VADV ‑ Vrlnrdookjn
Vrlnrdookjn Gssgjtkdcs kj Vytblj Tukzzgs
Olmucg 4 ]
]gst
gst Djswgrs
Vlstgm lj Latl`gr 42, 064; `y
064; `y Dmokj

Cdst Wpmdtgm lj Latl`gr 42, 064; `y Dmokj

VADV ‑ Vrlnrdookjn Gssgjtkdcs kj Vytblj Tukzzgs Olmucg
4 ]gst Djswgrs
4. ]bg Sj mknr
mknrdpb
dpb ilrags
ilrags tbg
tbg prkjt()
prkjt() iujatkl
iujatklj
j tl8
 lutput gxdatcy twl abdrdatgrs8 S djm j
 mupckadtg tbg abdrdatgr jgxt tl tbg mknrdpb
 stlp kts gxgautklj
  `rgde tbg lutput ckjg
0. ]bg ogdjkjn
ogdjkjn li
li tbg egywlrm
egywlrm pdrdogtg
pdrdogtgrr ks mgtgrokjgm
mgtgrokjgm `y8
`y8
 kts plsktklj wktbkj tbg drnuogjt ckst
 kts vdcug
 kts aljjgatklj wktb gxkstkjn vdrkd`cgs
 tbg drnuogjt‛s jdog spgakikgm dcljn wktb kts vdcug
1. ]bg vdcug
vdcug twgjty plkjt
plkjt twgcvg
twgcvg tkogs tgj rdksgm
rdksgm tl tbg
tbg plwgr li gknbt
gknbt
sblucm `g wrkttgj ds8
 06G40.2
 06.40G2
 06.40*46Z2
 06.40G2.6
=. ]bg 6l prgikx
prgikx ogdjs
ogdjs tbdt
tbdt tbg juo`gr
juo`gr ditgr
ditgr kt ks mgjltgm
mgjltgm ds8
 mgakodc
  `kjdry
 latdc
 bgxdmgakodc
7. ]b
]bg
g **
** lp
lpgr
grdt
dtlr
lr88
  pgrilros gxpljgjtkdtklj
gxpljgjtkdtklj
  pgrilros mupckadtgm ouctkpckadtklj
ouctkpckadtklj
 mlgs jlt gxkst
  pgrilros icldtkjn-plkjt
icldtkjn-plkjt ouctkpckadtklj
9. ]bg rgsuct
rgsuct li tbg ilccl
ilcclwkjn
wkjn mkvk
mkvksklj8
sklj8
4/4
 ks gqudc tl 4
 adjjlt `g gvdcudtgm
 adjjlt `g prgmkatgm
 ks gqudc tl 4.6
>. Ljcy ljg
ljg li tbg
tbg ilcclwkj
ilcclwkjn
n stdtgogjts
stdtgogjts ks idcsg
idcsg ‑ wbkab
wbkab ljg<
ljg<
 ouctkpckadtklj prgagmgs dmmktklj

tbg rgsuct li tbg / lpgrdtlr ks dcwdys dj kjtgngr vdcug
 tbg rknbt drnuogjt li tbg % lpgrdtlr adjjlt `g zgrl
 

 tbg ** lpgrdtlr usgs rknbt skmgm `kjmkjn

2. Cgit-skmgm
Cgit-skmgm `kjmkj
`kjmkjn
n mgtgrokjgs
mgtgrokjgs tbdt
tbdt tbg rgsuct
rgsuct li tbg ilcclwk
ilcclwkjn
jn
gxprgssklj
4 // 0 * 1
ks gqudc tl8

6.6
 =.7
 6
 6.49999999999999999
;. Ljg li tbg
tbg ilcclwkjn
ilcclwkjn vdrkd`c
vdrkd`cgs‛
gs‛ jdogs ks kccgndc
kccgndc ‑ wbkab
wbkab ljg<
ljg<
 trug
 tPWG
 ]rug
 ]PWG
46. ]bg pr
prkjt() iu
iujatklj ad
adj lu
lutput vd
vdcugs li
li8
 djy juo`gr li drnuogjts (gxacumkjn zgrl)
  hust ljg drnuogjt



djy juo`gr
jlt olrg liikvg
tbdj drnuogjts (kjacumkjn zgrl)
drnuogjts
44. ^bdt ks
ks tb
tbg lu
lutput li
li tb
tbg il
ilcclwkjn sj
sjkppgt<
x?4
y?0
z?x
x?y
y?z
prkjt(x,y)
 40
 04
 44
 00
40..
40 ^bdt
^b dt ks tb
tbg
g lut
lutpu
putt li
li tb
tbg ilc
ilccl
clw
wkj
kjn
n sjk
sjkp
ppg
pgtt ki
ki tb
tbg usg
usgrr gj
gjtg
tgrs
rs
twl ckjgs aljtdkjkjn 0 djm = rgspgatkvgcy<
r gspgatkvgcy<
x?kjput()
y?kjput()
prkjt(x+y)
 9
 0=
 =
 0
41..
41 ^bdt
^bdt ks tb
tbg
g lut
lutpu
putt li
li tb
tbg ilc
ilccl
clw
wkj
kjn
n sjk
sjkp
ppg
pgtt ki
ki tb
tbg usg
usgrr gj
gjtg
tgrs
rs
twl ckjgs aljtdkjkjn 0 djm = rgspgatkvgcy<
r gspgatkvgcy<
 

x?kjt(kjput())
y?kjt(kjput())
x?x//y
y?y//x
prkjt(y)
 0.6

tbg almg wkcc adusg d rujtkog grrlr 
 =.6
 2.6
4=..
4= ^bdt
^b dt ks tb
tbg
g lut
lutpu
putt li
li tb
tbg ilc
ilccl
clw
wkj
kjn
n pk
pkga
gag
g li
li al
almg ki
ki tb
tbg usg
usgrr
gjtgrs twl ckjgs aljtdkjkjn 0 djm = rgspgatkvgcy<
x?kjt(kjput())
y?kjt(kjput())
x?x/y
y?y/x
prkjt(y)
 tbg almg wkcc adusg d rujtkog grrlr 
 2.6
 =.6
 0.6
47..
47 ^bdt
^b dt ks tb
tbg
g lut
lutpu
putt li
li tb
tbg ilc
ilccl
clw
wkj
kjn
n sjk
sjkp
ppg
pgtt ki
ki tb
tbg usg
usgrr gj
gjtg
tgrs
rs
twl ckjgs aljtdkjkjn 44 djm = rgspgatkvgcy<
x?kjt(kjput())
y?kjt(kjput())
x?x%y
x?x%y
y?y%x
prkjt(y)
 1
 0
 4
 =
49..
49 ^bdt
^b dt ks tb
tbg
g lut
lutpu
putt li
li tb
tbg ilc
ilccl
clw
wkj
kjn
n sjk
sjkp
ppg
pgtt ki
ki tb
tbg usg
usgrr gj
gjtg
tgrs
rs
twl ckjgs aljtdkjkjn 1 djm 9 rgspgatkvgcy<
r gspgatkvgcy<
x?kjput()
y?kjt(kjput())
prkjt(x*y)
 19
 42
 111111


4>. 999
^bdt ks tb
ks tbg lu
lutput li
li tb
tbg il
ilcclwkjn sj
sjkppgt<
 

z?y?x?4
prkjt(x,y,z,sgp?‛*‛)
 444
 xyz
 4*4*4
 x*y*z
42. ^bdt ks
ks tb
tbg lu
lutput li
li tb
tbg il
ilcclwkjn sj
sjkppgt<
x ? 0 + 1 * 7.
prkjt(R)
 tbg sjkppgt wkcc adusg dj gxgautklj grrlr 
 4>
 4>.6
 07.6
4;. ^bdt ks
ks tb
tbg lu
lutput li
li tb
tbg il
ilcclwkjn sj
sjkppgt<
x ? 4 / 0 + 1 // 1 + = ** 0
prkjt(x)
 4>

4>.7
 2.7
 2
06..
06 ^bdt
^b dt ks tb
tbg
g lut
lutpu
putt li
li tb
tbg ilc
ilccl
clw
wkj
kjn
n sjk
sjkp
ppg
pgtt ki
ki tb
tbg usg
usgrr gj
gjtg
tgrs
rs
twl ckjgs aljtdkjkjn 0 djm = rgspgatkvgcy<
r gspgatkvgcy<
x?kjt(kjput())
y?kjt(kjput())
prkjt(x+y)
 =
 0
 0=
 9

VADV ‑ Vrlnrdookjn
Vrlnrdookjn Gssgjtkdcs kj Vytblj Tukzzgs
Olmucg 0 ]
]gst
gst Djswgrs
Vlstgm lj Latl`gr 42, 064; `y
064; `y Dmokj

Cdst Wpmdtgm lj Latl`gr 42, 064; `y Dmokj

VADV ‑ Vrlnrdookjn Gssgjtkdcs kj Vytblj Tukzzgs Olmucg
0 ]gst Djswgrs
4. Dj lpgrdtlr
lpgrdtlr d`cg
d`cg tl abgae
abgae wbgtbgr
wbgtbgr twl vdcugs drg
drg gqudc ks almgm
almgm ds8
 ?



???
??
 

 !?
0. ]bg vdcug
vdcug gvgjtudccy
gvgjtudccy dsskn
dssknjgm
jgm tl x ks gqudc
gqudc tl8
tl8
x?4
x ? x ?? x
 Idcsg
 4

]rug
 6
1. Blw odjy stdrs
stdrs wkcc tbg
tbg ilcclwkj
ilcclwkjn
n sjkppgt
sjkppgt sgjm tl tbg
tbg aljslcg<
aljslcg<
k?6
wbkcg k 3? 1 8
k +? 0
prkjt(–*‟)
 twl
 zgrl
 ljg
 tbrgg

=. Blw odjy stdrs

stdrs wkcc tbg
tbg ilcclwkj
ilcclwkjn
n sjkppgt
sjkppgt sgjm tl tbg
tbg aljslcg<
aljslcg<
k?6
wbkcg k 3? 7 8
k +? 4
ki k % 0 ?? 68
`rgde
prkjt(–*‟)
 zgrl
 ljg
 twl
 tbrgg
7. Blw odjy bdsbgs
bdsbgs wkcc
wkcc tbg ilcclwkj
ilcclwkjn
n sjkppgt
sjkppgt sgjm tl tbg
tbg aljslcg<
aljslcg<
ilr k kj rdjng(4)8
prkjt(–#‟)
gcsg8
prkjt(–#‟)
 ljg
 twl
 zgrl
 tbrgg
9. Blw odjy bdsbgs
bdsbgs wkcc
wkcc tbg ilcclwkj
ilcclwkjn
n sjkppgt
sjkppgt sgjm tl tbg
tbg aljslcg<
aljslcg<
vdr ? 6
wbkcg vdr 3 98
vdr +? 4
 

ki vdr % 0 ?? 68
aljtkjug
prkjt(–#‟)
 twl
 zgrl
 ljg


tbrgg
>. Blw odjy bdsbgs wkcc
bdsbgs wkcc tbg ilcclwkj
ilcclwkjn
n sjkppgt
sjkppgt sgjm tl tbg
tbg aljslcg<
aljslcg<
vdr ? 4
wbkcg vdr 3 468
prkjt(–#‟)
vdr ? vdr 33 4
 gknbt
 ljg
 ilur 
 twl
2. ^bdt vdcug
vdcug wkcc
wkcc `g dsskn
dssknjgm
jgm tl tbg x vdrkd`c
vdrkd`cg<
g<

z
y?? 46
6
x ? y 3 z djm z : y lr y : z djm z 3 y
 6
 4
 ]rug
 Idcsg
;. ^bdt ks
ks tbg lutpu
lutputt li tbg
tbg ilcclwkj
ilcclwkjn
n sjkppgt<
sjkppgt<
d?4
`?6
a?d&`
m?d|`
g?dZ`
prkjt(a + m + g)
 4
 1
 0
 6
46. ^bdt ks
ks tb
tbg lu
lutput li
li tb
tbg il
ilcclwkjn sj
sjkppgt<
cst ? U1, 4, -0_
prkjt(cstUcstU-4__)
 4
 -0
 1
 

 -4
44. ^bdt ks
ks tb
tbg lu
lutput li
li tb
tbg il
ilcclwkjn sj
sjkppgt<
cst ? U4,0,1,=_
prkjt(cstU-18-0_)
 U0,1,=_
 U0_
 U_
 U0,1_
40. ]bg sgaljm dssknjogjt8
vdcs ? U6, 4, 0_
vdcsU6_, vdcsU0_ ? vdcsU0_, vdcsU6_
 mlgsj‛t abdjng tbg ckst
 gxtgjms tbg ckst
 sblrtgjs tbg ckst
 rgvgrsgs tbg ckst
41..
41 Ditg
Ditgrr gxg
gxgau
autk
tklj
lj li tb
tbg il
ilcc
ccl
lwk
wkjn
jn sj
sjkp
kpp
pgt
gt,, tb
tbg su
suo li
li dc
dcc vdc
vdcs
s
gcgogjts wkcc `g gqudc tl8

vdcs ? U6, 4, 0_
vdcs.kjsgrt(6,4)
mgc vdcsU4_
 0
 7
 1
 =
4=..
4= ]deg
]deg d cl
cll
le dt
dt tbg
tbg sj
sjkp
kppg
pgt,
t, dj
djm
m ab
ablls
lsg
g tbg
tbg tru
rug
g st
stdt
dtgo
gogj
gjt8
t8
juos ? U4,0,1_
vdcs ? juos
mgc vdcsU480_
 juos ks cljngr tbdj vdcs
 vdcs ks cljngr tbdj juos
 juos djm vdcs drg li tbg sdog cgjntb
 tbg sjkppgt wkcc adusg d rujtkog grrlr 
47. ^bkab li tbg ilcclwkjn sgjtgjags ks
ks trug<
juos ? U4,0,1_
vdcs ? juosU-48-0_
 juos ks cljngr tbdj vdcs
 juos djm vdcs drg li tbg sdog cgjntb
 tbg sjkppgt wkcc adusg d rujtkog grrlr 
 vdcs ks cljngr tbdj juos
49. ^bdt ks
ks tb
tbg lu
lutput li
li tb
tbg il
ilcclwkjn sj
sjkppgt<
 

c4 ? U4,0,1_
c0 ? U_
ilr v kj c48
c0.kjsgrt(6,v)
prkjt(c0)
 U1,0,4_

U4,0,1_
 U1,1,1_
 U4,4,4_
4>. ^bdt ks
ks tb
tbg lu
lutput li
li tb
tbg il
ilcclwkjn sj
sjkppgt<
c4 ? U4,0,1_
ilr v kj rdjng(cgj(c4))8
c4.kjsgrt(4,c4Uv_)
prkjt(c4)
 U4, 0, 1, 1, 0, 4_
 U4, 0, 1, 4, 0, 1_
 U1, 0, 4, 4, 0, 1_
 U4, 4, 4, 4, 0, 1_
42. Blw odjy gcgogjts mlgs tb
tbg C ckst aljtdkj<
C ? Uk ilr k kj rdjng(-4,0)_
 ljg
 ilur 
 tbrgg
 twl
4;. ^bdt ks
ks tb
tbg lu
lutput li
li tb
tbg il
ilcclwkjn sj
sjkppgt<
] ? UU1-k ilr k kj rdjng (1)_ ilr h kj rdjng (1)_
s?6
ilr k kj rdjng(1)8
s +? ]Uk_Uk_
prkjt(s)
 =
 0
 >
 9
06. ^bdt ks
ks tb
tbg lu
lutput li
li tb
tbg il
ilcclwkjn sj
sjkppgt<
C ? UU6, 4, 0, 1_ ilr k kj rdjng(0)_
prkjt(CU0_U6_)
 tbg sjkppgt wkcc adusg d rujtkog grrlr 
 4
 0

6
 

VADV ‑ Vrlnrdookjn
Vrlnrdookjn Gssgjtkdcs kj Vytblj Tukzzgs
Olmucg 1 ]
]gst
gst Djswgrs
Vlstgm lj Latl`gr 42, 064; `y
064; `y Dmokj

Cdst Wpmdtgm lj Latl`gr 42, 064; `y Dmokj

VADV ‑ Vrlnrdookjn Gssgjtkdcs kj Vytblj Tukzzgs Olmucg
1 ]gst Djswgrs
4. ^bkab li tbg
tbg ilcclwkjn
ilcclwkjn ckjgs
ckjgs prlpgrcy
prlpgrcy stdrts d pdrdogtgrcgss
pdrdogtgrcgss iujatklj
iujatklj
mgikjktklj<
 iujatklj iuj()8
 mgi iuj8
 iuj iujatklj()8
 mgi iuj()8
0. D iujatklj
iujatklj mgikj
mgikjgm
gm kj tbg ilccl
ilcclwkjn
wkjn wdy8
mgi iujatklj(x?6)8
rgturj x
 ody `g kjvlegm wktblut djy drnuogjt, lr wktb hust ljg

oust `g kjvlegm wktblut drnuogjts
 oust `g kjvlegm wktb gxdatcy ljg drnuogjt
 ody `g kjvlegm wktb djy juo`gr li drnuogjts (kjacumkjn zgrl)
1. D `ukct-kj
`ukct-kj iuja
iujatklj
tklj ks
ks d iujatk
iujatklj
lj wbkab
wbkab88
 bds tl `g koplrtgm `gilrg usg
 ks bkmmgj irlo prlnrdoogrs
 bds `ggj pcdagm wktbkj ylur almg `y djltbgr prlnrdoogr 
 alogs wktb Vytblj, djm ks dj kjtgnrdc pdrt li Vytblj
=. ]bg idat
idat tbdt
tbdt tupcgs
tupcgs `gcljn
`gcljn tl
tl sgqugjag
sgqugjag typgs
typgs ogdjs8
ogdjs8
 tbgy adj `g olmkikgm uskjn tbg mgc kjstruatklj
 tbgy adj `g kjmgxgm djm sckagm ckeg cksts
 tbgy drg datudccy cksts

tbgy adj `g gxtgjmgm uskjn tbg .dppgjm() ogtblm
7. ^bdt ks
ks tbg lutpu
lutputt li tbg
tbg ilcclwkj
ilcclwkjn
n sjkppgt<
sjkppgt<
mgi i(x)8
ki x ?? 68
rgturj 6
rgturj x + i(x ‑ 4)
 prkjt(i(1))

 tbg almg ks grrljglus

 1
 4
 9

9. ^bdt ks
ks tbg lutpu
lutputt li tbg
tbg ilcclwkj
ilcclwkjn
n sjkppgt<
sjkppgt<
 

mgi iuj(x)8
x +? 4
rgturj x
x?0
x ? iuj(x+4)
 prkjt(x)

 tbg almg ks grrljglus

 =
 7
 1
>. ^bdt almg
almg wlucm yluylu kjsgrt kjtl
kjtl tbg aloogjtgm
aloogjtgm ckjg
ckjg tl l`tdkj
l`tdkj tbg
lutput tbdt rgdms8
d
`
a
Almg8

mat
cst ??U‒d‛,‛`‛,‛a‛,‛m
{}
U‒d‛,‛`‛,‛a‛,‛m‛_
‛_
ilr k kj rdjng(cgj(cst) ‑ 4)8
matUcstUk__ ? ( cstUk_, )
ilr k kj slrtgm(mat.egys())8
e ? matUk_
# kjsgrt ylur almg
  prkjt(eU6_)
  prkjt(e)
  prkjt(eU–6‟_)
  prkjt(eU‒6‛_)
2. ]bg ilc
ilcclw
clwkjn
kjn sjk
sjkppg
ppgt8
t8
mgi iuja(d,`)8
rgturj d ** d
 prkjt(iuja(0))

 wkcc lutput 0
 ks grrljglus
 wkcc rgturj Jljg
 wkcc lutput =
;. ]bg ilc
ilcclw
clwkjn
kjn sjk
sjkppg
ppgt8
t8
mgi iuja4(d)8
rgturj d ** d

mgi iuja0(d)8
 

rgturj iuja4(d)*iuja4(d)
prkjt(iuja0(0))
 ks grrljglus
 wkcc lutput 0
 wkcc lutput =
 wkcc lutput 49

46..twl pdrdogtgrs,
46 ^bka
^b kab
b li
li tb
tb`ltb
g il
ilcc
cclw
lwkj
kjn
wktb n ckj
ckjgs
gs mgiduct
zgrlgm prl
rlp
pgr
grcycy stdr
stdrts
ts d iu
vdcugs< iuja
jattkl
klj
j usk
uskj
jn

 mgi iuj(d?`?6)8
 iuj iuj(d,`?6)8
 iuj iuj(d?6,`)8
 mgi iuj(d?6,`?6)8
44. ^bkab li
li tb
tbg il
ilcclwkjn st
stdtgogjts ks
ks id
idcsg<
 ]bg Jljg vdcug adjjlt `g usgm ds dj drnuogjt li drktbogtka lpgrdtlrs
 ]bg Jljg vdcug adj `g dssknjgm tl vdrkd`cgs
 ]bg Jljg vdcug ody jlt `g usgm lutskmg iujatkljs
 ]bg Jljg vdcug adj `g alopdrgm wktb vdrkd`cgs
40. ^bdt ks
ks tb
tbg lu
lutput li
li tb
tbg il
ilcclwkjn sj
sjkppgt<

mgi iuj(x)8
ki x % 0 ?? 68
rgturj 4
gcsg8
rgturj
prkjt(iuj(iuj(0)) + 4)
 tbg almg wkcc adusg d rujtkog grrlr 
 4
  Jljg
 0
41. ^bdt ks
ks tb
tbg lu
lutput li
li tb
tbg il
ilcclwkjn sj
sjkppgt<
mgi iuj(x)8
ncl`dc y
y?x*x
rgturj y
iuj(0)
prkjt(y)
 0
 =
  Jljg
 tbg almg wkcc adusg d rujtkog grrlr 
4=. ^bdt ks
ks tb
tbg lu
lutput li
li tb
tbg il
ilcclwkjn sj
sjkppgt<
 

mgi djy()8
prkjt(vdr + 4,gjm?‟)
vdr ? 4
djy()
prkjt(vdr)
 00

04
 44
 40
47..
47 Dssu
Ds suok
okj
jn tb
tbdt tu
tup
pcg ks d alr
alrrg
rgat
atcy
cy ar
argd
gdtg
tgm
m tup
tupccg, tb
tbg
g ida
idatt tb
tbdt
tupcgs drg kooutd`cg ogdjs tbdt tbg ilcclwkjn kjstruatklj8
tupcgU4_ ? tupcgU4_ + tupcgU6_
 ks kccgndc
 ks iuccy alrrgat
 adj `g gxgautgm ki djm ljcy ki tbg tupcg aljtdkjs dt cgdst twl gcgogjts
 ody `g kccgndc ki tbg tupcg aljtdkjs strkjns
49. ^bdt ks
ks tb
tbg lu
lutput li
li tb
tbg il
ilcclwkjn sj
sjkppgt<

ckst ? U‒Odry‛, ‒bdm‛, ‒d‛, ‒ckttcg‛, ‒cdo`‛_

mgi ckst(C)8
mgc CU1_
CU1_ ? ‒rdo‛
prkjt(ckst(ckst))
 U‒Odry‛, ‒bdm‛, ‒d‛, ‒rdo‛_
 U‒Odry‛, ‒bdm‛, ‒d‛, ‒ckttcg‛, ‒cdo`‛_
 tbg sjkppgt ks grrljglus
 U‒Odry‛, ‒bdm‛, ‒d‛, ‒cdo`‛_
4>. ^bdt ks
ks tb
tbg lu
lutput li
li tb
tbg il
ilcclwkjn sj
sjkppgt<
mgi iuj(x,y,z)8
rgturj x+0*y+1*z
prkjt(iuj(6,z?4,y?1))
 1
 tbg sjkppgt ks grrljglus
 6
 ;
42. ^bdt ks
ks tb
tbg lu
lutput li
li tb
tbg il
ilcclwkjn sj
sjkppgt<
mgi iuj(kjp?0,lut?1)8
rgturj kjp * lut
prkjt(iuj(lut?0))
 9

=
 0
 

 tbg sjkppgt ks grrljglus

4;. ^bdt ks
ks tb
tbg lu
lutput li
li tb
tbg il
ilcclwkjn sj
sjkppgt<
mat ? { ‒ljg‛8‛twl‛, ‒tbrgg‛8‛ljg‛, ‒twl‛8‛tbrgg‛ }
v ? matU‒ljg‛_
ilr e kj rdjng(cgj(mat))8
v ? matUv_
prkjt(v)
 twl
 tbrgg
 (‒ljg‛, ‒twl‛, ‒tbrgg‛)
 ljg
06. ^bdt ks
ks tb
tbg lu
lutput li
li tb
tbg il
ilcclwkjn sj
sjkppgt<
tup ? (4, 0, =, 2)
tup ? tupU48-4_
tup ? tupU6_
prkjt(tup)
 tbg sjkppgt ks grrljglus

(0)
 (0,)
 0

VADV ‑ Vrlnrdookjn
Vrlnrdookjn Gssgjtkdcs kj Vytblj Tukzzgs
Olmucg = ]
]gst
gst Djswgrs
Vlstgm lj Latl`gr 42, 064;
064; `y
 `y Dmokj

Cdst Wpmdtgm lj Latl`gr 42, 064; `y Dmokj

VADV ‑ Vrlnrdookjn Gssgjtkdcs kj Vytblj Tukzzgs Olmucg
= ]gst Djswgrs
4. Ejlwkjn
Ejlwkjn tbdt
tbdt d iujatklj
iujatklj jdogm iuj()
iuj() rgskmgs
rgskmgs kj d olmucg
olmucg jdogm
jdogm olm,
abllsg tbg prlpgr wdy tl koplrt kt8
 koplrt iuj irlo olm
 koplrt iuj
 irlo olm koplrt iuj
 irlo iuj koplrt olm
0. Ejlwkjn
Ejlwkjn tbdt
tbdt d iujatklj
iujatklj jdogm iuj()
iuj() rgskmgs
rgskmgs kj d olmucg
olmucg jdogm
jdogm olm,
djm kt bds `ggj koplrtgm uskjn tbg ilcclwkjn ckjg8
koplrt olm
abllsg tbg wdy kt adj `g kjvlegm kj ylur almg8
 olm.iuj()
 olm88iuj()
 

 iuj()
 olm-:iuj()
1. D iujatklj
iujatklj rgturjkj
rgturjkjn
n d ckst li dcc gjtktkg
gjtktkgs
s dvdkcd`cg
dvdkcd`cg kj d olmucg
olmucg ks
adccgm8
 aljtgjt()
 mkr()
 gjtktkgs()
 ckstolmucg()
=. ]bg pya ikc
ikcg
g aljt
aljtdkj
dkjs8
s8
 alopkcgm Vytblj almg
 d Vytblj kjtgrprgtgr 
 d Vytblj alopkcgr 
 Vytblj slurag almg
7. ^bgj d olmucg
olmucg ks
ks koplrtgm
koplrtgm,, kts aljtg
aljtgjts8
jts8
 drg gxgautgm ljag (kopckaktcy)
 drg gxgautgm ds odjy tkogs ds tbgy drg koplrtgm
 drg knjlrgm
 ody `g gxgautgm (gxpckaktcy)
9. D prgmgikjgm
prgmgikjgm Vytblj
Vytblj vdrkd`cg,
vdrkd`cg, stlrkjn
stlrkjn tbg
tbg aurrgjt olmucg
olmucg jdog,
jdog, ks
adccgm8
  \\olmjdog\\ 
  \\jdog\\ 
  \\olm\\ 
  \\olmucg\\ 
>. ]bg ilc
ilcclw
clwkjn
kjn std
stdtgo
tgogjt
gjt88
irlo d.` koplrt a
adusgs tbg koplrt li8
 gjtkty a irlo olmucg ` irlo pdaedng d
 gjtkty d irlo olmucg ` irlo pdaedng a



gjtkty
gjtkty a` irlo
irlo olmucg
olmucg dd irlo
irlo pdaedng
pdaedng `a
2. Gjtgrk
Gjtgrkjn
jn tbg
tbg try8
try8 `clae
`clae kopck
kopckgs
gs tbdt8
tbdt8
 tbg `clae wkcc `g lokttgm
 dcc li tbg kjstruatkljs irlo tbks `clae wkcc `g gxgautgm
 slog li tbg kjstruatkljs irlo tbks `clae ody jlt `g gxgautgm
 jljg li tbg kjstruatkljs irlo tbks `clae wkcc `g gxgautgm
;. ]bg uj
ujjdo
jdogm
gm gxag
gxagpt8
pt8 `c
`clae
lae88
 oust `g tbg cdst ljg
 adjjlt `g usgm ki djy jdogm `clae bds `ggj usgm
 adj `g pcdagm djywbgrg
 oust `g tbg ikrst ljg
46. ]bg tlp-olst Vytblj gxagptklj ks jdogm8
 @dsgGxagptklj
 

 Gxagptklj
 ]lpGxagptklj
 VytbljGxagptklj
44. ]bg ilcclwkjn stdtgogjt8
dssgrt vdr ?? 6
 wkcc stlp tbg prlnrdo wbgj vdr !? 6

ks grrljglus
 bds jl giigat
 wkcc stlp tbg prlnrdo wbgj vdr ?? 6
40. DQAKK ks8
 d prgmgikjgm Vytblj vdrkd`cg jdog
 d stdjmdrm Vytblj olmucg jdog
 d abdrdatgr jdog
 sblrt ilr Dogrkadj Qtdjmdrm Almg ilr Kjilrodtklj Kjtgrabdjng
41. W]I-2 ks8
 d syjljyo ilr –`ytg‟
 d ilro li gjalmkjn Wjkalmg almg plkjts
 tbg ;tb vgrsklj li tbg W]I stdjmdrm

d Vytblj vgrsklj jdog
4=. WJKALMG ks d stdjmdrm8
 bljlrgm `y tbg wblcg ujkvgrsg
 ilr almkjn icldtkjn-plkjt juo`grs
 usgm `y almgrs irlo ujkvgrsktkgs
 ckeg DQAKK, `ut ouab olrg gxpdjskvg
47. ]bg ilcclwkjn almg
x ? ‒S‟
prkjt(cgj(x))
prkjts8

4
 6
 1
 0
49. ]bg ilcclwkjn almg8
prkjt(lrm(‒a‛) ‑ lrm(‒d‛))
prkjts8
 1
 0
 6
 4
4>. ]bg ilcclwkjn almg
 

prkjt(abr(lrm(‒z‛) ‑ 0))
prkjts8
 x
 d
 z
 y
42. ]bg ilcclwkjn almg
prkjt(1 * ‒d`a‛ + ‒xyz‛)
prkjts8
 d`ad`ad`axyz
 d`ad`axyzxyz
 xyzxyzxyzxyz
 d`axyzxyzxyz
4;. ]bg ilcclwkjn almg
prkjt(‒Okeg‛ : –Okegy‟)
prkjts8
 6
 Idcsg
 4
 ]rug
06. ]bg ilcclwkjn almg8
prkjt(icldt(–4,1‟))
  prkjts 4,1
  prkjts 4.1
 rdksgs d YdcugGrrlr gxagptklj
  prkjts 41
 

VADV ‑ Vrlnrdookjn
Vrlnrdookjn Gssgjtkdcs kj Vytblj Tukzzgs
Olmucg 7 ]
]gst
gst Djswgrs
Vlstgm lj Latl`gr 42, 064; `y
064; `y Dmokj

Cdst Wpmdtgm lj Latl`gr 42, 064; `y Dmokj

VADV ‑ Vrlnrdookjn Gssgjtkdcs kj Vytblj Tukzzgs Olmucg
7 ]gst Djswgrs
4. D mdtd struat
struaturg
urg mgsark`g
mgsark`gm
m ds CKIL
CKIL ks datudc
datudccy
cy d8
 ckst
 bgdp
 trgg

stdae 
 

0. Ki tbg acdss‛s
acdss‛s aljstruatl
aljstruatlrr ks mgacdrgm
mgacdrgm ds `gclw,
`gclw, wbkab ljg
ljg li tbg
dssknjogjts ks vdckm<
acdss Acdss8
mgi \\kjkt\\(sgci)8
pdss
 l`hgat ? Acdss(l`hgat)
 l`hgat ? Acdss(sgci)
 l`hgat ? Acdss
 l`hgat ? Acdss()
1. Ki tbgrg
tbgrg ks d supgracdss
supgracdss jdogm
jdogm D djm
djm d su`acdss
su`acdss jdogm
jdogm @, wbkab
wbkab ljg
ljg
li tbg prgsgjtgm kjvladtkljs sblucm ylu put kjstgdm li d aloogjt<
acdss D8
mgi \\kjkt\\(sgci)8
sgci.d ? 4
acdss @8
mgi \\kjkt\\(sgci)8
# put sgcgatgm ckjg bgrg
sgci.d ? 0
  \\kjkt\\()
 D.\\kjkt\\()
 D.\\kjkt\\(sgci)
 D.\\kjkt\\(4)
=. ^bdt wkcc
wkcc `g tbg
tbg giigat li
li rujjkjn
rujjkjn tbg
tbg ilcclwkjn
ilcclwkjn almg<
almg<
acdss D8

mgi \\kjkt\\(sgci,v)8
sgci.\\d ? v + 4
d ? D(6)
prkjt(d.\\d)
 kt wkcc prkjt 6
 kt wkcc prkjt 0
 kt wkcc prkjt 4
 kt wkcc rdksg dj Dttrk`utgGrrlr gxagptklj
7. ^bdt wkcc
wkcc `g
`g tbg lutpu
lutputt li tbg
tbg ilcclwkj
ilcclwkjn
n almg<
almg<
acdss D8
mgi \\kjkt\\(sgci,v ? 4)8
 

sgci.v ? v
mgi sgt(sgci,v)8
sgci.v ? v
rgturj v

d ? D()
prkjt(d.sgt(d.v + 4))
 1
 6
 4
 0
9. ^bdt wkcc
wkcc `g
`g tbg lutpu
lutputt li tbg
tbg ilcclwkj
ilcclwkjn
n almg<
almg<
acdss D8
R?6
mgi \\kjkt\\(sgci,v ? 6)8
sgci.[ ? v
D.R +? v
d ? D()
` ? D(4)
a ? D(0)
prkjt(a.R)
 6
 0
 1
 4
>. ^bdt wkcc
wkcc `g
`g tbg lutpu
lutputt li tbg
tbg ilcclwkj
ilcclwkjn
n almg<
almg<
acdss D8
D?4
prkjt(bdsdttr(D,‛D‛))
 6
 Idcsg
 4
 ]rug
2. ^bdt wkcc
wkcc `g tbg
tbg rgsuct li gxgautkjn
gxgautkjn tbg
tbg ilcclwk
ilcclwkjn
jn almg<
almg<
acdss D8
 

mgi \\kjkt\\(sgci)8
pdss
d ? D(4)
prkjt(bdsdttr(d,‛D‛))



kt
kt wkcc
wkcc prkjt
prkjt Idcsg
4
 kt wkcc prkjt ]rug
 kt wkcc rdksg dj gxagptklj
;. ^bdt wkcc
wkcc `g tbg
tbg rgsuct li gxgautkjn
gxgautkjn tbg
tbg ilcclwk
ilcclwkjn
jn almg<
almg<
acdss D8
mgi \\str\\(sgci)8
rgturj ‒d‛
acdss @(D)8
mgi \\str\\(sgci)8
rgturj ‒`‛
acdss A(@)8
pdss
l ? A()
prkjt(l)
 kt wkcc rdksg dj gxagptklj
 kt wkcc prkjt d
 kt wkcc prkjt a
 kt wkcc prkjt `

46..
46 ^bdt
^b dt wk
wkcc
cc `g tb
tbg rgs
rgsu
uct li gxg
gxgau
autk
tkjn
jn tb
tbg
g il
ilcc
ccl
lwkj
kjn
n al
almg<
acdss D8
pdss
acdss @(D)8
pdss
acdss A(@)8
pdss
prkjt(kssu`acdss(A,D))

kt wkcc rdksg dj gxagptklj
 kt wkcc prkjt ]rug
 

 kt wkcc prkjt 4
 kt wkcc prkjt Idcsg
44..
44 ^bdt
^bdt wk
wkcc
cc `g tb
tbg rgs
rgsu
uct li gxg
gxgau
autk
tkjn
jn tb
tbg
g il
ilcc
ccl
lwkj
kjn
n al
almg<
acdss D8
mgi d(sgci)8

prkjt(‒d‛)
acdss @8
mgi d(sgci)8
prkjt(‒`‛)
acdss A(@,D)8
mgi a(sgci)8
sgci.d()
l ? A()
l.a()
 kt wkcc prkjt a
 kt wkcc prkjt d
 kt wkcc rdksg dj gxagptklj
 kt wkcc prkjt `
40..
40 ^bdt
^bdt wk
wkcc
cc `g tb
tbg rgs
rgsu
uct li gxg
gxgau
autk
tkjn
jn tb
tbg
g il
ilcc
ccl
lwkj
kjn
n al
almg<
acdss D8
mgi \\str\\(sgci)8
rgturj ‒d‛
acdss @(D)8
mgi \\str\\(sgci)8
rgturj ‒`‛
acdss A(@)8
pdss
l ? A()
prkjt(l)
 kt wkcc prkjt `
 kt wkcc rdksg dj gxagptklj

kt wkcc prkjt d
 kt wkcc prkjt a
 

41..
41 ^bdt
^bdt wk
wkcc
cc `g tb
tbg rgs
rgsu
uct li gxg
gxgau
autk
tkjn
jn tb
tbg
g il
ilcc
ccl
lwkj
kjn
n al
almg<
acdss D8
v?0
acdss @(D)8

v?4
acdss A(@)8
pdss
l ? A()
prkjt(l.v)
 kt wkcc prkjt dj gopty ckjg
 kt wkcc prkjt 0
 kt wkcc rdksg dj gxagptklj
 kt wkcc prkjt 4
4=..
4= ^bdt
^bdt wk
wkcc
cc `g tb
tbg rgs
rgsu
uct li gxg
gxgau
autk
tkjn
jn tb
tbg
g il
ilcc
ccl
lwkj
kjn
n al
almg<
mgi i(x)8
try8
x?x/x
gxagpt8
prkjt(–d‟,gjm?‟)
gcsg8
prkjt(–`‟,gjm?‟)
ikjdccy8
prkjt(–a‟,gjm?‟)
i(4)
i(6)
 kt wkcc prkjt `a`a
 kt wkcc prkjt `ada
 kt wkcc prkjt dada
 kt wkcc rdksg dj ujbdjmcgm gxagptklj _
47..
47 ^bdt
^bdt wk
wkcc
cc `g tb
tbg rgs
rgsu
uct li gxg
gxgau
autk
tkjn
jn tb
tbg
g il
ilcc
ccl
lwkj
kjn
n al
almg<
try8

rdksg Gxagptklj(4,0,1)
 

gxagpt Gxagptklj ds g8
prkjt(cgj(g.drns))
 kt wkcc prkjt 0
 kt wkcc prkjt 4
 kt wkcc rdksg dj ujbdjmcgm gxagptklj
 kt wkcc prkjt 1
49..
49 ^bdt
^bdt wk
wkcc
cc `g tb
tbg rgs
rgsu
uct li gxg
gxgau
autk
tkjn
jn tb
tbg
g il
ilcc
ccl
lwkj
kjn
n al
almg<
acdss Gx(Gxagptklj)8
mgi \\kjkt\\(sgci,osn)8
Gxagptklj.\\kjkt\\(sgci,osn + osn)
sgci.drns ? (osn,)
try8
rdksg Gx(‒gx‛)
gxagpt Gx ds g8
prkjt(g)
gxagpt Gxagptklj ds g8
prkjt(g)
 kt wkcc rdksg dj ujbdjmcgm gxagptklj
 kt wkcc prkjt dj gopty ckjg
 kt wkcc prkjt gxgx
 kt wkcc prkjt gx
4>..
4> ^bdt
^bdt wk
wkcc
cc `g tb
tbg rgs
rgsu
uct li gxg
gxgau
autk
tkjn
jn tb
tbg
g il
ilcc
ccl
lwkj
kjn
n al
almg<
acdss K8

mgi \\kjkt\\(sgci)8
sgci.s ? ‒d`a‛
sgci.k ? 6
mgi \\ktgr\\(sgci)8
rgturj sgci 
mgi \\jgxt\\(sgci)8
ki sgci.k ?? cgj(sgci.s)8
rdksg QtlpKtgrdtklj

v ? sgci.sUsgci.k_
 

sgci.k +? 4
rgturj v
ilr x kj K()8
prkjt(x,gjm?‟)


kt
kt wkcc
wkcc prkjt
prkjt a`d
046


 kt wkcc prkjt 640

 kt wkcc prkjt d`a
42..
42 ^bdt
^bdt wk
wkcc
cc `g tb
tbg rgs
rgsu
uct li gxg
gxgau
autk
tkjn
jn tb
tbg
g il
ilcc
ccl
lwkj
kjn
n al
almg<
mgi K()8
s ? ‒d`amgi‛
ilr a kj sU880_8
ykgcm a
ilr x kj K()8
prkjt(x,gjm?‟)
 kt wkcc prkjt dj gopty ckjg
 kt wkcc prkjt `mi 
 kt wkcc prkjt d`amgi 
 kt wkcc prkjt dag
4;..
4; ^bdt
^bdt wk
wkcc
cc `g tb
tbg rgs
rgsu
uct li gxg
gxgau
autk
tkjn
jn tb
tbg
g il
ilcc
ccl
lwkj
kjn
n al
almg<
mgi K(j)8
s ? ‒+‛
ilr k kj rdjng(j)8

s +? s
ykgcm s
ilr x kj K(0)8
prkjt(x,gjm?‟)
 kt wkcc prkjt +
 kt wkcc prkjt +++
 kt wkcc prkjt ++++++
 kt wkcc prkjt ++
06..
06 ^bdt
^bdt wk
wkcc
cc `g tb
tbg rgs
rgsu
uct li gxg
gxgau
autk
tkjn
jn tb
tbg
g il
ilcc
ccl
lwkj
kjn
n al
almg<
mgi l(p)8
mgi q()8
 

rgturj ‒*‛ * p
rgturj q
r ? l(4)
s ? l(0)

prkjt(r() + s())
 kt wkcc prkjt ***
 kt wkcc prkjt **
 kt wkcc prkjt ****
 kt wkcc prkjt *
04. ^bgj d ikcg ks lpgjgm kj rgdm olmg, kt8
 kt oust gxkst (dj gxagptklj wkcc `g rdksgm ltbgrwksg)
 kt adjjlt gxkst (kt bds tl `g argdtgm gvgry tkog)
 kt wkcc `g mgcgtgm ki kt gxksts
 kt mlgsj‛t bdvg tl gxkst (kt wkcc `g argdtgm ki d`sgjt)
00..
00 Ki yl
ylu
u wdj
wdjtt tl
tl lpg
lpgj
j d tg
tgxt
xt ik
ikcg
cg kj dp
dppg
pgj
jm olm
olmg,
g, yl
ylu
u wl
wlucm usg
tbg ilcclwkjn olmg strkjn8
 t+d
 dt
 d+t
 dt+
01..
01 ]bg sy
sys.stmkj st
strgd
gdo
o ks
ks jl
jlrod
odcccy ds
dsslakdtgm wk
wktb d8
d8
 jucc mgvkag
 egy`ldrm
  prkjtgr 
 sarggj
0=..
0= ]bg
]bg str
strgr
grrl
rlrr iuj
iujat
atkl
klj
j alo
alogs
gs ir
irlo
lo tbg LQ ol
olmu
muccg, dj
djm
m kt‛
kt‛s
s
mgsknjgm tl8
 rdksg d strkjn gxagptklj
 trdjscdtg dj grrlr mgsarkptklj irlo ljg cdjnudng tl djltbgr 
 trdjscdtg dj grrlr mgsarkptklj kjtl dj grrlr juo`gr 
 trdjscdtg dj grrlr juo`gr kjtl dj grrlr mgsarkptklj
07..
07 Ki s ks d strgdo lp
lpgjgm kj
kj rg
rgdm ol
olmg, tb
tbg il
ilcclwkjn ck
ckjg
q ? s.rgdm(4)
wkcc8
 rgdm 4 `uiigr irlo tbg strgdo
 rgdm 4 ekcl`ytg irlo tbg strgdo
 rgdm 4 abdrdatgr irlo tbg strgdo
 rgdm 4 ckjg irlo tbg strgdo
09..
09 Blw
Blw ml
mlgs tb
tbg
g rgd
rgdm
mck
ckjg
jg()
() og
ogtb
tbl
lm rgd
rgdat
at wb
wbgj
gj tb
tbg
g gj
gjm-
m-l
li-
i-ik
ikccg
laaurs<
 

 kt rgturjs gli 
 kt rgturjs -4
 kt rgturjs dj gopty strkjn
 kt rdksgs dj gxagptklj
0>. ]bg rgdmckjgs() ogtblm rgturjs d8
 ckst
 mkatkljdry
 tupcg
 strkjn
02..
02 Dssu
Dssuok
okj
jn tb
tbdt tb
tbg
g lp
lpgj
gj(() kj
kjvl
vlad
adtk
tkl
lj bds
bds nljg su
suaa
aags
gssi
siu
ucc
ccy,
y, tbg
ilcclwkjn sjkppgt wkcc8
ilr x kj lpgj(‒ikcg‛,‛rt‛)8
prkjt(x)
 rgdm tbg ikcg ckjg `y ckjg
 rgdm tbg ikcg abdrdatgr `y abdrdatgr 
 adusg dj gxagptklj
 rgdm tbg wblcg ikcg dt ljag
0;..
0; ]bg
]bg `yt
`ytg
g drr
drrdy
dy ac
acds
dss
s adj
adj ar
argd
gdtg
tg l`hg
hgat
ats
s wb
wbka
kab
b drg
drg mgs
gskknj
njgm
gm tl
tl88
  `ukcm drrdys 4 `ytg kj skzg
skzg
 aljvgrt tupcgs kjtl cksts
 aljvgrt cksts kjtl tupcgs
 stlrg dolrpbka mdtd lrndjkzgm kj `ytgs
16..
16 Ki yl
ylu
u wdj
wdjtt tl
tl ik
ikcc d `yt
`ytg
g drr
drrdy
dy wkt
ktb
b mdt
mdtd
d rgd
rgdm
m kj
kj irl
irlo
o d st
strg
rgdo
do,,
ylu usg tbg8
 rgdm() ogtblm
 rgdmkjtl() ogtblm
 rgdmirlo() ogtblm
 rgdm`ytgs() ogtblm

VADV ‑ Vrlnrdookjn
Vrlnrdookjn Gssgjtkdcs kj Vytblj Tukzzgs
Quoodry ]gst 4 Djswgrs
Vlstgm lj Latl`gr 42, 064; `y
064; `y Dmokj

Cdst Wpmdtgm lj Latl`gr 42, 064; `y Dmokj

VADV ‑ Vrlnrdookjn Gssgjtkdcs kj Vytblj
Tukzzgs Quoodry ]gst 4 Djswgrs
4. ^bdt ks
ks tbg lutpu
lutputt li tbg
tbg ilcclwkj
ilcclwkjn
n sjkppgt<
sjkppgt<
c4 ? U4,0_
ilr v kj rdjng(0)8
  c4.kjsgrt(-4,c4Uv_)
prkjt(c4)
 U4, 0, 0, 0_
 

 U4, 4, 4, 0_
 U4, 0, 4, 0_
 U4, 4, 0, 0_
0. ]bg ogdjkjn
ogdjkjn li
li d plsktkljd
plsktkljdcc drnuogjt
drnuogjt ks mgtgrokj
mgtgrokjgm
gm `y8
 tbg drnuogjt‛s jdog spgakikgm dcljn wktb kts vdcug
 kts aljjgatklj wktb gxkstkjn vdrkd`cgs
 kts vdcug
 kts plsktklj wktbkj tbg drnuogjt ckst
1. ^bkab li
li tbg ilcclwkj
ilcclwkjn
n sgjtgjags
sgjtgjags drg trug< Abllsg
Abllsg dcc tbdt
tbdt dppcy.
dppcy.
juos ? U4,0,1_
vdcs ? juos
 vdcs ks cljngr tbdj juos
 juos ks cljngr tbdj vdcs
 juos djm vdcs drg mkiigrgjt jdogs li tbg sdog ckst
 juos djm vdcs drg mkiigrgjt cksts
=. Dj lpgrdtlr
lpgrdtlr d`cg
d`cg tl abgae wbgtbgr
wbgtbgr twl vdcugs
vdcugs drg jlt
jlt gqudc ks almgm
almgm
ds8
 jlt ??
 3:
 !?
 ?/?
7. ]bg ilc
ilcclw
clwkjn
kjn sjk
sjkppg
ppgt8
t8
mgi iuja4(d)8
  rgturj Jljg
mgi iuja0(d)8
  rgturj iuja4(d)*iuja4(d)
prkjt(iuja0(0))
 wkcc lutput 0
 wkcc adusg d rujtkog grrlr 
 wkcc lutput =
 wkcc lutput 49
9. ]bg rgsuct
rgsuct li tbg ilccl
ilcclwkjn
wkjn mkvk
mkvksklj8
sklj8
4 // 0
 adjjlt `g prgmkatgm
 ks gqudc tl 6.7
 ks gqudc tl 6.6
 ks gqudc tl 6
>. ]bg ilc
ilcclw
clwkjn
kjn sjk
sjkppg
ppgt8
t8
  mgi iuja(d,`)8
  rgturj ` ** d
 
prkjt(iuja(`?0,0))
 wkcc lutput =
 ks grrljglus



wkcc
wkcc rgturj
lutput Jljg
0
 

2. ^bdt vdcug
vdcug wkcc
wkcc `g dsskn
dssknjgm
jgm tl tbg x vdrkd`c
vdrkd`cg<
g<
  z ? 6
  y ? 46
  x ? y 3 z djm z : y lr y : z djm z 3 y
 6
 Idcsg
 4
 ]rug
;. Ljg li tbg
tbg ilcclwkjn
ilcclwkjn vdrkd`c
vdrkd`cgs‛
gs‛ jdogs ks kccgndc
kccgndc ‑ wbkab
wbkab ljg<
ljg<
 kj\ 
 KJ
 kj
 Kj
46. ^bdt ks
ks tb
tbg lu
lutput li
li tb
tbg il
ilcclwkjn sj
sjkppgt<
  ckst ? Ux*x ilr x kj rdjng(7)_
  mgi iuj(C)8
  mgc CUCU0__
  rgturj C
 
prkjt(iuj(ckst))
 U6, 4, =, 49_
 U4, =, ;, 49_
 U6, 4, =, 49_
 U6, 4, =, ;_
44..
44 ^bd
^bdt ks
ks tb
tbg lu
lutput li
li tbg il
ilcclwkjn pk
pkgag li
li al
almg<
  x?4
  y?0
  x, y, z ? x, x, y
  z, y, z ? x, y, z
  prkjt(x,y,z)
 440
 400

040
 404
40..
40 ^bd
^bdt wkcc tbg lu
lutput li
li tbg ilcclwkjn sjkppgt
gt<
<
  d ? 4
  ` ? 6
  d ? d Z `
  ` ? d Z `
  d ? d Z `
  prkjt(d,`)
 64
 46
 66
 44

41. ^bdt ks
ks tb
tbg lu
lutput li
li tb
tbg il
ilcclwkjn sj
sjkppgt<
 

  mgi iuj(x)8
  ki x % 0 ?? 68
  rgturj 4
  gcsg8
  rgturj 0
 
prkjt(iuj(iuj(0)))



 Jljg
4
 tbg almg wkcc adusg d rujtkog grrlr 
 0
4=..
4= ]deg
]deg d cl
cll
le dt
dt tbg sj
sjkp
kppg
pgtt dj
djm
m ab
abll
llsg
sg tb
tbg
g tr
trug
ug st
stdt
dtgo
gogj
gjt8
t8
  juos ? U4,0,1_
  vdcs ? juos
  mgc vdcsU8_
 juos djm vdcs drg mkiigrgjt jdogs li tbg sdog ckst
 vdcs ks cljngr tbdj juos
 tbg sjkppgt wkcc adusg d rujtkog grrlr 
 juos djm vdcs drg mkiigrgjt cksts
47..
47 ^bdt
^bdt ks tb
tbg
g lut
lutpu
putt li
li tb
tbg ilc
ilccl
clw
wkj
kjn
n pk
pkga
gag
g li
li al
almg ki
ki tb
tbg usg
usgrr
gjtgrs twl ckjgs aljtdkjkjn 1 djm 0 rgspgatkvgcy<
  x?kjt(kjput())
  y?kjt(kjput())
  x ? x % y
  x ? x % y
  y ? y % x
  prkjt(y)
 0
 4
 6
 1
49..
49 ^bdt
^b dt ks tb
tbg
g lut
lutpu
putt li
li tb
tbg ilc
ilccl
clw
wkj
kjn
n pk
pkga
gag
g li
li al
almg ki
ki tb
tbg usg
usgrr
gjtgrs twl ckjgs aljtdkjkjn 1 djm 9 rgspgatkvgcy<
  y?kjput()
  x?kjput()
  prkjt(x+y)
 9
 1
 19
 91
4>..
4> ^bd
^bdt ks
ks tb
tbg lu
lutput li
li tbg il
ilcclwkjn pk
pkgag li
li al
almg<
  prkjt(–d‟,‟`‟,‟a‟,sgp?‟sgp‟)
 d`a
 dsgp`sgpasgp
 dsgp`sgpa
 d`a
42..
42 ^bd
^bdt ks
ks tb
tbg lu
lutput li
li tbg il
ilcclwkjn pk
pkgag li
li al
almg<
 

  R ? 4 // 7 + 4 / 7
  prkjt(R)
 6.=
 6.6
 6.0
 6
4;..
4; Dssu
Dssuok
okj
jn tb
tbdt tb
tbg
g tu
tupc
pcg
g ks
ks d al
alrr
rrga
gatc
tcy
y arg
argdt
dtgm
gm tu
tup
pcg
cg,, tb
tbg ida
idatt
tbdt tupcgs drg kooutd`cg ogdjs tbdt tbg ilcclwkjn kjstruatklj8
  tupcgU4_ ? tupcgU4_ + tupcgU6_
 ks iuccy alrrgat
 ks kccgndc
 ody `g kccgndc ki tbg tupcg aljtdkjs strkjns
 adj `g gxgautgm ki djm ljcy ki tbg tupcg aljtdkjs dt cgdst twl gcgogjts
06..
06 ^bdt
^b dt ks tb
tbg
g lut
lutpu
putt li
li tb
tbg ilc
ilccl
clw
wkj
kjn
n pk
pkga
gag
g li
li al
almg ki
ki tb
tbg usg
usgrr
gjtgrs twl ckjgs aljtdkjkjn 0 djm = rgspgatkvgcy<
  x?icldt(kjput())
  y?icldt(kjput())
  prkjt(y ** (4/x))
 =.6



0.6
4.6
 6.6
04. ^bdt ks
ks tb
tbg lu
lutput li
li tb
tbg il
ilcclwkjn sj
sjkppgt<
  mat ? { ‒ljg‛8‛twl‛, ‒tbrgg‛8‛ljg‛, ‒twl‛8‛tbrgg‛ }
  v ? matU‒tbrgg‛_
  ilr e kj rdjng(cgj(mat))8
  v ? matUv_
  prkjt(v)
 twl
 tbrgg
 ljg
 (‒ljg‛, ‒twl‛, ‒tbrgg‛)

00. Blw odjy gcgogjts mlgs tb

tbg C ckst aljtdkj<
  C ? Uk ilr k kj rdjng(-4,-0)_
 4
 0
 6
 1
01..
01 ^bka
^b kab
b li
li tb
tbg il
ilcc
cclw
lwkj
kjn
n ckj
ckjgs
gs kop
oprl
rlpg
pgrc
rcy
y kj
kjvl
vleg
egs
s tb
tbg iu
iujat
atkl
klj
j
mgikjgm ds8
mgi iuj(d,`,a?6)
Abllsg dcc tbdt dppcy.
 iuj(`?4)8
 iuj(d?4,`?6,a?6)8

iuj(d?6,`?6)8
 iuj(6,4,0)8
 

0=. ^bdt ks
ks tb
tbg lu
lutput li
li tb
tbg il
ilcclwkjn sj
sjkppgt<
  mgi iuj(x,y)8
  ki x ?? y8
  rgturj x
  gcsg8
  rgturj iuj(x,y-4)
 
prkjt(iuj(6,1))
 6
 4
 tbg sjkppgt wkcc adusg d rujtkog grrlr 
 0
07..
07 Blw
Blw odj
odjy
y st
stdr
drs
s wk
wkcc tbg il
ilcccl
clwk
wkjn
jn sj
sjkkppg
pgtt sgj
sgjm
m tl
tl tbg
tbg al
alj
jsl
slcg
cg<
<
  k ? 6
  wbkcg k 3 k + 0 8
  k +? 4
prkjt(–*‟)
  gcsg8
  prkjt(–*‟)
 tbg sjkppgt wkcc gjtgr dj kjikjktg cllp

zgrl
 ljg
 twl
09. ^bdt ks
ks tb
tbg lu
lutput li
li tb
tbg il
ilcclwkjn sj
sjkppgt<
  tup ? (4, 0, =, 2)
  tup ? tupU-08-4_
  tup ? tupU-4_
  prkjt(tup)
 =
 (=)
 ==
 (=,)
0>. ^bdt ks
ks tb
tbg lu
lutput li
li tb
tbg il
ilcclwkjn sj
sjkppgt<
  mm ? { –4‟8‟6‱, –6‟8‟4‱ }
  ilr x kj mm.vdcs()8
  prkjt(x,gjm?‟‟)
 46
 tbg almg ks grrljglus
 66
 64
02. ^bdt ks
ks tb
tbg lu
lutput li
li tb
tbg il
ilcclwkjn sj
sjkppgt<
  mat ? {}
  matU‒4‛_ ? (4,0)
  matU‒0‛_ ? (0,4)
  ilr x kj mat.egys()8

 
 04 prkjt(matUx_U4_,gjm?‟‟)
 

 (4,0)
 (0,4)
 40
0;. ^bdt ks
ks tb
tbg lu
lutput li
li tb
tbg il
ilcclwkjn sj
sjkppgt<
  mgi iuj(kjp?0,lut?1)8
iuj(kjp?0,lut?1)8
  rgturj kjp * lut
  prkjt(iuj(lut?0))
 0
 tbg sjkppgt ks grrljglus
 9
 =
16..
16 Blw
Bl w od
odj
jy bd
bdsb
sbgs
gs wk
wkcc
cc tbg il
ilcccl
clwk
wkj
jn sj
sjkkppg
pgtt sg
sgjm
jm tl tb
tbg
g
aljslcg<
  cst ? UUx ilr x kj rdjng(1)_ ilr y kj rdjng(1)_
  ilr r kj rdjng(1)8
  ilr a kj rdjng(1)8
  ki cstUr_Ua_ % 0 !? 68
  prkjt(–#‟)
 zgrl
 tbrgg
 jkjg
 skx

VADV ‑ Vrlnrdookjn
Vrlnrdookjn Gssgjtkdcs kj Vytblj Tukzzgs
Quoodry ]gst 0 Djswgrs
Vlstgm lj Latl`gr 42, 064;
064; `y
 `y Dmokj

Cdst Wpmdtgm lj Latl`gr 42, 064; `y Dmokj

VADV ‑ Vrlnrdookjn Gssgjtkdcs kj Vytblj
Tukzzgs Quoodry ]gst 0 Djswgrs
4. Ejlwkjn
Ejlwkjn tbdt
tbdt d iujatklj
iujatklj jdogm i()
i() rgskmgs
rgskmgs kj d olmucg
olmucg jdogm o, djm
djm
wds koplrtgm uskjn tbg ilcclwkjn stdtgogjt
 

irlo olm koplrt iuj

 

abllsg tbg rknbt wdy tl kjvleg kt8

 iuj()
 olm.iuj()
 olm88iuj()
 olm8iuj()
0. ^bdt lutput
lutput wkcc
wkcc dppgdr
dppgdr ditgr rujjkjn
rujjkjn tbg
tbg ilcclwkjn
ilcclwkjn sjkppgt
sjkppgt<
<
 
 

  koplrt odtb
  prkjt(mkr(odtb))
 dj grrlr ogssdng
 d strkjn aljtdkjkjn tbg iuccy qudckikgm jdog li tbg olmucg
 d ckst li dcc tbg gjtktkgs rgskmkjn kj tbg odtb olmucg
 tbg juo`gr li dcc tbg gjtktkgs rgskmkjn kj tbg odtb olmucg
1. ]bg alopkcgm
alopkcgm Vytblj
Vytblj `ytgalmg
`ytgalmg ks stlrgm
stlrgm kj ikcgs
ikcgs bdvkjn
bdvkjn jdogs gjmkjn
gjmkjn
wktb8
  py
  py`
  pa
  pya
=. Dssuokjn
Dssuokjn tbdt dcc
dcc tbrgg ikcgs,
ikcgs, d.py,
d.py, `.py,
`.py, djm a.py rgskmg
rgskmg kj tbg
tbg sdog
ilcmgr, wbdt wkcc `g tbg lutput prlmuagm `y rujjkjn tbg a.py ikcg<
 

# ikcg d.py
  prkjt(–d‟,gjm?‟)
 
#ikcg `.py
  koplrt d
  prkjt(–`‟,gjm?‟)
 
#ikcg a.py
  prkjt(–a‟,gjm?‟)
  koplrt d
  koplrt `
 a`d
 d`a
  `da
 ad`
7. ^bdt wkcc
wkcc `g tbg lutput
lutput li tbg
tbg ilcclwkjn
ilcclwkjn almg,
almg, cladtgm
cladtgm kj ikcg
ikcg p.py<
p.py<
 

prkjt(\\jdog\\)
  p.py
 odkj
  \\p.py\\ 
  \\odkj\\ 
9. ]bg ilc
ilcclw
clwkjn
kjn std
stdtgo
tgogjt
gjt
 

irlo d.` koplrt a

 

adusgs tbg koplrt li8

 gjtkty d irlo olmucg ` irlo pdaedng a
 

 gjtkty ` irlo olmucg d irlo pdaedng a

 gjtkty a irlo olmucg ` irlo pdaedng d
 gjtkty a irlo olmucg d irlo pdaedng `
>. Ki tbgrg
tbgrg drg olrg tbdj
tbdj ljg
ljg gxagpt8
gxagpt8 `rdjabgs
`rdjabgs ditgr
ditgr tbg try8,
try8, wg adj sdy
tbdt8
 ljg lr olrg li tbg try8 `claes wkcc `g gxgautgm



jljg li tbg
jlt olrg try8ljg
tbdj `claes wkcc `gwkcc
try8 `clae gxgautgm
`g gxgautgm
 gxdatcy ljg li tbg try8 `claes wkcc `g gxgautgm
2. ^bdt wkcc `g tbg
tbg lutput
lutput li
li tbg ilccl
ilcclwkjn
wkjn sjkp
sjkppgt<
pgt<  try8 rdksg Gxagptklj
gxagpt @dsgGxagptklj8
  prkjt(–d‟)
  gxagpt Gxagptklj8
  prkjt(–`‟)
  gxagpt8
  prkjt(–a‟)
 a
  `
 kt wkcc adusg dj grrlr 
 d

;. ]bg ilcc
ilcclw
lwkjn
kjn ckj
ckjg
g li alm
almg8
g8
 

ilr ckjg kj lpgj(‒tgxt.txt‛,‛

lpgj(‒tgxt.txt‛,‛rt‛)8
rt‛)8
 ks vdckm ds lpgj rgturjs dj ktgrd`cg l`hgat
 ks kjvdckm ds lpgj rgturjs d jlj-ktgrd`cg l`hgat
 ks kjvdckm ds lpgj rgturjs jltbkjn
 ody `g vdckm ki ckjg ks d ckst
46..
46 ^bd
^bdt wk
wkcc `g tb
tbg lu
lutput li
li tbg il
ilcclwkjn sj
sjkppgt<
  try8
  rdksg Gxagptklj
  gxagpt8
  prkjt(–a‟)
  gxagpt @dsgGxagptklj8
  prkjt(–d‟)
  gxagpt Gxagptklj8
  prkjt(–`‟)
 d
 a
  `
 kt wkcc adusg dj grrlr 
44. ]bg ilcclwkjn stdtgogjt8
 

dssgrt vdr !? 6
 wkcc stlp tbg prlnrdo wbgj vdr ?? 6

ks grrljglus
 bds jl giigat
 

 wkcc stlp tbg prlnrdo wbgj vdr !? 6

40. ]bg ilcclwkjn almg prkjts8
 

x ? –SSSS‟
  prkjt(cgj(x))
 0
 4
 1
 tbg almg wkcc adusg dj grrlr 
41. ]bg ilcclwkjn almg prkjts8
 

x ? –SSS‟
  prkjt(cgj(x))
 1
 tbg almg wkcc adusg dj grrlr 
 4
 0
4=. ]bg ilcclwkjn almg prkjts8
  prkjt(abr(lrm(‒p‛)
prkjt(abr(lrm(‒p‛) + 0))
 s
 t
 q
 r 
47. ]bg ilcclwkjn almg8
  prkjt(icldt(–4.1‟))
 rdksgs d YdcugGrrlr gxagptklj
  prkjts 41
  prkjts 4,1
 4.1
49..
49 Ki tbg ac
acds
dss‛
s‛s
s alj
aljst
stru
ruat
atl
lr ks
ks mga
mgacd
cdrg
rgm
m ds
ds `gc
`gcl
lw, wbk
wbkab
ab ljg li
li tb
tbg
dssknjogjts ks kjvdckm<
  acdss Acdss8
  mgi \\kjkt\\(sgci,vd
\\kjkt\\(sgci,vdc?6)8
c?6)8
  pdss
 l`hgat ? Acdss(Jljg)
 l`hgat ? Acdss(4)
 l`hgat ? Acdss()
 l`hgat ? Acdss(4,0)
4>. ^bdt wkcc `g lutput li
li tbg il
ilcclwkjn almg<
  acdss D8
  mgi \\kjkt\\(sgci,v ? 0)8
  sgci.v ? v
  mgi sgt(sgci,v ? 4)8
  sgci.v +? v
 

  rgturj sgci.v
  d ? D()
  ` ? d
  `.sgt()
  prkjt(d.v)
 6
 1



4
0
42. ^bdt wkcc `g lutput li
li tbg il
ilcclwkjn almg<
  acdss D8
  D ? 4
  mgi \\kjkt\\(sgci)8
  sgci.d ? 6
  prkjt(bdsdttr(D,‛d‛))
 4
 Idcsg
 6
 ]rug
4;..
4; ^bdt
^bdt wk
wkcc
cc `g tb
tbg rgs
rgsu
uct li gxg
gxgau
autk
tkjn
jn tb
tbg
g il
ilcc
ccl
lwkj
kjn
n al
almg<
  acdss D8
  pdss
  acdss @(D)8
  pdss
  acdss A(@)8
  pdss
  prkjt(kssu`acdss(D,A))
 kt wkcc prkjt Idcsg
 kt wkcc prkjt ]rug
 kt wkcc prkjt 4
 kt wkcc rdksg dj gxagptklj
06. ]bg sys.stmgrr  strgdo ks jlrodccy dsslakdtgm wktb8
 tbg egy`ldrm



dtbg
jucc mgvkag
sarggj
 tbg prkjtgr 
04..
04 ^bdt
^bdt wk
wkcc
cc `g tb
tbg
g gi
giig
igat
at li ru
rujj
jjkkjn tbg il
ilcccl
clwk
wkjn
jn al
alm
mg<
  acdss D8
  mgi \\kjkt\\(sgci,v)8
  sgci.\\d ? v + 4
  d ? D(6)
  prkjt(d.\\d)
 kt wkcc prkjt 4
 kt wkcc prkjt 0
 kt wkcc rdksg dj Dttrk`utgGrrlr gxagptklj
 kt wkcc prkjt 6

00..
00 ^bdt
^bdt wk
wkcc
cc `g tb
tbg rgs
rgsu
uct li gxg
gxgau
autk
tkjn
jn tb
tbg
g il
ilcc
ccl
lwkj
kjn
n al
almg<
  acdss D8
 

  mgi \\kjkt\\(sgci)8
  pdss
  d ? D(4)
  prkjt(bdsdttr(d,‛D‛))
 kt wkcc prkjt ]rug
 kt wkcc rdksg dj gxagptklj
 kt wkcc prkjt Idcsg


kt wkcc prkjt 4
01..
01 ^bdt
^bdt wk
wkcc
cc `g tb
tbg rgs
rgsu
uct li gxg
gxgau
autk
tkjn
jn tb
tbg
g il
ilcc
ccl
lwkj
kjn
n al
almg<
  acdss D8
  mgi d(sgci)8
  prkjt(‒d‛)
  acdss @8
  mgi d(sgci)8
  prkjt(‒`‛)
  acdss A(@,D)8
  mgi a(sgci)8
  sgci.d()
  l ? A()
  l.a()
 kt wkcc prkjt a
 kt wkcc rdksg dj gxagptklj
 kt wkcc prkjt `
 kt wkcc prkjt d
0=..
0= ^bdt
^bdt wk
wkcc
cc `g tb
tbg rgs
rgsu
uct li gxg
gxgau
autk
tkjn
jn tb
tbg
g il
ilcc
ccl
lwkj
kjn
n al
almg<
  try8
  rdksg Gxagptklj(4,0,1
Gxagptklj(4,0,1)
)
  gxagpt Gxagptklj ds g8
  prkjt(cgj(g.drns))
 kt wkcc prkjt 0
 kt wkcc prkjt 4
 kt wkcc rdksg dj ujbdjmcgm gxagptklj
 kt wkcc prkjt 1
07..
07 ^bdt
^bdt wk
wkcc
cc `g tb
tbg rgs
rgsu
uct li gxg
gxgau
autk
tkjn
jn tb
tbg
g il
ilcc
ccl
lwkj
kjn
n al
almg<
  mgi K(j)8
  s ? ‒+‛
  ilr k kj rdjng(j)8
  s +? s
  ykgcm s
  ilr x kj K(0)8
  prkjt(x,gjm?‟)
 kt wkcc prkjt ++
 kt wkcc prkjt ++++++
 kt wkcc prkjt +
 kt wkcc prkjt +++
09..
09 ^bdt
^bdt wk
wkcc
cc `g tb
tbg rgs
rgsu
uct li gxg
gxgau
autk
tkjn
jn tb
tbg
g il
ilcc
ccl
lwkj
kjn
n al
almg<

  acdss K8
  mgi \\kjkt\\(sgci)8
 

  sgci.s ? ‒d`a‛
  sgci.k ? 6
  mgi \\ktgr\\(sgci)8
  rgturj sgci
  mgi \\jgxt\\(sgci)8
  ki sgci.k ?? cgj(sgci.s)8
  rdksg QtlpKtgrdtklj

 
  v ? sgci.sUsgci.k_
sgci.k +? 4
  rgturj v
  ilr x kj K()8
  prkjt(x,gjm?‟)
 640
 d`a
 a`d
 046
0>..
0> ^bdt
^bdt wk
wkcc
cc `g tb
tbg rgs
rgsu
uct li gxg
gxgau
autk
tkjn
jn tb
tbg
g il
ilcc
ccl
lwkj
kjn
n al
almg<
  mgi l(p)8
  mgi q()8
  rgturj ‒*‛ * p
  rgturj q
  r ? l(4)
  s ? l(0)
  prkjt(r() + s())
 

 kt wkcc prkjt ****

 kt wkcc prkjt **
 kt wkcc prkjt ***
 kt wkcc prkjt *
02..
02 Ki s ks
ks d st
strg
rgdo
do lpgj
gjgm
gm kj rgd
rgdm
m ol
olmg, tb
tbg
g il
ilcc
ccl
lwk
wkj
jn ck
ckjg wkc
kcc8
c8
  q ? s.rgdm(4)
 rgdm 4 abdrdatgr irlo tbg strgdo
 rgdm 4 ekcl`ytg irlo tbg strgdo

rgdm 4 ckjg irlo tbg strgdo
 rgdm 4 `uiigr irlo tbg strgdo
0;..
0; Dssu
Dssuok
okj
jn tb
tbdt tb
tbg
g lp
lpgj
gj(() kj
kjvl
vlad
adtk
tkl
lj bds
bds nljg su
suaa
aags
gssi
siu
ucc
ccy,
y, tbg
ilcclwkjn sjkppgt wkcc8
  ilr x kj lpgj(‒ikcg‛,‛rt
lpgj(‒ikcg‛,‛rt‛)8
‛)8
  prkjt(x)
 rgdm tbg ikcg abdrdatgr `y abdrdatgr 
 adusg dj gxagptklj
 rgdm tbg wblcg ikcg dt ljag
 rgdm tbg ikcg ckjg `y ckjg
16..
16 Ki yl
ylu
u wdj
wdjtt tl
tl ik
ikcc d `yt
`ytg
g drr
drrdy
dy wkt
ktb
b mdt
mdtd
d rgd
rgdm
m kj
kj irl
irlo
o d st
strg
rgdo
do,,
ylu‛m usg8

tbg rgdmkjtl() ogtblm
 tbg rgdm() ogtblm
 

 tbg rgdm`ytgs() ogtblm

 tbg rgdmirlo() ogtblm

VADV ‑ Vrlnrdookjn
Vrlnrdookjn Gssgjtkdcs kj Vytblj Tukzzgs Ikjdc
]gst Djswgrs
Vlstgm lj Latl`gr 42, 064;
064; `y
 `y Dmokj
Cdst Wpmdtgm lj Latl`gr 42, 064; `y Dmokj
VADV ‑ Vrlnrdookjn Gssgjtkdcs kj Vytblj Tukzzgs Ikjdc
]gst Djswgrs
4. ]bg ogdjkjn
ogdjkjn li
li tbg egywlrm
egywlrm drnuogjt
drnuogjt ks
ks mgtgrokjgm
mgtgrokjgm `y8
`y8
 kts plsktklj wktbkj tbg drnuogjt ckst
 kts vdcug
 kts aljjgatklj wktb gxkstkjn vdrkd`cgs
 tbg drnuogjt‛s jdog spgakikgm dcljn wktb kts vdcug
0. ^bkab li tbg
tbg ilcclwk
ilcclwkjn
jn sgjtgjags
sgjtgjags ks trug<
trug<

 
str4 ? ‒strkjn‛
  str0 ? str4U8_
 str4 djm str0 drg mkiigrgjt (`ut gqudc) strkjns
 str0 ks cljngr tbdj str4
 –:str4 djm str0 drg mkiigrgjt jdogs li tbg sdog strkjn
 str4 ks cljngr tbdj str0
1. Dj lpgrdtlr
lpgrdtlr d`cg
d`cg tl abgae
abgae wbgtbgr
wbgtbgr twl vdcugs drg
drg gqudc,
gqudc, ks almgm
almgm ds8
 ?
 ??
 ???
 ks

=. ]bg ilc
ilcclw
clwkjn
kjn sjk
sjkppg
ppgt8
t8
  mgi i(pdr0,pdr4)8
  rgturj pdr0 + pdr4
  prkjt(i(pdr0?4,0))
 wkcc lutput 0
 wkcc lutput 1
 wkcc lutput 4
 ks grrljglus
7. ^bdt vdcug
vdcug wkcc
wkcc `g dsskn
dssknjgm
jgm tl tbg x vdrkd`c
vdrkd`cg<
g<
  z ? 0
  y ? 4
  x ? y 3 z lr z : y djm
djm y : z lr z 3 y
 6

]rug
 4
 

 Idcsg
9. ^bdt wkcc
wkcc `g tbg
tbg lutput
lutput li tbg
tbg ilcclwkjn
ilcclwkjn sjkppgt
sjkppgt<
<
  str ? ‒d`amgi‛
  mgi iuj(s)8
  mgc sU0_
  rgturj s
  prkjt(iuj(str))
 d`agi 
 tbg prlnrdo wkcc adusg dj grrlr 
 d`mgi 
 damgi 
>. ^bdt wkcc
wkcc `g tbg
tbg lutput
lutput li tbg
tbg ilcclwkjn
ilcclwkjn pkgag
pkgag li almg<
almg<
  x, y, z ? 1, 0, 4
  z, y, x ? x, y, z
  prkjt(x,y,z)
 

 041
 401
 400
 104
2. ^bdt wkcc
wkcc `g tbg
tbg lutput
lutput li tbg
tbg ilcclwkjn
ilcclwkjn sjkppgt
sjkppgt<
<
  d ? ]rug
  ` ? Idcsg
  d ? d lr `
  ` ? d djm `
  d ? d lr `
  prkjt(d,`)
 ]rug Idcsg
 ]rug ]rug
 Idcsg Idcsg
 Idcsg ]rug
;. ^bdt wkcc
wkcc `g tbg
tbg lutput
lutput li tbg
tbg ilcclwkjn
ilcclwkjn sjkppgt
sjkppgt<
<
  mgi iuj(x)8
  rgturj 4 ki x % 0 !? 6 gcsg 0
  prkjt(iuj(iuj(4)))
 0
 tbg almg wkcc adusg d rujtkog grrlr 
 4
  Jljg
46..
46 ^bd
^bdt wkcc `g tbg lutput li tbg ilcclwkjn ckjg<
 

prkjt(cgj((4,)))
 6
 tbg almg ks grrljglus
 0
 

 4
44..
44 ^bdt
^bdt wk
wkcc
cc `g tb
tbg
g lu
lutp
tput
ut li tb
tbg
g il
ilcc
ccl
lwk
wkj
jn pk
pkga
gag
g li
li al
alm
mg<
  m ? { 486, 084, 180, 684 }
  x ? 6
  ilr y kj rdjng(cgj(m))8
  x ? mUx_
  prkjt(x)
 tbg almg wkcc adusg d rujtkog grrlr 
 0
 6
 4
40..
40 ^bdt
^bdt wk
wkcc
cc `g tb
tbg
g lu
lutp
tput
ut li tb
tbg
g il
ilcc
ccl
lwk
wkj
jn pk
pkga
gag
g li
li al
alm
mg8
  y?kjput()
  x?kjput()
  prkjt(x+y)
ki tbg usgr gjtgrs twl ckjgs aljtdkjkjn 4 djm 0 rgspgatkvgcy<
 04
 40
 0

1
41..
41 ^bdt
^bdt wk
wkcc
cc `g tb
tbg
g lu
lutp
tput
ut li tb
tbg
g il
ilcc
ccl
lwk
wkj
jn pk
pkga
gag
g li
li al
alm
mg<
  prkjt(–d‟,‟`‟,‟a‟,sgp?‟‒‟)
 d‛`‛a
 d`a
 d`a
 tbg almg ks grrljglus
4=..
4= ^bdt
^bdt wk
wkcc
cc `g tb
tbg
g lu
lutp
tput
ut li tb
tbg
g il
ilcc
ccl
lwk
wkj
jn pk
pkga
gag
g li
li al
alm
mg<
  v ? 4 + 4 // 0 + 4 / 0 + 0
  prkjt(v)
 =.6
 1.7

1
 =
47..
47 ^bd
^bdt wkcc `g tbg lutput li tbg ilcclwkjn almg<
  t ? (4,)
  t ? tU6_ + tU6_
  prkjt(t)
 (4,)
 4
 (4, 4)
 0
49..
49 ^bdt
^bdt wk
wkcc
cc `g tb
tbg
g lu
lutp
tput
ut li tb
tbg
g il
ilcc
ccl
lwk
wkj
jn pk
pkga
gag
g li
li al
alm
mg<
  x ? 49
  wbkcg x : 68
  prkjt(‒*‛,gjm?‟)
  x //? 0
 

 *****
 ***
 *
 tbg almg wkcc gjtgr dj kjikjktg cllp
4>..
4> ^bd
^bdt wk
wkcc `g tb
tbg lu
lutput li
li tbg il
ilcclwkjn sj
sjkppgt<
  m ? { ‒ljg‛84, ‒tbrgg‛81, ‒twl‛80 }
  ilr e kj slrtgm(m.vdcugs
slrtgm(m.vdcugs())8
())8
  prkjt(e,gjm?‛ ‒)
 401
 104
 014
 104
42..
42 ^bd
^bdt wk
wkcc `g tb
tbg lu
lutput li
li tbg il
ilcclwkjn sj
sjkppgt<
  prkjt(cgj(Uk ilr k kj rdjng(6,-0)_))
 6
 0
 1
 4
4;..
4; ^bka
^bkab
b li
li tb
tbg il
ilcc
cclw
lwkj
kjn
n ckj
ckjgs
gs prl
rlp
pgr
grcy
cy kjv
jvl
leg
egs
s tb
tbg iu
iujat
atkklj
mgikjgm ds8
mgi iuj(d,`,a?6
iuj(d,`,a?6)<
)<
 iuj(6)8
 iuj(`?6,`?6)8
 iuj(4,a?0)8
 iuj(d?4,`?6,a?6)8
06..
06 ^bd
^bdt wk
wkcc `g tb
tbg lu
lutput li
li tbg il
ilcclwkjn sj
sjkppgt<
  c ? U4,0,1,=_
  c ? ckst(odp(cdo`md x8 0*x,c))
  prkjt(c)
 46
 tbg sjkppgt wkcc adusg d rujtkog grrlr 
 401=

0=92
04..
04 Blw
Blw odj
odjy
y st
stdr
drs
s wk
wkcc tbg il
ilcccl
clwk
wkjn
jn sj
sjkkppg
pgtt sgj
sgjm
m tl
tl tbg
tbg al
alj
jsl
slcg
cg<
<
  k ? =
  wbkcg k : 6 8
  k -? 0
  prkjt(–*‟)
  ki k ?? 08
  `rgde
  gcsg8
  prkjt(–*‟)
 0
 6
 4


tbg sjkppgt wkcc gjtgr dj kjikjktg cllp

00..
00 ^bd
^bdt wk
wkcc `g tb
tbg lu
lutput li
li tbg il
ilcclwkjn sj
sjkppgt<
 

  t ? (4, 0, 1, =)
  t ? tU-08-4_
  t ? tU-4_
  prkjt(t)
 11
 (1)
 1

(1,)
01..
01 ^bd
^bdt wk
wkcc `g tb
tbg lu
lutput li
li tbg il
ilcclwkjn sj
sjkppgt<
  m ? {}
  mU‒0‛_ ? U4,0_
  mU‒4‛_ ? U1,=_
  ilr x kj m.egys()8
  prkjt(mUx_U4_,gjm?‟‟)
 0=
 41
 =0
 14
0=..
0= ^bd
^bdt wk
wkcc `g tb
tbg lu
lutput li
li tbg il
ilcclwkjn sj
sjkppgt<
  mgi iuj(m,e,v)8
  mUe_?v
  ma ? {}
  prkjt(iuj(ma,‛4‰,‛v‛))
  Jljg
 4
 tbg sjkppgt ks grrljglus
 v
07..
07 Blw
Bl w odj
odjy
y gop
gopty
ty ck
ckj
jgs wkc
kccc tb
tbg il
ilcc
ccl
lwkj
kjn
n sj
sjkp
kpp
pgt sg
sgj
jm tl
tl tb
tbg
aljslcg<
  c ? UUa ilr a kj rdjng(r)_ ilr r kj rdjng(1)_
  ilr x kj c8
  ki cgj(x) 3 08
  prkjt()
 4
 6
 0
 1
09..
09 Ejl
Ej lwk
wkjn
jn tb
tbdt
dt tb
tbg
g iu
iujat
atkl
klj
j jdo
jdogm
gm o(
o()) rgs
rgskkmg
mgs
s kj
kj tb
tbg ol
olmu
muccg
jdogm i, djm tbg almg aljtdkjs tbg ilcclwkjn koplrt stdtgogjt,
abllsg tbg rknbt wdy tl kjvleg tbg iujatklj8
  irlo o koplrt i
 tbg koplrt stdtgogjt ks kjvdckm
 olm.iuj()
 olm8iuj()
 iuj()

0>..kjktkdckzg
0> ]bg
]b gtbg
pdaed
pda edng
ng mkrg
pdaedng.rgat
atl
Kts ljdog
ry/i
ry/il
lcm
cmgr
gr od
ks8 ody
y al
aljtd
tdkj
kj d ik
ikcg kjt
jtgj
gjm
mgm tl
 

  \\kjkt\\.py
 kjkt.py
  \\kjkt.py\\ 
  \\kjkt\\.
02..
02 ]bg
]bg il
ilcmg
mgrr arg
argdt
dtgm
gm `y Vy
Vytb
tbl
lj usg
usgm
m tl
tl stl
stlrg
rg pya ik
ikccgs ks jd
jdog
ogm
m8
  \\pyaikcgs\\ 



 \\pya\\ 
 \\pyadabg\\ 
  \\adabg\\ 
0;..
0; ^bdt
^b dt wk
wkcc
cc `g tb
tbg
g lut
lutpu
putt li
li tb
tbg
g ilc
ilccl
clwk
wkjn
jn al
almg
mg,, cla
cladt
dtgm
gm kj tb
tbg
g ikc
ikcg
g
olmucg.py<
  prkjt(\\jdog\\)
 odkj
  \\olmucg.py\\ 
 olmucg.py
  \\odkj\\ 
16..
16 Ki yl
ylu
u wdj
wdjtt tl
tl tgc
tgccc yl
ylur ol
olm
mucg
cg‛s
‛s usg
sgrs
rs tb
tbdt d pd
pdrt
rtkkau
auccdr vdr
vdrkd
kd`
`cg
sblucm jlt `g daagssgm mkrgatcy, ylu ody8



stdrt ktsjuo`gr
usg kts jdog wktb d adpktdc
kjstgdm li kts cgttgr 
jdog
 stdrt kts jdog wktb \ lr \\ 
  `ukcm kts jdog wktb clwgradsg
clwgradsg cgttgrs ljcy
14. Ki tbgrg ks d ikjdccy8 `rdjab kjskmg tbg try8 `clae, wg adj sdy
tbdt8
 kt wlj‛t `g gxgautgm ki jl gxagptklj ks rdksgm
 kt wkcc dcwdys `g gxgautgm
  `rdjabgs ks gxgautgm
 kt wkcc `g gxgautgm wbgj tbgrg ks jl gcsg8 `rdjab
10..
10 ^bd
^bdt wk
wkcc `g tb
tbg lu
lutput li
li tbg il
ilcclwkjn sj
sjkppgt<
  try8
  rdksg Gxagptklj
  gxagpt @dsgGxagptklj8
  prkjt(–d‟,gjm?‟)
  gcsg8
  prkjt(–`‟,gjm?‟)
  ikjdccy8
  prkjt(–a‟)
 d
 d`
  `a
 da
11..
11 ^bd
^bdt wk
wkcc `g tb
tbg lu
lutput li
li tbg il
ilcclwkjn sj
sjkppgt<
  acdss D8
  mgi \\kjkt\\(sgci,jdo
\\kjkt\\(sgci,jdog)8
g)8
 
  sgci.jdog ? jdog
d ? D(–acdss‟)
 

  prkjt(d)
 d juo`gr 
 d strkjn gjmkjn wktb d cljn bgxdmgakodc juo`gr 
 acdss
 jdog
1=..
1= ^bd
^bdt wk
wkcc `g tb
tbg lu
lutput li
li tbg il
ilcclwkjn sj
sjkppgt<

 
  try8
rdksg Gxagptklj
  gxagpt8
  prkjt(–a‟)
  gxagpt @dsgGxagptklj8
  prkjt(–d‟)
  gxagpt Gxagptklj8
  prkjt(–`‟)
 kt wkcc dj adusg grrlr 
  `
 a
 d
17..
17 ^bd
^bdt wk
wkcc `g tb
tbg lu
lutput li
li tbg il
ilcclwkjn sj
sjkppgt<
  acdss R8
  pdss
  acdss [(R)8
  pdss
  acdss X([)8
  pdss
  x ? R()
  z ? X()
  prkjt(kskjstdjag(x,X),kskjstdjag(z,R))
 Idcsg Idcsg
 ]rug ]rug
 ]rug Idcsg
 Idcsg ]rug
19. ]bg ilcclwkjn almg prkjts8
  x ? –S‟
  prkjt(cgj(x))
 

 4
 tbg almg wkcc adusg dj grrlr 
 0
 1
1>. ]bg ilcclwkjn almg prkjts8
  x ? –‟‟
  –‟‟
  prkjt(cgj(x))
 
 

 0
 4
 tbg almg wkcc adusg dj grrlr 
 1
12..
12 Ki tbg ac
acds
dss
s al
aljs
jstr
tru
uat
atl
lr ks
ks mga
mgaccdr
drgm
gm ds `gc
gcl
lw, wb
wbka
kab
b lj
ljg li
li tbg
tbg
dssknjogjts ks vdckm<

 
  acdss
mgiAcdss8
\\kjkt\\(sgci)8
  pdss
 l`hgat ? Acdss(Jljg)
 l`hgat ? Acdss(4)
 l`hgat ? Acdss(4,0)
 l`hgat ? Acdss()
 
1;..
1; ^bd
^bdt wkcc `g tbg lutput li tbg ilcclwkjn almg<
  acdss D8
  D ? 4
  mgi \\kjkt\\(sgci,v ? 0)8
  sgci.v ? v + D.D

 
  mgiD.D +? 4
sgt(sgci,v)8
  sgci.v +? v
  D.D +? 4
  rgturj
  d ? D()
  d.sgt(0)
  prkjt(d.v)
 >
 7
 4
 1
=6..
=6 ^bd
^bdt wkcc `g tbg lutput li tbg ilcclwkjn almg<
  acdss D8
  D ? 4
  mgi \\kjkt\\(sgci)8
  sgci.d ? 6
  prkjt(bdsdttr(D,‛D‛))
 

 ]rug
 6
 4
 Idcsg
=4..
=4 ^bdt
^bdt wk
wkcc
cc `g tb
tbg rgs
rgsu
uct li gxg
gxgau
autk
tkjn
jn tb
tbg
g il
ilcc
ccl
lwkj
kjn
n al
almg<
  acdss D8
  pdss
  acdss @8
  pdss
 

  acdss A(D,@)8
  pdss
  prkjt(kssu`acdss(A,D)
prkjt(kssu`acdss(A,D) djm kssu`acdss(A,@)
kssu`acdss(A,@))
)
 kt wkcc prkjt ]rug
 kt wkcc rdksg dj gxagptklj
 kt wkcc prkjt dj gopty ckjg
 kt wkcc prkjt Idcsg

=0. ]bg sys.stmlut  strgdo ks jlrodccy dsslakdtgm wktb8

 tbg sarggj
 d jucc mgvkag
 tbg egy`ldrm
 tbg prkjtgr 
=1..
=1 ^bdt
^bdt wk
wkcc
cc `g tb
tbg
g gi
giig
igat
at li ru
rujj
jjkkjn tbg il
ilcccl
clwk
wkjn
jn al
alm
mg<
  acdss D8
  mgi \\kjkt\\(sgci,v)8
  sgci.\d ? v + 4
  d ? D(6)
  prkjt(d.\d)
 kt wkcc prkjt 6
 kt wkcc prkjt 4

kt wkcc prkjt 0
 kt wkcc rdksg dj Dttrk`utgGrrlr gxagptklj
==..
== ^bdt
^bdt wk
wkcc
cc `g tb
tbg rgs
rgsu
uct li gxg
gxgau
autk
tkjn
jn tb
tbg
g il
ilcc
ccl
lwkj
kjn
n al
almg<
  acdss D8
  mgi \\kjkt\\(sgci)8
  pdss
  mgi i(sgci)8
  rgturj 4
  mgi n()8
  rgturj sgci.i()
  d ? D()
  prkjt(d.n())
 kt wkcc prkjt 6



kt
kt wkcc
wkcc prkjt
prkjt ]rug
4
 kt wkcc rdksg dj gxagptklj
=7..
=7 ^bdt
^bdt wk
wkcc
cc `g tb
tbg rgs
rgsu
uct li gxg
gxgau
autk
tkjn
jn tb
tbg
g il
ilcc
ccl
lwkj
kjn
n al
almg<
  acdss D8
  mgi d(sgci)8
  prkjt(‒d‛)
  acdss @8
  mgi d(sgci)8
  prkjt(‒`‛)
  acdss A(D,@)8
  mgi a(sgci)8
  sgci.d()
  l ? A()
  l.a()
 
 

 kt wkcc prkjt `
 kt wkcc prkjt d
 kt wkcc rdksg dj gxagptklj
 kt wkcc prkjt a
=9..
=9 ]bg
]bg Gxa
Gxagp
gptk
tkl
lj acd
acdss
ss al
aljt
jtdk
dkjs
js d prl
prlp
pgr
grtty jdo
jdogm
gm dr
drn
ns, dj
djm
m kt
kt ks
ks
d8

strkjn
 tupcg
 ckst
 mkatkljdry
=>..
=> ^bdt
^bdt wk
wkcc
cc `g tb
tbg rgs
rgsu
uct li gxg
gxgau
autk
tkjn
jn tb
tbg
g il
ilcc
ccl
lwkj
kjn
n al
almg<
  mgi K(j)8
  s ? ‟
  ilr k kj rdjng(j)8
  s +? ‒*‛
  ykgcm s
  ilr x kj K(1)8
  prkjt(x,gjm?‟)
 kt wkcc prkjt ***



kt
kt wkcc
wkcc prkjt
prkjt ****
*
 kt wkcc prkjt ******
=2..
=2 ^bdt
^bdt wk
wkcc
cc `g tb
tbg rgs
rgsu
uct li gxg
gxgau
autk
tkjn
jn tb
tbg
g il
ilcc
ccl
lwkj
kjn
n al
almg<
  mgi d(x)8
  mgi `()8
  rgturj x + x
  rgturj `
  x ? d(‒x‛)
  y ? d(‟)
  prkjt(x() + y())
 

 kt wkcc prkjt xxxxxx

 kt wkcc prkjt x
 kt wkcc prkjt xx
 kt wkcc prkjt xxxx
=;..
=; Ki s ks d strgdo lp
lpgjgm kj
kj rg
rgdm ol
olmg, tb
tbg il
ilcclwkjn ck
ckjg
  q ? s.rgdmckjgs()
 

wkcc dssknj q ds d8
 strkjn
 mkatkljdry
 ckst
 tupcg

76..
76 Ki yl
ylu
u wdj
wdjtt tl
tl wrk
wrkttg d `yt
ytg
g drr
drrdy
dy‛‛s alj
aljtg
tgjt
jt tl d str
strgd
gdo,
o, yl
ylu
u‛m
usg8
 

 tbg wrktg() ogtblm

 wrktg`ytgdrrdy() ogtblm
 tbg wrktgirlo() ogtblm
 wrktgtl() ogtblm