). Processo de Bolonha e
mudanças curriculares na educação superior: para que competências?.
Educação e Pesquisa, 44, pp. 1-30.
Capano, G., Luzzatto, G., Detti, T. , Guastella, G. (2002). La riforma degli
atenei. Il Mulino, 6, pp. 1154-1181.
De Azcárraga, J.A. (2015). ¿Universidades boloñesas 4+(máster) o
3+(máster)? ¿Es ésta la cuestión, o una cara más del mismo problema?.
CIAN-Revista de Historia de las Universidades, 18(1), pp. 21-54.
Graziosi, A. (2010). L’Università per tutti. Riforme e crisi del sistema
universitario italiano. Bologna: il Mulino.
Heinze, T., Knill, C. (2008). Analysing the differential impact of the Bologna
Process: theoretical considerations on national conditions for
international policy convergence. Higher Education, pp. 493-510.
Moscati, R. (2006). Le trasformazioni dell’Università in Europa: il «Processo
di Bologna». Nuova Antologia, 141, pp. 295-297.
Nuzzaci, A., Grange, T. (a cura di). (2009). Qualità, ricerca, didattica. Quale
sistema europeo per l’istruzione superiore? Milano: FrancoAngeli.
Perotti, L. (2010). Riforme universitarie e processo di Bologna. Polis, 23(1),
pp. 121-142.
Planchenstainer, F. (2010). Il tema della mobilità nel Processo di Bologna.
In Lo Spazio Europeo dell’Istruzione Superiore. Dieci anni del Processo
di Bologna. Roma: Cimea, pp. 49-56.
Poggi, A. (2012). Politiche nazionali di riforma dei sistemi universitari e
processo di integrazione europeo. Revista Catalana de Dret Públic, 44,
pp. 27-66.
Roberto Sani
[email protected]
Università degli Studi Macerata. Italia
Luigiaurelio Pomante
[email protected]
Università degli Studi Macerata. Italia
Francesca Saliceti
Nel 2014, sulla scia dei profondi mutamenti sociali, culturali e politici che
hanno interessato il Vecchio Continente e il più complessivo scenario
internazionale, il tradizionale programma Erasmus ha registrato un
ampliamento e un’estensione notevoli, al punto da divenire – con il nuovo
appellativo Erasmus Plus – il principale programma dell’Unione Europea
per l’Istruzione, la Formazione, la Gioventù e lo Sport. Nel suo ambito si
collocano diversi programmi di finanziamento dell’Unione Europea:
1
Commissione europea (2013). Statistiche Erasmus. Consultato il 9 di dicembre del
2019, in https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/erasmus-plus/about/statistics_en
a sfociare, com’è noto, nel successivo incontro di Bologna del 1999, nel
corso del quale venne sottoscritto dai partner europei il programma poi
passato alla storia con l’appellativo di Processo di Bologna, ossia l’accordo
intergovernativo di collaborazione nel settore dell’istruzione superiore
basato sui principi e criteri condivisi tra i paesi firmatari, ovvero:
Tra il 1999 e il 2010, tutti gli sforzi dei paesi aderenti al Processo di
Bologna furono mirati alla creazione dello Spazio Europeo dell’Istruzione
Superiore, divenuto realtà con la Dichiarazione di Budapest-Vienna del
marzo 2010 (Varghese, 2013).
In seguito al Processo di Bologna, com’è noto, si è registrato un vero e
proprio processo di innovazione delle architetture dei sistemi universitari
degli Stati membri dell’Unione Europea.
La concretizzazione della Dichiarazione di Bologna ha dato inizio,
infatti, ad un processo di riforma internazionale dei sistemi d’istruzione
superiore dell’Unione Europea che ha reso effettiva la realizzazione dello
Spazio Europeo dell’Istruzione Superiore [European Higher Education
Area] (Masia, Morcellini, 2009).
Gli accordi raggiunti nell’ambito dello Spazio Europeo dell’Istruzione
Superiore hanno contribuito a fare dell’Europa una vera e propria «Società
della Conoscenza», in stretta aderenza con quanto stabilito dall’Agenda di
Lisbona (Salvaterra, 2012).
Su questo versante, i governi dell’Unione Europea hanno attuato, dal
1999 ad oggi, una serie di riforme strutturali di straordinaria importanza,
quali:
4. Riferimento
Corradi, S. (1988). Erasmus e Comet. Educazione degli adulti e formazione
universitaria transculturale. Roma: Bulzoni.
Corradi, S. (2005). Erasmus ed Erasmus Plus. La mobilità internazionale
degli studenti universitari. Roma: Università Roma Tre.
Hudzik, J.K. (2015). Comprehensive internationalization. Institutional
pathways to success. New York: Routledge.
Killick, D. (2015). Developing the global student: Higher education in an era
of globalization. London: Routledge.
Knight, J. (2008). Higher education in turmoil. The changing world of
internationalization. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.
Leask, B. (2013). Internationalising the curriculum in the disciplines
imagining new possibilities. Journal of Studies in International
Education, 17(2), pp. 103-118.
Masia, A., Morcellini M. (a cura di). (2009). L’Università al futuro. Sistema,
progetto, innovazione. Milano: Giuffrè.
Francesca Saliceti
[email protected]
Università degli Studi del Molise. Italia
ANTONIO TEODORO
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A OCDE e o sonho de uma
governação mundial da educação.
Pressupostos e análise crítica
António Teodoro
1. Introdução
2. Sumário
3. Conclusões
4. Referências
Becker, G. (1964). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with
special reference to education. New York: Columbia University Press.
Elfert, M. (2017). Unesco’s utopia of lifelong learning: An intellectual history.
London: Routledge.
Husén, T. (1979). An international research venture in retrospect: The IEA
surveys. Comparative Education Review, 23(3), 371-385.
Levin, B. & Fullan, M. (2008). Learning about system renewal. Educational
Management Administration & Leadership, 36(2), 289-303.
Sahlberg, P. (2016). The global educational reform movement and its
impact on schooling. In K. Mundy, A. Green, B. Lingard, & A. Verger
(Eds.), The Handbook of Global Education Policy (pp. 128-144). New
Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell.
Schleicher, A. (2018). World class: How to build a 21st-century school
system. Paris: OECD Publishing.
Schleicher, A., Zoido, P. (2016). The Policies that shaped PISA, and the
policies that PISA shaped. In K. Mundy, A. Green, B. Lingard, & A.
Verger (Eds.), The Handbook of Global Education Policy (pp. 374-384).
New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell.
Teodoro, A. (2020, no prelo). Contesting the global development of
sustainable and inclusive education: education reform and the
challenges of neoliberal globalization. New York: Routledge.
António Teodoro
[email protected]
Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias. Portugal
Elsa Estrela
1. Introdução
2. Sumário
3. Conclusões
4. Referências
Aaron, H. J. (1978). Politics and the professors: The great society in
perspective. Washington: Brookings.
Barroso, J., & Carvalho, L. M. (2008). PISA: Un instrument de régulation
pour relier des mondes [PISA: A regulatory instrument to connect
worlds], Revue française de pédagogie, 164, 77-80.
Elsa Estrela
[email protected]
Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias. Portugal
Vítor Rosa
1. Introdução
metodológica (em virtude dos métodos aplicados à natureza dos objetos de estudo) e
empírica (em virtude dos resultados obtidos pela abordagem quantitativa).
2. Sumário
150 mil euros para os membros desta organização. Para os não membros, os valores anuais
são de 45 mil euros. Os custos são variáveis de acordo com vários fatores: a dimensão da
3. Conclusões
4. Referências
Aldowah, H., Al-Samarraie, H., & Fauzi, W. (2019). Educational data mining
and learning analytics for 21st century higher education: A review and
synthesis. Journal Telematics and Informatics – Elsevier, 37, pp. 13-49.
Baradwaj, B., & Pal, S. (2011). Mining Educational Data to Analyze Students’
Performance. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science
and Applications, 6(2), pp. 63-69.
Ben Kei, D. (2019). Big Data and data science: Critical review of issues for
educational research. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(1),
pp. 101-113.
Shum, S. B., Ferguson, R., & Martinez-Maldonado, R. (2019). Human-centred
learning analytics. Journal of Learning Analytics, 6(2), pp. 1-9.
Echeverría, J. (2003). La revolución tecnocientífica. Madrid: Fondo de
Cultura Económica de España.
Galison, P., & Hevly, B. (1992). Big science: The growth of large-scale
research. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Guillemet, P. (2004). L’industrialisation de la formation, la fin d’un
paradigme ? Distances et Savoirs, 2(1), pp. 93-118.
Vítor Rosa
[email protected]
Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisboa. Portugal
1. Introdução
1
Informação citada do website oficial da Iniciativa Educação e que pode ser lida aqui:
https://www.iniciativaeducacao.org/pt/quem-somos
2
Para além dessas atividades que correspondem às suas áreas de intervenção
estratégica, a Iniciativa Educação apoia, ainda, os projetos Arco Maior e Semear, que já
eram financiados pela família Soares dos Santos.
3
Informação citada do website oficial da Iniciativa Educação e que pode ser lida aqui:
https://www.iniciativaeducacao.org/pt/quem-somos/o-que-fazemos
2. Sumário
Sobre os think tanks, as categorizações existentes (e.g., Hart & Vromen, 2008;
McGann & Weaver, 2000; Medvetz, 2012) distinguem, em geral, os tipos
académico, governamental, de defesa (advocacy), contratual, e de políticas.
Entendemos, aqui, a figura do think tank com a ressalva de Thompson,
Savage e Lingard (2015), de que, por relação com a plasticidade da sua
forma se apresenta com uma variedade de características e atributos que
evoluem, eles próprios, em resposta à mudança das condições políticas.
A nossa análise enquadra o trabalho dos think tanks portugueses por
relação com a mudança nas estruturas de governação, isto é, considerando
que os processos de política envolvem novas maneiras de pensar a
produção e distribuição de conhecimento, e novos atores, incluindo
atores privados (Hogan, Sellar, & Lingard, 2015; Robertson & Dale, 2008),
cuja presença se justificaria pelas oportunidades criadas por novas formas
de outsourcing, contratação e de configuração das parcerias público-
privadas, isto é, de privatizações da política.
Neste enquadramento, a rede/network tem sido apontada por vários
autores (e.g., Menashy & Verger, 2019; Olmedo, 2013; Shiroma, 2013)
como um dispositivo conceptual adequado para representar a mudança
nas formas de governação da educação, e uma técnica de análise capaz de
ajudar a visualizar a matriz de relações dessas novas comunidades de política
que, entre outros atores-chave, integram peritos, filantropos, consultores,
think tanks e fundações. Como salientaram Menashy e Verger (2019):
3. Conclusões
4
Informação citada do website oficial da Fundação Francisco Manuel dos Santos e
que pode ser lida aqui: https://www.ffms.pt/
Allow us to see the capillary action of the networks and the multiple links and
interests connecting the actors. The mapping of the relationships of partnership,
clients, suppliers, sponsors and donors (…) helps (…) in understanding the
complex relationships between government, civil society and business. (Shiroma,
2013, p. 341)
4. Referências
Ball, S., & Exley, S. (2010). Making policy with ‘good ideas’: Policy networks
and the ‘intellectuals’ of New Labour. Journal of Education Policy, 25(2),
pp. 151-169.
Edwards, G. (2010). Mixed-method approaches to social network analysis.
National
Centre for Research Methods. Review Paper. Recuperado de http://eprints.
ncrm.ac.uk/842/1/Social_Network_analysis_Edwards.pdf
Hart, P., & Vromen, A. (2008). A new era for think tanks in public policy?
International trends, Australian realities. The Australian Journal of
Public Administration, 67(2), pp. 135-148.
COMPARAZIONE, PROBLEMATICITÀ
IDEOLOGICHE E STRATEGIE FORMATIVE:
UNO SGUARDO SULLA DIALETTICA
INQUIETA DEGLI ANNI SETTANTA
LETTERIO TODARO
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Comparazione, problematicità
ideologiche e strategie formative:
uno sguardo sulla dialettica
inquieta degli anni Settanta
Letterio Todaro
1. Introduzione
4. Riferimenti
Callegari, C. (2017). L’educazione comparata nell’epoca globale: la
tradizione italiana e le prospettive future. Studium Educationis, XVII (2),
pp. 93-104.
Letterio Todaro
[email protected]
Università di Catania. Italia
Simona Perfetti
1. Introduzione
1
http://www.eurispes.eu/, ultima consultazione 21/11/2019.
2
http://www.unesco.org/education, ultima consultazione: 21/11/2019.
Rete è entrata a far parte della vita quotidiana delle persone, gli scambi
comunicativi violenti e gli atteggiamenti socialmente negativi hanno
caratterizzato una parte delle relazioni online. Oggi a causa dell’avvento
dei social media, le manifestazioni di odio online, oltre a rappresentare
un fenomeno in costante aumento, pongono al mondo dell’educativo
continue sfide. I media digitali, in tale direzione, possono porsi come
quei luoghi nel cui ambito si manifestano episodi violenti nei confronti di
persone che hanno un’origine etnica differente, un diverso credo religioso,
un diverso orientamento sessuale o una disabilità. L’hate speech, ovvero
l’incitamento all’odio, è una nozione messa a punto dalla giurisprudenza
americana e denota un tipo di insulto motivato da una qualsiasi forma di
discriminazione nei confronti di persone o di un gruppo sociale. Nella
società odierna l’attenzione educativa rispetto a questo fenomeno è
notevolmente aumentata poiché l’hate speech oggi racchiude sia le
minoranze religiose, soprattutto musulmane, sia altre categorie come
le donne, le persone LGBT, i disabili. Lungo tale direttiva di impegno
degli Organismi Internazionali nella tutela della formazione dei giovani,
la Comunità Europea ha recentemente realizzato un Codice di condotta
sulle manifestazioni odio online che coinvolge quattro aziende: Facebook,
Youtube, Twitter e Microsoft. Il Codice, da un punto di vista giuridico, non
è vincolante anche se le società coinvolte assicurano di verificare entro un
giorno le segnalazioni relative all’hate speech e, in caso di accertamento
positivo, prendere gli opportuni provvedimenti3. Per i coordinatori di
Facebook, nello specifico, sono vietati quei contenuti che si manifestano
come offese dirette a una persona o ad un gruppo a causa della razza,
dell’etnia, della religione, dell’identità sessuale, dell’orientamento sessuale,
della disabilità o di una malattia. Google/YouTube, invece, riserva una
pagina all’hate speech:
Con incitamento all’odio ci si riferisce a contenuti il cui scopo principale
consiste nell’incitare alla violenza o all’odio nei confronti di individui o
gruppi sulla base di determinati attributi, ad esempio: razza o origine
etnica, religione, disabilità/invalidità, sesso, età, condizione di veterano,
orientamento/identità sessuale (Bortone, Cerquozzi, 2017, p. 821).
Yahoo, in questa direzione, per distinguere i contenuti di odio online da
altri si basa su un algoritmo realizzato grazie all’analisi di tematiche ritenute
violente dalle persone. L’azienda punta su una strategia particolarmente
attenta all’hate speech poiché rende disponibile a terze parti la sua raccolta
dati, in modo che altre società possano utilizzarla per realizzare un loro
algoritmo. Sempre in questa direzione è da segnalare l’iniziativa No Hate
3
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/, ultima consultazione 21/11/2019.
4
http://www.unar.it/unar/portal/?p=8483, ultima consultazione 30/11/2019.
5
La Mappa dell’Intolleranza consta di alcune fasi. La prima fase, a cura del Dipartimento
di Diritto Pubblico italiano e sovranazionale dell’Università degli Studi di Milano, ha puntato
all’identificazione dei diritti, il cui mancato rispetto influisce sulle dinamiche societarie. La
seconda fase, a cura del Dipartimento di Psicologia Dinamica e Clinica della Facoltà di
Medicina e Psicologia dell’Università La Sapienza di Roma, ha messo a fuoco una serie di
espressioni in relazione all’emozione da analizzare. La terza fase, a cura del il Dipartimento
di Informatica dell’Università di Bari, ha realizzato un software per l’organizzazione dei
tweet, adoperando algoritmi di intelligenza artificiale in grado di analizzare ed estrarre i
contenuti richiesti.
6
http://www.voxdiritti.it/ecco-la-nuova-edizione-della-mappa-dellintolleranza/, ultima
consultazione 30/11/2019.
7
Per un approfondimento: M.A. D’Arcangeli (a cura di). (2009). Il disagio giovanile
come problema pedagogico. Pescara: Libreria dell’Università; Cfr., U. Galimberti (2006).
L’ospite inquietante. Il nichilismo e i giovani. Milano: FrancoAngeli; A. Zamperini. (2007).
L’indifferenza. Torino: Einaudi; M. Benasayag M., G. Schmit. (2005). La passion tristes.
Suffrance psychique et crise sociale. Paris: Èdition La Dècouverte; L. Pati (a cura di) (2000).
La giovinezza. Un nuovo stadio per l’educazione. Brescia: Editrice La Scuola.
4. Riferimenti
Bauman, Z. (2008). Vite di corsa. Bologna: Il Mulino.
Benasayag M., G. Schmit. (2005). La passion tristes. Suffrance psychique et
crise sociale. Paris: Èdition La Dècouverte.
D’Arcangeli, M. A. (a cura di) (2009). Il disagio giovanile come problema
pedagogico Pescara: Libreria dell’Università.
Galimberti, U. (2006). L’ospite inquietante. Il nichilismo e i giovani. Milano:
FrancoAngeli.
Glister, P. (1997). Digital Literacy. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Iori, V. (2019). Investire sull’educazione per salvare il futuro. In Encyclopaideia
– Journal of Phenomenology and Education, 23(54), pp. 1-3.
Jonassen, D. H., Howland, J., Marra, R. M., & Crismond, D. P. (2007).
Meaningful Learning with Technology. New Jersey: Prentice Hall–Upper
Saddle River.
Livingstone, S. (2003). On the Challenges of Cross-National Comparative
Media Research. In European Journal of Communication, 18(4), pp.
477-500.
Maragliano, R., Martini, O., Penge, S. (1999) (a cura di). I media e la
formazione. Roma: Carocci.
Simona Perfetti
[email protected]
Università della Calabria. Italia
1. Introduzione
4. Conclusioni
5. Riferimenti
Alessandrini, G. (2014). La “pedagogia” di Martha Nussbaum. Approccio
alle capacità e sfide educative. Milano: Franco Angeli.
Bertagna, G. (2012). Scuola e lavoro tra formazione e impresa. Nodi critici
(im?) possibili soluzioni, in Bertagna, G. (Eds), Fare Laboratorio. Scenari
culturali ed esperienze di ricerca nelle scuole di secondo ciclo. Brescia:
La Scuola.
Bertagna, G. (2006). Pensiero manuale. La scommessa di un sistema di
istruzione e di formazione di pari dignità. Brescia: La Scuola.
Besozzi, E. (2006). Società, cultura, educazione. Roma: Carocci.
Bollier, D. (2016). The Future of Work. What It Means for Individuals,
Businesses, Markets and Governments. Washington: The Aspen
Institute.
Bruner, J. (1997). La cultura dell’educazione. Nuovi orizzonti per la scuola.
Milano: Feltrinelli.
Cedefop. (2012). From education to working life: The labour market
outcomes of VET, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European
Union.
Cesareo, V. (Eds) (1974). La scuola tra crisi e utopia. Brescia: La Scuola.
Charlot, B. (1980). La mistificazione pedagogica: realtà sociale e processi
ideologici nella teoria dell’educazione. Milano: Emme Edizioni.
Criscenti, A. (2018). Dai critici del sistema, ai descolarizzatori, ai tentativi
di democrazia partecipata. Bilancio di un progetto politico, sociale
e pedagogico, in Todaro, L. (Eds). Cultura pedagogica ed istanze di
emancipazione. Roma: Anicia.
Delors, J. (1997). Nell’educazione un tesoro. Rapporto all’Unesco della
Commissione Internazionale sull’Educazione per il Ventunesimo
Secolo. Roma: Armando.
Faure, E. (1973). Rapporto sulle strategie dell’educazione. Roma: Armando.
Gozzer, G. (1975). 25 Rapporti sull’educazione. Roma: Armando.
Gozzer, G. (1976). L’epoca dei grandi confronti. Roma: Armando.
Illich, I. (1970). Descolarizzare la società. Milano: Mondadori.
Illich, I. (1973). Rovesciare le istituzioni. Roma: Armando.
Mariano González-Delgado