Texto-Ingles Tecnico. Wilma Rivera

English text Lic.
Wilma Rivera
Lic. WILMA RIVERA P.
COCHABAMBA – BOLIVIA
2021
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English text Lic. Wilma Rivera
INDEX
UNIDAD 1 - SUSTANTIVOS Y PRONOMBRES
 Sustantivos
 Clases de sustantivos
 Pronombres personales
 Adjetivos posesivos
 Pronombres objeto
UNIDAD 2 - PRESENTE SIMPLE CON EL VERBO TO BE

 Forma y uso del verbo to be
 Vocabulario:profesiones, países y nacionalidades, sentimientos, familia
 Expresiones ‘There is’, ‘there are’
 Sustantivos contables y no contables
 Artículos indefinidos, some y any
UNIDAD 3 - PRESENTE SIMPLE CON OTROS VERBOS

 Forma y uso de otros verbos
 adverbios y expresiones de frecuencia
 Verbo can para mostrar habilidad
 Gerundio después de los verbos de preferencia
UNIDAD 4 - PRESENTE CONTINUO

 Forma y uso del presente continuo
 Vocabulario: deportes, verbos de acción,vestimenta
 Diferencia de uso del presente simple con el presente continuo
UNIDAD 5 - PASADO SIMPLE

 Pasado simple del verbo to be
 Forma y uso del pasado simple con otros verbos
 Verbos regulares e irregulares
 Adverbios y expresiones de tiempo
UNIDAD 6 - PASADO CONTINUO

 Pasado continuo (when, while)
UNIDAD 7 - FUTURO CON ‘GOING TO’ Y ‘ WILL’
 Futuro con ‘going to’ y ‘ will’
 Futuro con will
 Vocabulario especializado para la carrera
UNIDAD 8 – PREPARACION PARA LA REDACCION

 Estructura de una oracion
 Partes de un párrafo
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 Palabras de enlace
UNIDAD 1 - CLASES DE SUSTANTIVOS Y PRONOMBRES
NOUNS
PROPER NOUN – SUSTANTIVOS PROPIOS COMMON NOUN - SUSTANTIVOS

COMUNES
 Names of specific people, places,  Common nouns are general, not
things, or ideas specific.
 Nombres específicos de personas,  Los nombres comunes son
lugares cosas e ideas. generales, no específicos
 They are Capitalized, because they  They are not names, so they are
are names not
 Se escriben con mayúscula porque capitalized unless they are the first
son nombres propios. word in a sentence.
 Examples:  Examples:
Johnson Elementary School School
Mr. Blackwell Man
Maggie Jones Girl
Timmy boy
COMMON OR PROPER ON THE LINE NEXT TO EACH NOUN.
1. computers_______________ 6. Mercantil BanK_____________

2. book ___________________ 7. teacher____________________
3. Samantha________________ 8. lunchbox___________________
4. Mrs. Walker_______________ 9. eraser _____________________
5. Central Processor Unit (CPU) 10. Aunt Jane_________________
________________________
Write 3 common nouns: Write 3 proper nouns:
1.___________________________ 1. ___________________________
2.___________________________ 2. ___________________________
3.___________________________ 3. ___________________________
PLURALS OF NOUNS
Most nouns make their plurals by simply adding –s to the end (e.g. cat/cats, book/books,
journey/journeys). Some do change their endings, though. The main types of noun that do
this are:
Nouns ending in -y
If the noun ends with a consonant plus -y, make the plural by changing -y to -ies:
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Singular plural
berry berries
activity activities
daisy daisies
If the noun ends with -ch, -s, -sh, -x, or -z, add -es to form the plural:
singular plural
church churches
bus buses
fox foxes
There’s one exception to this rule. If the -ch ending is pronounced with a ‘k’ sound, you
add -s rather than -es:
singular plural
stomach stomachs
epoch epochs
Nouns ending in -f or -fe
With nouns that end in a consonant or a single vowel plus -f or -fe, change the -f or -fe to -
ves:
Singular plural
knife knives
half halves
scarf scarves
Nouns which end in two vowels plus -f usually form plurals in the normal way, with just
an -s
singular plural
chief chiefs
spoof spoofs
Nouns ending in -o
Nouns ending in -o can add either -s or -es in the plural, and some can be spelled either
way.
As a general rule, most nouns ending in -o add -s to make the plural:
singular plural
solo solos
zero zeros
avocado avocados
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Those which have a vowel before the final -o always just add -s:
singular plural
studio studios
zoo zoos
embryo embryos
Here’s a list of the most common nouns ending in -o that are always spelled with -es in
the plural:
singular plural
buffalo buffaloes
domino dominoes
echo echoes
embargo embargoes
hero heroes
mosquito mosquitoes
potato potatoes
tomato tomatoes
torpedo torpedoes
veto vetoes
Types of irregular plural
There are many types of irregular plural, but these are the most common:
Noun type Forming the plural Example
Change f to v knife knives

Ends with -fe then life lives
Add -s wife wives
Change f to v half halves

Ends with -f then wolf wolves
Add -es loaf loaves
potato potatoes
Ends with -o Add -es tomato tomatoes
volcano volcanoes
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Noun type Forming the plural Example
cactus cacti
ends with -us Change -us to -i nucleus nuclei
focus foci
analysis analyses
ends with -is Change -is to -es crisis crises
thesis theses
phenomenon phenomena
ends with -on Change -on to -a
criterion criteria
man men
Change the vowel
foot feet
or
child children
ALL KINDS Change the word
person people
or
tooth teeth
Add a different ending
mouse mice
sheep
Singular and plural
Unchanging deer
are the same
fish (sometimes)
CHOOSE THE CORRECT FORM OF THE PLURAL FOR EACH NOUN.
The plural of "calf" (a baby cow) is
calfs calves calf celf
The plural of "stimulus" is
stimuluses stimuli stimula stimules
The plural of "child" is
children childs cheeld child
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The plural of "shelf" is
shelfs shelves shelvs shelfes
The plural of "woman" is
womans womanes women woman
The plural of "buffalo" is
buffalos buffals buffalose buffaloes
The plural of "phenomenon" is
phenomena phenomeni
phenomenons
phenomenon
The plural of "thesis" is
thesises thesies thesi theses
The plural of "deer" is
deers deeres door deer
The plural of "bus" is
bi buss buses busa
FOR EACH NOUN, TYPE THE PLURAL FORM IN THE BOX
1. foot _________________________________________
2. wolf _________________________________________
3. yourself_________________________________________
4. person _________________________________________
5. analysis _________________________________________
6. goose_________________________________________
7. echo_________________________________________
8. fish_________________________________________
9. octopus_________________________________________
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10. thief_________________________________________
WRITE THESE WORDS IN PLURAL. ADD -S,-ES, -IES, -VES
boy girl desk

pencil fox pen
peach toy tree
potato tomato story
box dress body
baby beach glass
table lady way
bus monkey leaf
city brush key
dish snake cherry
robot door duck
knife bike day
Chair egg wish
PROPER PRONOUNS POSSESSIVE + NOUN OBJECT

PRONOMBRES PERSONALES ADJECTIVES/ADJ. SUSTANTIVO PRONOUNS
POSESIVOS (after a verb/
preposition)
I – YO MY – MI ME
YOU – TU USTEDES YOUR – TU,SU YOU
HE – EL HIS - SU HIM
SHE – ELLA HER - SU HOUSE HER
IT – ELLO ITS – SU MOTHER IT
WE – NOSOTROS (AS) OUR – NUESTRO US
THEY – ELLOS (AS) THEIR - SU THEM
EXAMPLES:
My house is small and your house is big.
Our mother is a doctor.
She has a little dog, its name is Bobby.
EXERCISES
REPLACE THE NOUN BY THE RIGHT PRONOUN.
1. Mary ______________________ 5. Bob and I ______________________
2. Microphones ____________________ 6. The violin __________________
3. Bob and Tim_____________________ 7. The boys _____________________
4. The desk _______________________ 8. The woman _____________________
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9. Mrs Nelson _____________________ 10. The trousers ___________________
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH A POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE OR PROPER PRONOUN:
COMPLETA LAS ORACIONES CON UN ADJETIVO POSESIVO Ó UN PRONOMBRE PROPIO
I’m Marcus and this is____________ garden.
My mother’s Susan and this is______________________ hat.
They are Robert and Adam and this is__________ ____________ bedroom.
________ _____Marco and this is ________ ________ living room.
We are Betti and Barbara and this is_______________ favorite book. title is Twilight.
_______________is Rachel and this is ____________________ sister.
These are my teachers. _____________ names are Paul and Rita.
This is my brother. ___________________ name is Peter.______________ a student in

Hungary.
We are friends. ______________ hobbies are gardening and walking.
I’m Sophy and this is______________ dog, Aladin.
OBJECT PRONOUN EXERCISE
EJERCICIO DE PRONOMBRE OBJETO
I am hungry. The rice is for ___________
You are hungry. The apple is for____________
David is hungry. The fish is for _____________
Sandra is hungry. The nuts are for ___________
The mouse is hungry. The cheese is for ____________
We are hungry. The pizza is for ____________
You are hungry. The soup is for _____________
The children are hungry. The cake is for________________
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UNIDAD 2- PRESENTE SIMPLE CON EL VERBO TO BE
THE VERB "TO BE" _ SER / ESTAR

USO DEL VERBO TO BE :
INDICAR NOMBRE INFORMAR SOBRE INFORMAR INFORMAR ESTADO

(PRESENTACION) LA EDAD PROCEDENCIA MARITAL
Peter is from We are single

My name is Laura I am ten years old Germany Somos solteros
Mi nombre es Laura tengo diez años Peter es de
I am Laura /soy Laura Alemania
He is German
El es aleman
INDICAR PROFESIÓN EXPRESAR INFORMAR SOBRE INFORMAR SOBRE

SENTIMIENTO PRECIOS O DINERO OTRAS PERSONAS
I am tired How much is the My sister is a music
I am a pilot yo estoy cansado car? engineer
yo soy piloto ¿Cuánto cuesta el
coche? Mi hermana es una
ingeniera
INFORMAR SOBRE LA PROPORCIONAR HABLAR DE HABLAR DE

DIRECCION No TELEFÓNICO DEPORTE COMIDAFAVORITA
FAVORITO
My address is on My cell phone My favourite sport My favourite food

Bolivar street number is is tennis is pizza
77702045
Mi direccion esta en la Mi No telefónico Mi deporte favorito Mi comida favorita
calle Bolivar es 77702045 es el tenis es la pizza
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VERB TO BE IN SIMPLE PRESENT

AFFIRMATIVE FORM NEGATIVE FORM INTERROGATIVE FORM
I AM I AM NOT / I’M NOT AM I ……………..?
HE HE’S HE HE……………………?
SHE IS SHE’S SHE IS NOT / ISN’T IS SHE………………….?
IT IT’S IT IT …………………...?
YOU YOU’RE YOU YOU……………..?
WE ARE WE’RE WE ARE NOT / AREN’T ARE
THEY THEY’RE THEY WE…………………?
THEY…………..?
V0CABULARY
PROFESSIONS
accountant contador dentist dentista

actor/actress actor/actriz doctor médico
architect arquitecto driver conductor
astronaut astronauta dustman basurero
Baker panadero electrician electricista
bank clerk empleado de banco engineer ingeniero
builder albañil farmer granjero
butcher carnicero fireman bombero
chemist farmacéutico gardener jardinero
consultant asesor hairdresser peluquero
cook cocinero jeweller joyero
customs officer aduanero journalist periodista
COUNTRIES AND NATIONALITIES
List of Countries, Nationalities and their Languages
Below is a list of some countries with the appropriate nationality. The Language that
appears is the main language that is spoken in the country.
Country Nationality Language
Argentina Argentine Spanish

Australia Australian English
Belgium Belgian French / Flemish
Bolivia Bolivian Spanish
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Brazil Brazilian Portuguese

Canada Canadian English / French
Chile Chilean Spanish
China Chinese Chinese
Colombia Colombian Spanish
Costa Rica Costa Rican Spanish
Cuba Cuban Spanish
Denmark Danish (Dane) Danish
Dominican Republic Dominican Spanish
Ecuador Ecuadorian Spanish
FEELINGS AND PERSONALITY
Tired - cansado Shy – tímido
Excited - emocionado Outgoing _ extrovertido
Happy - feliz Easygoing – manejable
Sad - triste Competitive_ competitive
Nervous – nervioso Quiet _ tranquilo
Angry – enojado Abusive_ abusivo
Hungry – hambriento Active - activo
Thirsty - sediento Adventurous-- aventurero
Affectionate-afectivo
Aggressive - agresivo
Ambitious_ ambicioso
THE VERB TO BE - EXERCISE
Chose the correct form of the verb to be - am/is/are.

It _________________a cold day today. We _________________ from Ukraine.
I _____________at home now. That ____________ right.
They ______________Korean. I_____________ OK, thanks.
There _______________ a pen on the Clara and Steve _______________

desk. married.
My name ________________Nikita. She ______________ an English teacher.
WRITE THE WORDS IN THE CORRECT ORDER TO MAKE POSITIVE SENTENCES WITH THE
VERB TO BE.
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1.am/ twenty-five years old. I____________________________________________ _________

2.Venezuela/ are/ We/ from ______________________________________________________
3.and/ name/ I'm/ My/ Anton/ a/ is/ student________________________________________
4. This/ is/ book/my ______________________________________________________________
5 nice/ day/ It's/ a/ today _____________________________________________________
6. name/ Paul/ Her/ is/ brother's___________________________________________________
7 an/ engineer/ John/ is__________________________________________________________
8 name/ Johansson./ husband's/ My/ is
________________________________________________________________________________
9 are/ class./ in/ There/ students/ twelve/ my _______________________________________
10 the/ at/ of/ new/ is/ the/ address/ top/ My/ letter
________________________________________________________________________________
QUESTIONS WITH THE VERB "TO BE"

1. ……..………. you tall ? No, …………………………………..
2. ……………….the dog black? Yes, …………………………………..
3……………………. I strong? Yes, ………………………………………..
4. ………………………..the food good? No, ………………………………….
5. …………….they dogs? No, ……………………………………………..
6. …………….. the doctor in his office? Yes, ………………………………
7. ………………..the children in school? No, ……………………………………..
8. …………………the water cold? No, ………………………………………………….
9. …………………… it hot outside? Yes, …………………………………………….
10. ………………………the floor clean? Yes, ……………………………………………..
11……………………….. your teacher English? No, …………………………………………….
12. ………………………..Peter American? Yes, ……………………………………………………
WRITE QUESTIONS AS IN THE EXAMPLE.

you / a good singer --> Are you a good singer?
1. David Bisbal / your favorite pop star ? ……………………………………………………………………
2. we / from England ? …………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. you / twelve? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………...
4. your friends / good students? ……………………………………………………………………………….
5. Messi / your favourite footballer ? …………………………………………………………………………..
6. she / a good teacher? ……………………………………………………………………………………..……..
7. Martha / a tennis player? ……………………………………………………………………………………..…
8. the dogs / under the table? ……………………………………………………………………………………..
9. you/where/?.................................................................................................................
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10. from/ where/they/?...................................................................................................

11. why/here/Mary/?.......................................................................................................
12. Peter/good/a/friend/?................................................................................................
13. Lila and John/married/?..............................................................................................
14. My parents/at home/?................................................................................................
15. where/Paul/at this moment/?.....................................................................................
FILL THE CHART WRITING QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS FOR THE TOPICS.
LLENA EL CUADRO ESCRIBIENDO LA PREGUNTA Y LA RESPUESTA PARA CADA TEMA.
TOPIC QUESTIONS ANSWERS
NAME.
AGE.
PROFESSION.
ADRESS.
ORIGIN
FAMILY
FAVORITE SPORT
WRITE A PARAGRAPH ABOUT YOURSELF WITH PERSONAL INFORMATION.

ESCRIBE UN PARRAFO SOBRE TI, INCLUYENDO INFORMACIÓN PERSONAL
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
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WRITE A PARAGRAPH ABOUT A FRIEND WITH PERSONAL INFORMATION.

ESCRIBE UN PARRAFO SOBRE UN AMIGO, INCLUYENDO INFORMACIÓN PERSONAL .
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
PREPOSITIONS OF TIME
 times: at 8pm, at midnight, at 6:30

 holiday periods: at Christmas, at Easter
at  at night
 at the weekend
 at lunchtime, at dinnertime, at breakfast time
 days: on Monday, on my birthday, on Christmas Day

 days + morning / afternoon / evening / night: on Tuesday
on
morning
 dates: on the 20th of June
 years: in 1992, in 2006

 months: in December, in June
 decades: in the sixties, in the 1790s
in
 centuries: in the 19th century
 seasons: in winter, in summer
 in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening
 next week, year, month etc

 last night, year etc
no
 this morning, month etc
prep
 every day, night, years etc
 today, tomorrow, yesterday
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PUT IN THE CORRECT PREPOSITION (CHOOSE IN / ON / AT). IF NO PREPOSITION IS NEED

PUT IN -.
1) Lucy is arriving __________February the 13th _______eight o'clock ____________the morning.
2) The weather is often terrible in London_________________January.
3) It's better to get taxi if you are out alone ____________night.
4) She got married __________September.
5) They usually go to the south of France_________________the summer.
6) Columbus sailed to the Americas ____________________the 16th century.
7) The Beatles were popular _______________________-the 1960s.
8) I graduated from university___________________2001.
9) His birthday is_______________June.
10) I usually go to my parents' house____________Christmas. We eat turkey together
_____________Christmas Day.
11) The train leaves ____________tomorrow morning _____________8:00 am.
12) I love going skiing _______________January.
13) We met at the restaurant_______________8pm.
14) The class is _______________9am______________Monday mornings.
15) I like to drink coffee__________the morning and tea ________________the afternoon.
16) We went out for dinner ______________last Wednesday.
17) She left London _________the 4th of March.
18) I had a party ________my birthday.
19) Lucy went to New York ____________New Year.
20) We're meeting _______________lunchtime _____________next Tuesday.
PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE: IN, ON, AT
Generally, we use at, in and on when we talk about the location of things.
EXAMPLES
"Meet Simon at the end of the road."
"You left your glasses in the bathroom."
"Is that a spider on the wall?"
AT A POINT IN AN ENCLOSED SPACE ON A SURFACE
At tells us that the following In tells us the noun is in an On tells us that the following
noun is located at a specific enclosed space (surround or noun is located on a surface.
point or location. It shows an closed off on all sides). Use on when one thing is
exact position. Basically, when something is attatched to or touching
inside something. somthing.
"She's waiting at the In a box. On the table.

entrance." In a room. On the floor.
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"He's sitting on his chair at his In a country. On the chair.

desk."
"I work at MERCANTIL bank."
What's the difference bewteen these two sentences?
She's at the library.

She's in the library.
She's at the library. - the emphasis is on the her location and the type of place she has gone to.
She's in the library. - the emphasis is on the type of building she is in.
Both of these sentences are fine to answer the question, "Where is she?"
NOW DECIDE WHICH PREPOSITION NEEDS TO BE USED:

ON AT IN
1 - I always keep some extra money ____________ my bag in case of emergencies.
2 - I'll read it tonight _______ home.
3 - Do you live ________ a house or an apartment?
4 - Did you learn English ______ Malta?
5 - She grew up ______ a farm.
6 - I read about it _______ the newspaper.
7 - He went for a swim _______ the river
8 - The dog's sleeping _______ the carpet.
9 - The information is _______ the top of the page.
10 - Were you ________ the party too?
OTHER PREPOSITIONS
NEXT TO (BESIDE)CLOSE TO AL LADO DE, JUNTO A BY(CERCA, AL LADO DE, JUNTO A)
Uso: Tanto “next to” como “beside” se pueden Uso: Se puede utilizar en los mismos
utilizar indistintamente. Utilizar una forma u otra contextos que “next to” pero el significado
dependerá del hablante y del contexto. de “by” es más como “cerca” en
castellano.
Ejemplos:
Ejemplos:
The supermarket is next to (beside) the
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bank.(El supermercado está al lado del banco.) I sit by the window.(Me siento al
Sit next to (beside) me.(Siéntate a mi lado.) lado de la ventana.)
Our house is by the river.(Nuestra
casa está cerca del río.)
BETWEEN( ENTRE dos) AMONG(varias cosas) BEHIND( DETRÁS DE)
Ejemplos: Ejemplos:
 The shop is between the bank and the train  The church is behind the school.(La
station.(La tienda está entre el banco y la iglesia está detrás de la escuela.)
estación de tren.)
 He is standing behind you.(Está de
 She is standing between Peter and John.(Ella pie detrás de ti.)
está de pie entre Pedro y Juan.)
IN FRONT OF VS. OPPOSITE(CONTRARIO, EN UNDER( DEBAJO DE)

FRENTE DE, OPUESTO, DELANTE DE)
Uso: La diferencia entre estas preposiciones la EJEMPLOS:
notamos cuando estamos hablando de personas:
“opposite” significa delante y cara a cara, en cambio  The ball is under the chair.(la
“in front of” significa delante de pero no cara a cara. pelota está debajo de la silla.)
Ejemplos:  The dog is under the tree.(el perro

está debajo del árbol.)
 The hotel is in front of the station.(El hotel
está en frente de la estación.)
 The bank is opposite the market.(El banco

está delante del mercado.)
 Laura is standing in front of you.(Laura está

de pie delante de ti.)
 She is sitting opposite me.(Se está sentando

en frente de mí.)
ABOVE( POR ENCIMA SIN TOCAR) BELOW( POR DEBAJO SIN TOCAR)
Ejemplo: Ejemplo:
 The clock is above the table.(El reloj  The table is below the
está por encima de la mesa, en la clock.(La mesa está por
misma pared.) debajo del reloj, en la
misma pared
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LOOK AT THE PICTURE AND WRITE SENTENCES USING PREPOSITIONS

1________________________________________________________________________
2________________________________________________________________________
3________________________________________________________________________
4________________________________________________________________________
5________________________________________________________________________
6________________________________________________________________________
7________________________________________________________________________
8________________________________________________________________________
9________________________________________________________________________
10_______________________________________________________________________
COUNT NOUNS AND NONCOUNT NOUNS(SUSTANTIVOS CONTABLES Y NO-CONTABLES)
Definition of Count and Noncount nouns(definición)

The main difference between count and noncount nouns is whether you can count the
things they refer to or not. La principal diferencia entre estos sustantivos es: sí se los
puede o no contar
Count nouns refer to things that exist as separate and distinct individual units. They
usually refer to what can be perceived by the senses. Los contables se refieren a cosas
que existen como unidadas individuales distintas y separadas. Usualmente son cosas que
se pueden percibir por los sentidos.
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Examples:
 table  word
 finger  girl
 bottle  candidate
 chair
Noncount nouns refer to things that can't be counted because they are thought of as
wholes that can't be cut into parts. They often refer to abstractions and occasionally have
a collective meaning (for example, furniture). Los sustantivos no-contables se refieren a
cosas que no se pueden contar porque son pensadas como cosas enteras que no se las
puede dividir en partes. Generalmente se refieren a cosas abstractas y ocacionalmente
tienen significados colectivos. Examples:
 anger  education
 courage  weather
 progress  precisión
 furniture
Pluralizing:The Rule(la regal de plural)
Most count nouns pluralize with –s la mayoria de los sustantivos constables forman su
plural con “s”.
Noncount nouns don't pluralize at all los sustantivos no-contables no tienen plural
Here is a list of NON- COUNT NOUNS for you to consider
wood water hockey
cloth milk weather furniture
ice wine heat experience
plastic beer sunshine applause
wool cake electricity photography
steel sugar biology traffic
aluminum rice history harm
metal meat mathematics publicity
glass cheese economics homework
leather flour poetry advice
porcelain reading Chinese
hair boating Spanish
dust smoking English
air dancing luggage
oxygen soccer equipment
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A, AN, SOME, ANY
We use A or AN with We use SOME with We use ANY with countable

singular nouns. countable nouns (only with nouns (only with their
A is used when a noun their plural) and with plural) and with
starts with a consonant uncountable nouns. uncountable nouns.
sound; SOME is used in: ANY is used in:
e.g. a dog, a book, etc. * positive sentences; * negative sentences;
AN is used when a noun e.g. I have some time. e.g. I don´t have any time.
starts with a vowel sound; * questions, expressing * general questions;
e.g. an apple, an hour, etc. requests and offers; e.g. do you have any sisters?
e.g. Would you like some Is there any tea left?
tea?
Can I have some
biscuits?
THERE IS – THERE ARE

AFIRMACIÓN
"There is" "There is" es
singular
"Hay" en español.
"There are" "There are" es
plural.
There is a book. (Hay un libro.)*

There are books. (Hay libros.)
*Se puede hacer una contracción de "There is" a "There's".
No se puede hacer una contracción de "There are."
NEGACIÓN
"There is not" There is not a book.
There isn't - There isn't a book.
(contraccion)
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"There are not" There are not books.

There aren't - There aren't books.
(contraccion)
INTERROGACIÓN
Para formar una pregunta nada más cambiamos el orden de las
palabras.
Is there a book? Are there books?

Yes, there is. Yes, there are.
No, there isn't. No, there aren't.
Fill in the blanks below to complete the sentences.

1. _______________________ a library next to the park.
2. All the students went home. ___________ _________ students in the classroom.
3. _______________________ 50 states in the United States.
4. No, ____ ___________________ polar bears at the South Pole.
5. A: _____________________ a message for me? B: No, ________ ______________.
6. Why _______________________ so many cars in the parking lot?
7. A: I’m hungry. B: _______________________ a restaurant across the street.
8. How many days _______________________ in March, thirty or thirty-one?
9. _______________________ a few things I have to do this afternoon.
10. A: _______________________ a post office nearby? B: I’m sorry, I don’t know.
11. _______________________ something I can help you with?
12. No, _______________________ public holidays next month.
13. How many countries _______________________ in the world?
14. _______________________ a woman in the picture. She is smiling.
15. _______________________ only three more days before the exam. Let’s study!
CHOOSE THE CORRECT

1. “Is there ... tea in this kitchen?” 12. Is there … beer in the glasses?
any some a an
a an some any
2. “Are there any girls in your class?” 13. There aren’t … flats to rent.
“No, there aren´t ………………….… “ an some
an some any a
any a
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3. Is there … book on the table? 14. There isn’t … water in the glass.
a an some a
some any an any
4. This is … interesting newspaper. 15. “Is there any coffee in the cup?”
a an “Yes, there is ………………………….…”
any some a an
5. Sorry, there isn’t … more tea. some any
some any 16. There isn’t … beer in the bottle.
a an a some
6. Are there … lamps in the house? an any
some a 17. Are there … boys in this class?
any an an any
7. “Is there any coffee in the kitchen?” some a
“Yes, there is……………………...” 18. In the park there are … very nice
some any trees.
a an some any
8. There are … cups of tea on the table. an a
some any 19. I’m reading … interesting book.
a an an any
9. Mr. Smith is having … bread. some a
any some 20. Mrs Green is having … coffee with
a an milk.
10. There are … children in the street. some any
any some a an
an a 21. There are … girls in this class.
11. Is there … wine in the glass? any some
some a an a
any an 22. “Is there any beer in the glass” “No,
there isn’t …”
some any
a an
FILL IN SOME OR ANY.

1. I buy___________ eggs.
5. George and Alice don´t have_______
2. They don't make___________ mistake. children.
3. I can't pay. I don´t have ______money. 6. There are ____________ beautiful

4. There aren't ______ shops in this part flowers in the garden.
of the town.
7. Are there________ letters for me?
23
DESCRIBE THIS PICTURE.

USE THE EXPRESSION THERE IS /THERE ARE AND PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
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UNIT 3 - SIMPLE PRESENT WITH OTHER VERBS
POSITIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION

LAS TERCERAS PERSONAS SE NECESITA SE NECESITA DO/DOES ANTES DEL SUJETO
SINGULARES LLEVAN ¨S¨EN AUXILIAR Y EL SIGNO DE INTERROGACION AL FINAL
EL VERBO DO/ DOES DE LA ORACION
HE, SHE, IT – VERBO +S(ES) +NOT
Most verbs conjugate like the verb "run" below. Notice how you add an "s" to third-
person forms. Third-person negative forms and third-person questions are made using
"does."
Positive(s-es) Negative(don´t-doesn´t) Question(do-does)
 I run.  I do not run.  Do I run?

 You run.  You do not run.  Do you run?
 We run.  We do not run.  Do we run?
 They run.  They do not run.  Do they run?
 He runs.  He does not run.  Does he run?
 She runs.  She does not run.  Does she run?
 It runs.  It does not run.  Does it run?
Instead of "s," "es" is added to positive, third-person forms of verbs ending with the
following sounds: s, z, sh, ch, o or x. These special "es"-forms have been marked below
with an asterisk*. Examples: wash, watch, kiss, go, fix.
Positive Negative Question
 I rush.  I do not rush.  Do I rush?

 You rush.  You do not rush.  Do you rush?
 We rush.  We do not rush.  Do we rush?
 They rush.  They do not rush.  Do they rush?
 He rushes. *  He does not rush.  Does he rush?
 She rushes. *  She does not rush.  Does she rush?
 It rushes. *  It does not rush.  Does it rush?
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TO HAVE
The verb "have" is irregular in positive, third-person forms. This irregular form has been
marked below with an asterisk*.
Positive Negative Question
 I have.  I do not have.  Do I have?

 You have.  You do not have.  Do you have?
 We have.  We do not have.  Do we have?
 They have.  They do not have.  Do they have?
 He has. *  He does not have.  Does he have?
 She has. *  She does not have.  Does she have?
 It has. *  It does not have.  Does it have?
USES OF SIMPLE PRESENT
ROUTINES HABITS SCIENTIFIC FACTS

I get up early She always goes to play Smoking can hurt your
every day volleyball on Saturdays ability to concentrate
ADVERBS AND EXPRESSIONS OF FREQUENCY

We use some adverbs to describe how frequently we do an activity.
Adverbs of Frequency are Adverbs of Time that answer the question "How frequently?" or
"How often?".
FREQUENCY ADVERB OF FREQUENCY EXAMPLE SENTENCE

100% Always I always go to bed before 11pm.
90% Usually I usually have cereal for breakfast.
80% normally / generally I normally go to the gym.
70% often* / frequently I often surf the internet.
50% Sometimes I sometimes forget my wife's birthday.
30% Occasionally I occasionally eat junk food.
10% Seldom I seldom read the newspaper.
5% hardly ever / rarely I hardly ever drink alcohol.
0% Never I never swim in the sea.
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THE POSITION OF THE ADVERB IN A SENTENCE
An adverb of frequency goes before a main verb (except with To Be).

Subject + adverb + main verb
I always remember to do my homework.
He normally gets good marks in exams.
An adverb of frequency goes after the verb To Be.

Subject + to be + adverb
They are never pleased to see me.
She isn't usually bad tempered.
EXPRESSIONS OF FREQUENCY
TO SAY HOW OFTEN SOMETHING HAPPENS, YOU CAN USE A NUMBER OR 'SEVERAL' OR
'MANY', FOLLOWED BY 'TIMES:
Once a week/month/year
Twice a year/day
several times a year
WE CAN ALSO USE 'EVERY' + PERIOD OF TIME:

every morning every Tuesday every month
every day every week
A day of the week with 's' at the end (for example 'on Tuesdays') means the same as
'every Tuesday':
I take a dance class on Wednesdays.
I relax on Saturdays.
EXERCISES
REWRITE THE COMPLETE SENTENCE USING THE ADVERB IN BRACKETS IN ITS USUAL
POSITION.
He listens to the radio. (often) ________________________________________
They read a book. (sometimes) _____________________________________
Pete gets angry. (never) ______________________________________________________
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Tom is very friendly. (usually)

____________________________________________________
I take sugar in my coffee. (sometimes)
_____________________________________________
Ramon and Frank are hungry.
(often)______________________________________________
My grandmother goes for a walk in the evening. (always)
______________________________
Walter helps his father in the kitchen. (usually)
______________________________________
They watch TV in the afternoon. (never)
____________________________________________
Christine smokes. (never)___________________________________________________
WRITE A SENTENCE WITH THE ADVERBS!

1 I'm late. (never)__________________________________________
2 They go out in the week. (seldom)_________________________________________-
3 We don't see her. (often)________________________________________________
4 I take too long in the shower.
(always)_____________________________________________
5 Sam arrives on time.
(usually)____________________________________________________
6 Our class isn't clean.
(always)____________________________________________________
7 Do you go to the cinema on Fridays?
(always)_______________________________________
8 Do you feel sad?
(sometimes)____________________________________________________
9 That dirty pig cleans his teeth. (never)________________________________________
10 Our maths teacher smiles. (hardly ever)_______________________________________
CHOOSE THE CORRECT FORM OF THE FOLLOWING VERBS:

wake up - open - speak - do - cause - live - play - close – drink - ride
Ann______________ hand ball very well.

I never_________________ coffee.
The swimming pool _______________ at 7:00 in the morning.
It ______________ at 9:00 in the evening.
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Bad driving ______________________ many accidents.

My parents ___________ in a very small flat.
They are good students. They always _____ _______ their homework.
My students ________ _________ a little English.
I always________ _______ early in the morning.
She ______ _________her bike in the afternoon
PUT THE VERBS BETWEEN BRACKETS IN THE CORRECT FORM:

Jane (not/drink)______________ tea very often.
What time (the banks/open) _ ____________________ in Britain?
Where (John/come) ___ ____________________- from?
It (take)_________ ______________ me an hour to get to work.
She (not/wake)_______ _____________________ up early on Sundays.
CHOOSE THE RIGHT VERBS TO COMPLETE THE SENTENCES. SOMETIMES YOU NEED THE
NEGATIVE:
write - turn - eat - tell – rise
The earth _________________ around the sun.

The sun ____________________ in the east.
Vegetarians______ _____________ meat.
A liar is someone who__________ ________________ the truth.
A novelist __________ ____________ novels.
ORDER THE WORDS TO MAKE SENTENCES. WRITE YOUR SENTENSES IN THE COMMENTS
AREA:
1.out a twice goes he week.____________________________________________
2. usually early she up wakes.__________________________________________
3. grandmother Spain visit my a twice we year
in._______________________________________________________________________
4. restaurant my opposite often at I school eat the.____ ___________
5. always Pedro first in student class is the.___ ____________________
6. home hardly ever they Saturday stay at a night on.________________THEY HARDLY
EVER STAY AT HOME ON SATURDAY
NIGHT______________________________________________________
7. the once cinema we week go a to.________________WE GO TO THE CINEMA ONCE A
WEEK______________________________________________________
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8. Wednesday Jane see every I other and each.__________JANE AND I SEE EACH OTHER
EVERY WEDNESDAY _____________________________________
9. walk sometimes I work to.______________I SOMETIMES WALK TO
WORK___________________________________
10. car radio the in usually we to listen the._____________________WE USUALLY LISTEN
TO THE RADIO IN THE CAR________________________________________________
WRITE A DAILY ROUTINE USING THE PICTURES
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Write the correct form of "to be" in present tense.

Tess and Jen ________(1)best friends.
They do everything together. They spend every day together.
One day they meet on the bus to school. They start talking.
“Hey Jen,” says Tess. “How ________(2) you?”
“Hey girl,” says Jen. “I _______(3) doing fine. What ________(4) going on? What
________(5) you doing today?”
“Oh,” says Tess, “I __________ (6)doing anything special. I don’t have any
plans.”
“That ________(7) cool.”
“Yeah,” says Tess. “But I have something to tell you.”
“Really! Can I try to guess?”
“Umm…” says Tess. “Well…”
“Okay, I get three guesses. Ready?”
“Umm, well…okay.”
“________(8)we eating dinner together?”
“No, that __________ (9) it.”
“Okay. Are we going to the soccer game together?”
“No. It ________(10) that either.” Tess looks nervous. Her eyes look sad. A tear
starts to fall down her cheek.
“Oh,” says Jen, wiping a tear from her own eye. “Now I know. You ________(11)
moving away.”
CAN / CAN'T - PODER

I t shows ability, inability, request, permission and possibility.
Examples:
a. I can speak English.
b. You can leave early today.
c. Can I come in, please?
Formation:
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Positive: Subject + CAN + Verb1

Negative: Subject + CAN'T + Verb1
POSITIVE STATEMENT NEGATIVE STATEMENT

I can speak English I can't speak English
He can run very fast You can't run very fast
He can sit in the garden He can't sit in the garden
She can come with us She can't come with us
It can jump to the other side It can't jump to the other side
We can make delicious cakes We can't make delicious cakes
You can pass the exam You can't pass the exam
They can draw pictures They can't draw pictures
NOTE: Negative “YES/NO QUESTIONS” are formed in two ways:

1. Can you not come today? Can he read fast?
2. Can’t you come today? Can’t he read fast?
USE:
1. ABILITY 1. INABILITY 2. REQUEST 3.PERMISSION 4.PREDICTIONS
_I can play _He can’t _Can you help _Can I use your _It can rain all the
table tennis. ride a horse. me? cell phone? week.
_We can cook. _I can’t type _Can you tell me _Can I take a day _They can have
very fast. the way to the off? six children
_They can eat museum?
with chop _We can’t lift _Can I smoke _She cannot
sticks. 100 kilos. _Can you come here? come tonight.
here a minute
_Paul and _Jan cannot please? _Can I go out?
Ingrid can ski. run fast.
-Sarven can _Alicia

ride a bike. cannot drive
_He can speak a car.
Japanese.
Typical responses: Certainly. Yes, certainly. Of course. Of course you can. Sure (informal) …
etc.
32
EXERCISES
UNSCRAMBLE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES.
Example: speak can you English. - You can speak English.

1. you can play the violin?____________________________
2. draw they can't well. _______________ ___________________
3. play I basketball can. ______________________________________
4. we can come house to your? _____________________
5. she sleep can't _____________ _____________________
6. you cook can? ____________________________________________________
7. watch can television I? __________________________________
LOOK AT THE PICTURES AND CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER:
1) Can he 2) Can he play soccer? 3)Can she draw?

swim? NO SHE CAN´T
YES, HE CAN
4) Can he walk? 5) Can he drive a bus? 6) Can he see?
33
7) Can she sing? 8) Can they cook? 9)Can they dance?
10) Can she clean the 11) Can he eat junk food? 12) Can she teach?
bathroom?
13) Can they sail? 14) Can they play after 15) Can she play
school? basketball?
VERBS OF PREFERENCE + GERUNDS
GERUND = VERB + ING

EXAMPLES:
34
DANCE = DANCING
WORK = WORKING
USE:
WE CAN USE SEVERAL DIFFERENT WORDS AND PHRASES IN ENGLISH TO TALK ABOUT
THINGS WE LIKE AND DISLIKE.
Like don’t mind

Love dislike
enjoy hate
prefer
FORM:
After these words you can use a noun or a verb in the –ing form.
I like water. I like swimming.
I love sports. I love running.
We enjoy good food. We enjoy eating out.
I don’t mind housework. I don’t mind cooking.
I dislike buses. I dislike waiting.
I hate housework I hate cleaning.
I can’t stand planes. I can’t stand flying.
SPELLING RULES
REMEMBER THE SPELLING RULES WHEN YOU MAKE THE –ING FORM.
 If a verb ends in e, delete the e before you add –ing.

have => I love having breakfast in bed.
 If a verb ends one vowel and one consonant, double the consonant.
swim => I don’t like swimming.
Exceptions: words that end in w or y.

row => I love rowing.
sew => I don’t like rowing.
play => I like playing football.
35
OTHER EXCEPTIONS:
iron => My mum hates ironing.

open => I don’t mind opening the window for you.
EXERCISES
COMPLETE THE SPACE WITH THE CORRECT FORM OF THE VERB IN BOLD. PAY
ATTENTION TO SPELLING.
1. (take) Do you mind ________________________ Tom to school today?
2. (meet) I enjoy ____________________________ my friends in town for a drink.
3. (get) Joe hates ____________________________ to work late.
4. (ski) I love_______________________________ in the mountains in winter.
5. (come) I don’t mind ________________________ to work early tomorrow.
6. (sew) Sarah enjoys _________________________ clothes for her children.
7. (shop) I dislike_____________________________ when it’s very busy.
8. (study) Tom doesn’t like_____________________ on Sundays.
9. (iron) Does your dad like____________________ ?
10. (play) My brother enjoys ____________________ computer games.
GERUND AFTER PREPOSITIONS
AFTER
After having a shower, I waited for Steven.
BEFORE
The tablet must not be taken before getting up in the morning.
BY
I manage it by working much longer than 40-hour weeks.
in spite of
In spite of studying a lot he didn't pass the exams.
ON
She insisted on calling her sister.
WITHOUT
He told the joke without laughing.
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH THE GERUND FORM OF THE VERBS IN PARENTHESES.
She is good at __________________(dance) .
He is crazy about____________________ (sing) .
36
I don't like (play)______________________ cards.

They are afraid of (swim) ___________________ in the sea.
You should give up (smoke)_____________________ .
Sam dreams of (be)________________ a popstar.
He is interested in (make) ____________________ friends.
My uncle is afraid of (go) __________________ by plane.
UNIT 4 PRESENT CONTINUOUS – PRESENTE CONTINUO
FORM:
SUBJECT VERB TO BE VERB + ING COMPLEMENT
AM/IS/ARE
I Am playing soccer
she Is traveling by plane
they Are talking by telephone
To form the present continuous we need two verbs, the first one is the verb to be in
simple present and the other verb ending in ING.
Para formar el presente continuo necesitamos dos verbos, el primero es el verbo TO BE
en presente simple y el otro es un verbo terminado en ING.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS – PRESENTE CONTINUO

AFFIRMATIVE FORM
I AM WORKING
HE
SHE IS WORKING
IT
WE
YOU ARE WORKING
THEY

NEGATIVE FORM
I AM NOT (´M NOT) WORKING
37
HE
SHE IS NOT (ISN´T) WORKING
IT
WE
YOU ARE NOT (AREN´T) WORKING
THEY

INTERROGATIVE FORM
AM I WORKING? YES, I AM / NO, I AM NOT
HE
IS SHE WORKING? YES, SHE IS / NO, SHE IS NOT
IT
WE
ARE YOU WORKING ? YES, THEY ARE / NO, THEY AREN’T
THEY

QUESTIONS WITH MORE INFORMATION
AM I WORKING? IN A BANK
WHERE
HE
WHEN IS SHE WORKING? NEXT WEEK
IT
WE
WHY ARE YOU WORKING ? BECAUSE WE NEED MONEY
THEY
USE:
ACTIONS IN PROGRESS TIME AROUND NOW NEAR FUTURE
(AHORA)
Look! James is taking a  I am taking karate classes He is meeting his friend
picture of another tourist. these days. Brad tonight.
 James is travelling around
Australia
Rules of spelling(ing)
Reglas de ortografía para el participio presente(ing)
38
1. Cuando el verbo acaba en “e” normalmente la “e” cae delante de la terminación -ing:
make – making; take – taking.
2. Cuando se trata de un verbo monosilábico acabado en una sola vocal seguida por una
consonante, la consonante final se duplica delante de la terminación -ing:
stop – stopping; sit -sitting; win – winning.
Pero cuando hay más de una vocal en el verbo, no duplicamos la consonante final:
rain – raining
3. Cuando se trata de un verbo bisilábico cuya sílaba tónica es la segunda, la consonante
final se dobla delante de la terminación – ing:
begin – beginning; prefer – preferring.
Pero si la sílaba tónica es la primera no existen modificaciones:
visit – visiting; open – opening
Excepción:
En inglés británico, los verbos bisilábicos con accento en la primera sílaba acabados en “l”
como “travel” doblan la “l” delante de la terminación – ing (travelling). En inglés
americano, no se dobla la consonante (traveling).
4. No existen modificaciones cuando el verbo acaba en vocal o consonante + y:
play – playing; study – studying
5. Los verbos acabados en -ie cambian este grupo de vocales por una y delante de la
terminación -ing:
die – dying
CLUE WORDS FOR PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Now Currently Listen!
At the moment Right now
At present Look!
EXERCISES
FILL IN THE GAPS WITH THE CORRECT FORM OF THE VERB IN BRACKETS.
LLENA LOS ESPACIOS VACIOS CON LA FORMA CORRECTA DEL VERBO EN PARENTESIS
Example:
(you listen) _________________to me?
Are you listening
1. (it start)_____________IS IT STARTING_______________ to rain?
2. (Sue study)__________________________ to become a doctor?
3. (you take)___________________________ your daughter with you?
4. (the dog play)_________________________ with the kids?
5. (they come) ______________________________tonight?
39
WRITE THE WORDS IN THE CORRECT ORDER TO MAKE YES/NO QUESTIONS IN THE
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE.
ESCRIBE LAS PALABRAS EN EL ORDEN CORRECTO PARA FORMAR PREGUNTAS DE SI-NO
1.tomorrow? Is tennis Pamela with you playing
_________IS PAMELA PLAYING TENNIS WITH YOU
TOMORROW?_____________________________
2 you tonight? Are doing anything
____________________________________
3 a they London? moving bigger Are in into office
_________________________________________________________
4 Is on Wednesday? Sean presentations his doing
______________________________________
5 classes? anyone after Is staying else
__________________________________________________________
6 ? going home they Are
__________________________________________________________
7 coming your wife Isn't back?
___________________________________________________________
8 you Are joking?
___________________________________________________________
9 your the kids part in Are taking play?
___________________________________________________________
10 anyone TV? watching Is
____________________________________________________________
WRITE THE CORRECT FORM OF VERB TO BE IN THE BLANKS TO COMPLETE EACH

SENTENCE. ESCRIBE LA FORMA CORRECTA DEL VERBO TO BE EN LOS ESPACIOS EN
BLANCO PARA COMPLETAR LAS ORACIONES:
1. Bret ______ trying to climb a mountain.
2. Kate and Charlie ______ making a pizza for dinner.
3. Jake and I _______ working hard in school.
4. Patrick _______ sitting on the floor right now.
5. I _______ playing tennis right now.
6. Wendel _______ going to Antarctica.
7. My sisters _______ sleeping right now, so be quiet.
8. My mother and father _______ talking about something important right now.
EXERCISES
40
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

1.Harry and Alice are cooking They are not cooking Are they cooking dinner
dinner tonight. dinner tonight. tonight?
2.He is waiting for the bus.
3.They are coming home now.
4.We are looking for Jill's keys.
5.Loise is taking her son to the
doctor.
6.You are studying French.
7.Edgar is stopping the car here.
8.Charles is flying to England.
9.The sun is shining.
10.I am cleaning the house.
COMPLETE THE SENTENSES WITH PRESENT CONTINUOUS OR PRESENT SIMPLE.
1. What is he doing? He ________________________ at his desk. (sit)
2. Listen, someone _______________________________ at the door. (knock)
3. On my way home I usually _______________________ to drink a cup of coffee. (stop)
4. Architects ______________________ plans of the buildings. (make)
5. Look at Betty: she____________________________ the piano. (play)
6. At this moment I ______________________________ my pupils' exercises. (correct)
7. Where are you? I ___________________________ my lessons in the study. (prepare)
8. She ____________________________ a lot of money. (earn)
9. Chris __________________________ near the table. (stand)
10. We often ____________________________ tea for breakfast. (take)
11. William _____________________________ to our workshop on Mondays. (come)
12. Let's wait a moment still. Tom _________ __________________ soon. (come)
13. I must run home, mother __________ ___________________ for me. (wait)
14. The telephone often ________________________________ during supper. (ring)
15. Stephen _________________ _______________ a cigarette now. (smoke)
16. It _________ ____________________ hard at the moment. (snow)
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17. I always _____________________________ to my office early. (go)
18. Two and two __________________________________ four. (make)
19. What are you doing here? I ___________________________ for my book. (look)
20. It _________________________ in autumn. (rain)
21. Look, a man _____________ _________________ across the street. (run)
22. Listen: Sting ______________________________! (sing)
23. Henry's letters __________ _______________ by air mail. (come)
24. We ___________________________________ many roads nowadays. (build)
25. They usually _________________________________ the ten o'clock bus. (catch)
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH: DO/ DOES/ DON’T/DOESN’T/IS/ARE
1. Excuse me, _______________________ you speak English?
2. Where's Tom? I_______ ________ know.
3. What's funny? Why_____________ you laughing?
4. What ______________your sister do? She's a dentist.
5. It _______________raining. I don't want to go out in the rain.
6. Where _____________you come from? Canada.
7. How much _________________ it cost to phone Canada?
8. George is a good tennis player but he_________________ play very often.
DO / DOES - QUESTIONS
1.________ you play the guitar? No, I_______________
2.______________your sister like sport ? Yes, she ____________
3.______________YOU live in a flat ? Yes, we ________________
4._______________ he go to school ? No, he _______________
5.______________monkeys eat fruit ? Yes, they _______________
42
6.____________- cows swim well ? No, they ____________________
7._________________ it run very fast ? No, it ____________________
8.______________________cats like dogs ? No, they_______________
9._____________________ you wash your car ? Yes, I__________________
10.__________________ Paula have a sister ? Yes, she _______________
UNIT 5 SIMPLE PAST

THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE OF THE VERB TO BE:
FORM:
THE AFFIRMATIVE FORM
I
He You
She Was tired We Were tired
it
they
Examples:
I was in London in 1999.
Mary was in London in 1999, too.
We were together.
She was my girlfriend.
THE NEGATIVE FORM

I
He You
She Was not We Were not tired
tired tired
it they
43
Examples:
I wasn't in Paris in 1999.
Mary wasn't in Paris in 1999.
We weren't in Paris.
THE INTERROGATIVE FORM

I
He You
was She tired ? were We tired ?
it They
Examples:
Were you in London last year?
Was Mary with you?
Were you together?
SHORT ANSWERS
I I
He He You You
Yes, She was no, She was not Yes, We were no, We were not
it it (wasn´t) They They (weren´t)
MORE INFORMATION QUESTIONS

WHAT – QUE
WHEN _ CUANDO What were you ?
WHERE _ DONDE When was he here?
WHY _ POR QUE Why were they in the room?
HOW _ COMO
HOW MUCH_CUANTO
USE OF THE SIMPLE PAST

The simple past is used principally to describe events in the past.
El pasado simple es usado para describir eventos en el pasado.
EXERCISES:
COMPLETE WITH WAS _WERE. COMPLETA CON WAS Ó WERE
I ________________________ in Canberra last spring.
44
We___________________ at school last Saturday.

Tina ______________ at home yesterday.
He_____________ happy.
Robert and Stan_______________ Garry's friends.
You ________________ very busy on Friday.
They ________________________ in front of the supermarket.
I_________________ in the museum.
She ______________ in South Africa last month.
Jessica and Kimberly______________ late for school.
PUT THE VERB "TO BE" INTO THE SIMPLE PRESENT OR THE SIMPLE PAST:
ESCRIBE EL VERBO TO BE EN PRESENTE O PASADO SIMPLE
I __________AM __________ an engineer.
Last year I _______________ a student in Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
I_________________ in love with a beautiful girl at that time. We________________
friends
Now, I live in New York and I ____________________ married to her.
FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE WAS WERE OR AM IS ARE

LLENA LOS ESPACIOS EN BLANCO CON EL WAS, WERE, AM, IS O ARE
1. Last year Ali ______________ 25 years old, now he_______________ 26.
2. Today I ________________ very happy, but I _____________ sad yesterday
3. Let's go to restaurant. I ___________ very hungry.
4. Where ________________ you on Sunday last week?
5. The children____________ in the garden five minutes ago.
6. They _____________ now in the street.
7. Don't buy that jacket. It ________________ very expensive.
8. I ________________ very busy yesterday.
9. In 2003 she ______________ in New York.
10. The weather _______________ good today
PAST SIMPLE 'BE' QUESTIONS PREGUNTAS EN PASADO CON EL VERBO TO BE

1)(you/be/tired/yesterday)?
_________________________________________________________________________
2)(theweather/be/good)?
________________________________________________________________________
3)(we/be/too noisy)? ___________________________________
_____________________________________
45
4) (he / be / a doctor when he was young)? ________________________WAS HE A

DOCTOR WHEN HE WAS YOUNG?____
5) (they / be / in the class last week)?
_________________________________________________________________________
6) (she / be / a good student)?
_________________________________________________________________________
7) (I / be / on time)?
_________________________________________________________________________
8) (Julie and Lucy / be / at the meeting)?
_________________________________________________________________________
9) (we / be / in Paris)?
_________________________________________________________________________
10) (where / you / be)?
_________________________________________________________________________
11)(what/ that noise / be)?
_________________________________________________________________________
12) (who / that man / be)?
_________________________________________________________________________
13) (how / the weekend / be)?
_________________________________________________________________________
14) (where / the money / be)?
_________________________________________________________________________
15) (why / the door open / be)? ________WHY WAS THE DOOR
OPEN?_________________________________________________________________
16) (who / the teacher / be)?
_________________________________________________________________________
17) (how / your holiday / be)?
_________________________________________________________________________
18) (what / the weather like / be)?
_________________________________________________________________________
19) (why / the children awake / be)?
_________________________________________________________________________
20) (John / be / at the party)?
_________________________________________________________________________
VERBS
There are two kinds of verbs REGULAR AND IRREGULAR.

SIMPLE PAST OF REGULAR VERBS
The simple past is used to describe an action that occurred and was completed in the past.
The simple past is formed by adding –ed to the base form of the verb (the infinitive
without to).
BASE FORM + ED = SIMPLE PAST
walk walked
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push pushed
greet greeted
watch watched
There are several irregularities regarding orthography (spelling) for the simple past ending
of regular verbs. Similarly, there are different ways to pronounce this ending.
FOR REGULAR VERBS ENDING IN THE VOWEL -E, ADD –D.
LOS VERBOS REGULARES QUE TERMINAN EN LA VOCAL E SOLO SE AÑADE D
Base form simple past
hate hated
hope hoped
assume assumed
tie tied
free freed
FOR THE VERY FEW ENGLISH VERBS THAT END IN A VOWEL OTHER THAN -E, ADD –ED.
PARA LOS VERBOS QUE TERMINAN EN OTRAS VOCALES SE AÑADE ED
ski skied
echo echoed
FOR REGULAR VERBS THAT END IN A VOWEL+Y, ADD –ED.
VERBOS QUE TERMINAN EN VOCAL +Y AÑADE ED
play played
decay decayed
survey surveyed
enjoy enjoyed
FOR REGULAR VERBS THAT END IN A CONSONANT +Y, CHANGE THE –Y TO –I AND ADD –
ED.
VERBOS QUE TERMINAN EN CONSONANTE +Y,CAMBIA LA Y POR LA I Y SE AÑADE ED
cry cried
dirty dirtied
magnify magnified
FOR REGULAR VERBS ENDING IN A CONSONANT + VOWEL + CONSONANT, DOUBLE THE
FINAL CONSONANT BEFORE ADDING -ED.
EN LOS VERBOS QUE TERMINAN EN UNA CONSONANTE + VOCAL + CONSONANTE, SE
DOBLA LA ÚLTIMA CONSONANTE Y SE AÑADE ED
Dam dammed
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Beg begged
plan planned
strip stripped
IN AMERICAN ENGLISH, WHEN THE REGULAR VERB HAS MORE THAN ONE SYLLABLE
AND THE SYLLABLE STRESS IS ON THE FINAL SYLLABLE, THE FINAL CONSONANT IS
DOUBLED.
VERBOS DE MÁS DE UNA SÍLABA Y QUE LA ÚLTIMA SÍLABA ES ACENTUADA SE DOBLA LA
ÚLTIMA CONSONANTE
Base form simple past incorrect
defer deferred defered
regret regretted regreted
reship reshipped reshiped
compel compelled compeled
IN THESE VERBS, THE SYLLABLE STRESS IS NOT ON THE FINAL SYLLABLE SO THE
CONSONANT IS NOT DOUBLED.
EN ESTOS VERBOS LA ULTIMA SÍLABA NO ES ACENTUADA POR LO TANTO NO SE DOBLA
LA ÚLTIMA CONSONANTE
Base form simple past incorrect
orbit orbited orbitted
listen listened listenned
travel traveled travelled
consider considered considerred
Here are examples with regular verbs in the simple present and the simple past.
simple present simple past
I walk to school. I walked to school.
She works downtown. She worked downtown.
They help on Tuesday. They helped on Tuesday.
He asks a lot of questions. He asked a lot of questions.
IRREGULAR VERBS FORM THE PAST TENSE BY A CHANGE IN ORTHOGRAPHY (SPELLING).
LOS VERBOS IRREGULARES TIENEN FORMA PROPIA POR LO QUE NO HAY REGLAS.
Buy bought
do did
fly flew
forget forgot
light lit
go went
say said
48
FILL THE CHART .COMPLETA EL CUADRO

Infinitive Simple Past Spanish
answer ANSWERED responder
arrive llegar
ask preguntar
be i WAS/WERE ser
borrow tomar prestado
break i romper
buy i comprar
catch i atrapar
clean limpiar
climb escalar
collect colleccionar
come i venir
compose componer
cook cocinar
cut i cortar
dance bailar
describe describir
discover descubrir
do i hacer
drink i beber
drive i conducir
eat i comer
enjoy disfrutar
fall i caer
feel i sentir
find i encontrar
fly i volar
forget i olvidar
give i dar
go i ir
happen suceder
have i tener
help ayudar
hurt i herir, doler
invent inventar
invite invitar
kill matar
know i saber
lend i prestar
leave i dejar
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lie i yacer
like gustar
live vivir
look mirar
love amar
make i hacer
meet i conocer, encontrar
miss perder, extrañar
open abrir
pack empacar
pay i pagar
phone llamar por teléfono
play jugar
prefer preferir
prepare preparar
push empujar
put i poner
rain llover
read i leer
remember recordar
rent alquilar
rescue rescatar
return volver, devolver
ring i llamar por teléfono
save ahorrar
say i decir
search buscar
see i ver
sell i vender
sit i sentarse
skate patinar
ski esquiar
sleep i dormir
smell oler
speak i hablar
spend i gastar
start comenzar
stay quedarse
stop detener
study estudiar
survive sobrevivir
swim i nadar
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take i tomar
talk hablar
teach i enseñar
tell i decir
think i pensar
throw i lanzar
touch tocar
try intentar
understand i entender
use usar
visit visitar
wait esperar
walk caminar
want querer
wash lavar
watch mirar
wear i llevar puesto
work trabajar
write i escribir
THE SIMPLE PAST WITH OTHER VERBS

FORM:
AFFIRMATIVE FORM NEGATIVE FORM
I WALKED (REGULAR) I WALK
YOU PLAYED (REGULAR) YOU PLAY
HE COOKED (REGULAR) HE DID NOT COOK
SHE LISTENED REGULAR) SHE (DIDN’T) LISTEN
IT RAINED (REGULAR) IT RAIN
WE ATE (IRREGULAR) WE EAT
THEY DRANK IRREGULAR) THEY DRINK
INTERROGATIVE FORM
I WALK?
YOU PLAY?
DID HE COOK?
SHE LISTEN?
IT RAIN?
WE EAT?
THEY DRINK?
51
SHORT ANSWERS
YES, I DID YES, SHE DID NO, I DID NOT NO, SHE DID NOT
YES, YOU DID YES, WE DID NO, YOU DID NOT NO, WE DID NOT
YES, HE DID YES, THEY DID NO, HE DID NOT YES, THEY DID NOT
'Wh' Questions
where did I go?
what did you play?
what did he cook?
why did she listen?
when did it rain?
where did we eat?
how did they travel?
EXERCISES
CHANGE THE VERB INTO THE PAST SIMPLE
1) She (bring)__________BROUGHT__________________ some chocolates to the party.
2) I (hear)_______________________________ a new song on the radio.
3) I (read)_______________________________ three books last week.
4) They (speak)___________________________ French to the waitress.
5) He (understand)________________________ during the class, but now he doesn't
understand.
6) I (forget)________________________ to buy some milk.
7) She (have) _______________________a baby in June.
8) You (lose)_________________________ your keys last week.
9) They (swim) ____________________________500m.
10) I (give)_________________________ my mother a CD for Christmas.
11) At the age of 23, she (become)____________________ a doctor.
12) I (know)______________________ the answer yesterday.
13) He (tell)__________________________ me that he lived in Toronto.
14) We (lend) ______________________John £200.
15) She (drink)______________________________ too much coffee yesterday.
16) The children (sleep)_________________________ in the car.
17) He (keep)_________________________ his promise.
18) I (choose)___________________________ steak for dinner.
19) The film (begin) _______________________late.
20) We (fly)__________________________ to Sydney.
21) They (drive)________________________ to Beijing.
52
22) He (teach) ________________________English at the University.

23) I (send)____________________________ you an email earlier.
24) We (leave)__________________________ the house at 7a.m..
25) He (feel)______________________________ terrible after eating the prawns.
READ THE FOLLOWING TEXTBOOK ARTICLE. UNDERLINE THE VERBS IN SIMPLE PAST.
THE WRIGHT BROTHERS—MEN WITH A VISION
Over 100 years ago, people only dreamed about flying. The Wright brothers, Wilbur and
Orville, were dreamers who changed the world. Wilbur Wright was born in 1867 and
Orville was born in 1871. In 1878, they received a paper flying toy from their father. They
played with kites and started to think about the possibility of flight. When they were
older, they started a bicycle business. They used the bicycle shop to design their airplanes.
They studied three aspects of flying: lift, control, and power. In 1899, they constructed
their first flying machine—a kite made of wood, wire, and cloth. It had no pilot. Because of
wind, it was difficult to control. They continued to study aerodynamics(1) Finally Wilbur
designed a small machine with a gasoline engine. Wilbur tried to fly the machine, but it
crashed. They fixed it and flew it for the first time on December 17, 1903, with Orville as
the pilot. The airplane remained in the air for twelve seconds. It traveled a distance of 120
feet. This historic flight changed the world. However, only four newspapers in the U.S.
reported this historic moment. The Wright brothers offered their invention to the U.S.
government, but the government rejected(2) their offer at first. The government didn’t
believe that these men invented a flying machine. Finally, President Theodore Roosevelt
investigated their claims and offered the inventors a contract to build airplanes for the
U.S. Army. December 17, 2003, marked 100 years of flight. There was a six-day cele
bration at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, the location of the first flight. A crowd of 35,000
people gathered to see a replica(3) of the first plane fly. The cost to re-create the plane
was $1.2 million. However, it rained hard that day and the plane failed to get off the
ground. You can now see the Wright brothers’ original airplane in the Air and Space
Museum in Washington, D.C.
1.Aerodynamics is the branch of mechanics that deals with the motion of air and its effect
on things.
2.Reject means not accept.
3.A replica is a copy of an original.
53
FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE CORRECT PAST-TENSE FORM OF BE. ADD ANY OTHER NECESSARY
WORDS.
A: I tried to call you last weekend. I was worried about you. (example)
B: I (1 not) ____________home. I(2) ____________ out of town.
A: Where(3)_________________________ ?
B: In Washington, D.C.
A: (4)____________________________alone?
B: No, I(5)__________________ . I was with my brother.
A: (6)______________________expensive?
B: No. Our trip wasn’t expensive at all.
A: Really? Why(7)__________________________ expensive?
B: The flight from here to Washington(8)_____________________ cheap.
And we stayed with some friends in their apartment.
They(9)_______________ very helpful. They showed us a lot of beautiful
places in Washington. But my favorite place was the Air and Space Museum.
A: (10)______________a lot of people at the museum?
B: Yes, there were. It(11)______________ very crowded. But it(12)_____________
wonderful to see the Wright brothers’ airplane and the airplane that
Lindbergh used when he crossed the Atlantic. Also it(13)________________interesting to

see the spacecraft of the astronauts. We(14 not)_______________bored for one minute
in that museum.
A: How long 15)___________________your flight to Washington?
B: It(16)_____________________ only 2 hours and 15 minutes from here. We don’t think
about flying as anything special anymore. But just a little over
100 years ago, flight(17)_________________ just a dream of two brothers.
54
Can you believe it? There (18)____________________only 66 years between the first
flight in 1903 and the trip to the moon in 1969!
A: That’s amazing!
MAKE PAST SIMPLE QUESTIONS.

Example:
you | clean | room | the
Did you clean the room?
1.Bill | arrive | on time

.......................................................................................... ?
2.not | know | you |it
.......................................................................................... ?
3.at | be | Marion | the | party
.......................................................................................... ?
4.you | why | leave | early | so
......................................................................................... ?
5.they | in | be | office | their
.......................................................................................... ?
6.think | what | he | our | of | house
.......................................................................................... ?
7.trip | like | the | Mr. and Mrs. Gregson
........................................................................... ?
8.you | how | do | that
.......................................................................................... ?
9.they | not | address | their |tell |you
.......................................................................................... ?
10.there | how | Joe | get
.......................................................................................... ?
COMPLETE THE STORY WITH NEGATIVE FORMS.
BLUE MONDAY
I .................................. (not have) a good day yesterday. I ......................... (cannot) stay in

bed
late, because it was Monday and I had to go to school. Unfortunately, I

...................................
55
(not get) up on time and I ................................ (not catch) the bus. I wanted to take a taxi,
but
I ........................ (not be) lucky. There ........................... (not be) any taxis in our street.
I ....................................... (not want) to ask my dad to take me by car, because I thought
it ........................... (not be) a very good idea.
I went to school on foot and as I ....................... (not be) used to long walks, I was pretty
tired.
I.......................................... (not listen) to our English teacher and when we wrote a

revision
test I ..................................... (not pass) it.
Believe me, my parents ......................... (not be) very happy about it.
UNIT 6 PAST PROGRESSIVE

FORM
SUBJECT + [WAS/WERE + VERB - ING]
PAST PROGRESSIVE
AFFIRMATIVE FORM NEGATIVE FORM INTERROGATIVE FORM

I I I
HE HE HE
SHE WAS SHE WAS NOT WAS SHE STUDYING?
IT STUDYING IT STUDYING IT
YOU YOU YOU

WE WERE STUDYING WE WERE NOT STUDYING WERE WE STUDYING?
THEY THEY THEY
Examples:
You were studying when she called.
Were you studying when she called?
You were not studying when she called
EXERCISES
WRITE THE ING FORM OF THE VERBS.
live → ………………………………………………….
stay → ………………………………………………..
56
run → ……………………………………………………
win → …………………………………………………..
cycle → ………………………………………………..
COMPLETE THE TABLE IN PAST PROGRESSIVE.
POSITIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION
It was raining
They were not playing.
Was I listening?
Caron was not eating.
You were singing.
WAS OR WERE?
We ________________ dancing.
The dog ______________ barking.
The printer______________ printing out a photograph.
The pupils _________________ writing a test.
Sue and Gareth ______________________ walking up the hill.
WRITE SENTENCES IN PAST PROGRESSIVE.
he / the car / wash
________________________________________________________________________
she / home / go
________________________________________________________________________
they / not / the match / watch
_________________________________________________________________
you / in the shop / work
______________________________________________________________________
I / not / a magazine / read
____________________________________________________________________
WRITE QUESTIONS IN PAST PROGRESSIVE.

she / on a chair / sit →
_______________________________________________________________________
you / your bag / pack →

______________________________________________________________________
his head / ache →

_________________________________________________________________________
we / tea / drink →
_________________________________________________________________________
you / the bike / repair

→________________________________________________________________ _____
57
ASK FOR THE INFORMATION IN THE BOLD PART OF THE SENTENCE.
Jamie was doing a language course in London. →

_________________________________________________________________________
Andrew was carrying a heavy box. →

_________________________________________________________________________
The teacher was testing our English. →

_________________________________________________________________________
At six o'clock, we were having dinner. →

_________________________________________________________________________
Sally was hurrying to school because she was late.

→_______________________________________________________________________
UNIT 7: FUTURE WITH GOING TO AND WILL
STRUCTURE OF “GOING TO” FOR FUTURE

POSITIVE FORM
I AM
HE
SHE IS
IT
GOING TO TAKE MY HOLIDAYS IN
WE AUGUST.
YOU
THEY ARE
NEGATIVE FORM
I AM NOT
HE
SHE IS NOT(ISN’T)
IT
GOING TO TAKE
WE HOLIDAYS IN AUGUST.
YOU ARE NOT (AREN’T)
THEY
INTERROGATIVE FORM
58
AM I
HE
IS SHE
IT
GOING TO TAKE HOLIDAYS IN AUGUST?
WE
ARE YOU
THEY
USE OF GOING TO FUTURE

We use “going to for future” to talk about an action in the near future that has already
been planned or prepared
example: I am going to study harder next year.
a conclusion regarding the immediate future

example: The sky is absolutely dark. It is going to rain.
SIGNAL WORDS
in one year
next week
tomorrow
WRITE SENTENCES IN GOING TO FUTURE.
1.he / get up / early
Positive:____HE IS GOING TO GET UP EARLY _____
Negative:____ HE IS NOT (ISN´T)GOING TO GET UP EARLY ______________
Question: ____IS HE GOING TO GET UP EARLY?_____
2.they / do / their best
Positive: ____________________ _____________________
Negative: _________________________________________________________________
Question: _________________________________________________________________
3.you / learn / Irish
Positive: __________________________________________________________________
Negative: _________________________________________________________________
Question: _________________________________________________________________
4.she / buy / a computer
Positive: __________________________________________________________________
Negative: _________________________________________________________________
59
Question:_________________________________________________________________
5.we / take / the bus
Positive: __________________________________________________________________
Negative: _________________________________________________________________
Question:_________________________________________________________________
6.she / watch / the match
Positive: __________________________________________________________________
Negative:__________________________________________________________________
Question: _________________________________________________________________
7.they / wait / in the park
Positive: __________________________________________________________________
Negative: _________________________________________________________________
Question: _________________________________________________________________
8.He / buy / bread / this afternoon
Positive: __________________________________________________________________
Negative:__________________________________________________________________
Question: _________________________________________________________________
9.he / phone / his girlfriend
Positive: __________________________________________________________________
Negative: _________________________________________________________________
Question: _________________________________________________________________
10.they / share / a room
Positive: __________________________________________________________________
Negative: _________________________________________________________________
Question: _________________________________________________________________
11.the boss / sign / the contract
Positive: __________________________________________________________________
Negative: _________________________________________________________________
Question: _________________________________________________________________
12.we / plant / the tree / in the morning
Positive: __________________________________________________________________
Negative: _________________________________________________________________
Question: _________________________________________________________________
13.Janet / miss / the bus
Positive: __________________________________________________________________
Negative: _________________________________________________________________
Question: _________________________________________________________________
14.I / sell / the furniture
60
Positive: __________________________________________________________________
Negative: _________________________________________________________________
Question: _________________________________________________________________
15.Katy / spend / a lot of money
Positive: __________________________________________________________________
Negative: _________________________________________________________________
Question: _________________________________________________________________
16.we / build / a house
Positive: __________________________________________________________________
Negative: _________________________________________________________________
Question: _________________________________________________________________
WRITE POSITIVE SENTENCES IN WILL FUTURE.
1.We (help) _________________________________ you.
2.I (get)________________________________ you a drink.
3.I think our team (win)________________________________ the match.
4.Maybe she (do)_________________________________ a language course in Malta.
5.I (buy) ______________________________________ the tickets.
6.Perhaps she (do) __________________________ this for you.
7.Maybe we (stay) ____________________________ at home.
8.She hopes that he (cook) _________________________________ dinner tonight.
9.I’m sure they (understand) _____________________________________ your problem.
10.They (go / probably) ______________________________________ to the party.
WRITE NEGATIVE SENTENCES IN WILL FUTURE.
1.(I / answer / the question)__________________________________________________

2.(she / read / the book)_____________________________________________________
3.(they / drink / beer) ______________________________________________________
4.(we / send / the postcard)__________________________________________________
5.(Vanessa / catch / the ball)_________________________________________________
6.(James / open / the door)__________________________________________________
7.(we / listen / to the radio)___________________________________________________
8.(they / eat / fish) _________________________________________________________
9.(she / give / him / the apple)________________________________________________
10.(the computer / crash)___________________________________________________
WRITE QUESTIONS IN WILL FUTURE.
1.(you / ask / him)

_______________________________________________________________________
61
2.(Jenny / lock / the door)

_______________________________________________________________________
3.(it / rain) ______________________________________________________________
4.(the teacher / test / our English)
_______________________________________________________________________
5.(what / they / eat)
________________________________________________________________________
6.(when / she / be / back)
________________________________________________________________________
7.(who / drive / us / into town)
_________________________________________________________________________
8.(where / we / meet)
_________________________________________________________________________
9.(when / I / be / famous)
_________________________________________________________________________
10.(what / you / do)
_________________________________________________________________________
WILL + INFINITIVE GOING TO + INFINITIVE

WE USE WILL FOR... WE USE GOING TO FOR...
- PREDICTIONS WITHOUT EVIDENCE - PREDICTIONS WITH EVIDENCE
"I will be rich and famous" "Look! David is going
- OFFERING OUR HELP to crash against that tree!"
"I'll help you with those heavy - FUTURE INTENTIONS
books" "I'm going to study law at
- SUDDEN DECISIONS university next year"
"It's raining. I'll take an
umbrella!"
1. CHOOSE THE CORRECT FORM OF THE VERB FOR THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES.
1) Next summer, I _______am going to travel _______________ (travel) to New York. My
sister lives there and she bought me a plane ticket for my birthday.
2) It's getting cold. I __________will take ___________________ (take) my coat!
3) Are you going to the cinema? Wait for me. I _____________________________ (go)
with you!
4) Jane and Tom ______________________ (not/study) medicine next year. Jane
_______________ (study) French and Tom ____________________________ (take) a gap
year.
5. Mrs. Simons, those bags seem quite heavy. I __________________________ (help) you
carry them.
62
6. Experts say the Earth ____________________________ (suffer) seriously if we continue

polluting.
7. Look at those black clouds. I think it ______________________________ (rain).
8. Bye Bye Joe. I _____________________________ (phone) you as soon as I arrive home!
9. What _________________________________YOU (do) tomorrow?
I ________________________ (visit) my grandparents.
10. Anne: "I don't have enough money to pay for my lunch."
Peter: " I ___________________________________ (lend) you some."
WILL OR GOING TO?
1. I feel really tired. I think I ________________________ go to bed.
will am going TO
2. Where are you going? I ______ visit a customer.
will am going to
3. Do you want me to help you? No thanks. John ______ help me.
will is going to
4. Would you prefer tea or coffee? I ______ have some coffee, please.
will am going to
5. Would you like to come to my house for dinner and talk about this? Good idea. I
______ bring some wine.
will am going to
6. I've already decided. I ______ buy a new car
will am going to
7. What are your plans for next week? I ______ to fly to New York on business.
will am going to
8. What are your plans for the holidays? I ______ visit my parents for a few days and
then go walking in Scotland.
will am going to
9. Why are you wearing your best suit? I ______ have lunch with my biggest
customer.
will am going to
10. Do you want to have the chicken or the beef? I think I ______ have the beef.
will am going to
11. My head hurts. Sit down and I ______ get you an aspirin.
will am going to
12. We need some more ink for the printer. I ______ go to the shop and get some.
63
will am going to
13. Look! There's smoke coming out of the photocopier.
You turn it off and I ______ phone the safety officer
will am going to
14. I cannot see how to use this spreadsheet.
Don't worry. I ______ help you.
will am going to
15. I need to speak to you today.
I'm going out now but I ______ be back later.
will am going to
UNIT 8 PREPARACION PARA LA REDACCION
KINDS OF SENTENCES
Sentences may be classified according to the purpose of the speaker or writer. The four
principal purposes of a sentence are described below.
1. The declarative sentence is used to make a statement of fact, wish, intent, or feeling.
ex. I have seen that movie twice. I wish I could go on the picnic.
2. The imperative sentence is used to state a command, request, or direction. The subject
is always
"You," even though it may not be expressed in the sentence.
ex. (You) Be on time for dinner. (You) Open the window, please.
3. The interrogative sentence is used to ask a question. It is followed by a question mark.
ex. Do you have a sweater? Are you having a bad day?
4. An exclamatory sentence is used to express strong feeling. It is followed by an
exclamation point.
ex. Don't burn yourself out! Keep out! He screamed, “Help!”
CLASSIFYING SENTENCES. USE THE NUMBERS ABOVE TO CLASSIFY THESE SENTENCES.

Example: Susan is a senior. 1
1. I wish I could go to Colorado this summer. _____
2. Please set the table for lunch. _____
3. The vice-president will visit Egypt next week. _____
4. Don't you ever get tired of watching television? _____
5. We bought our car in April, 1975. _____
64
6. Didn't I meet you at Rainbow Lake last summer? _____

7. Have you ever roasted a turkey? _____
8. Ouch! I burned my finger! _____
9. Turn left at the second stop sign. _____
10. San Marino is the smallest republic in Europe. _____
11. Initial the top right-hand corner of each sheet of paper. _____
12. Richard Martin's short stories have appeared in many magazines. _____
13. Have you ever read The Red Badge of Courage? _____
14. You can't be serious! _____
15. Meet me at seven o'clock in front of the library. _____
16. Why are you so worried about the exam? _____
17. Don't close your mind to the other side of the question. _____
18. Nancy wants to be a doctor. _____
19. I can't believe it's all over! _____
20. Do you attend concerts given by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra? _____
SENTENCE STRUCTURE
SIMPLE SENTENCES:
A simple sentence has only one clause:
The children were laughing.
John wanted a new bicycle.
All the girls are learning English.
COMPOUND SENTENCES:
A compound sentence has two or more clauses:
(We stayed behind) and (finished the job)
(We stayed behind) and (finished the job), then (we went home)
The clauses in a compound sentence are joined by coordinating conjunctions:
John shouted and everybody waved.
We looked everywhere but we couldn’t find him.
They are coming by car so they should be here soon.
The common coordinating conjunctions are:
and – but – or – nor – so – then – yet
COMPLEX SENTENCES:
A complex sentence has a main clause and one or more adverbial clauses. Adverbial
clauses usually come after the main clause:
65
Her father died when she was very young

>>>
Her father died (main clause)
when (subordinating conjunction)
she was very young (adverbial clause)
She had a difficult childhood because her father died when she was very young.
>>>
She had a difficult childhood (main clause)
because (subordinating conjunction)
her father died (adverbial clause)
when (subordinating conjunction)
she was very young (adverbial clause).
Some subordinate clauses can come in front of the main clause:
Although a few snakes are dangerous most of them are quite harmless
>>>
Although (subordinating conjunction)
some snakes are dangerous (adverbial clause)
most of them are harmless (main clause).
A sentence can contain both subordinate and coordinate clauses:
Although she has always lived in France, she speaks fluent English because her mother
was American and her father was Nigerian
>>>
Although (subordinating conjunction)
she has always lived in France (adverbial clause),
she speaks fluent English (main clause)
because (subordinating conjunction)
her mother was American (adverbial clause)
and (coordinating conjunction)
her father was Nigerian (adverbial clause).
There are seven types of adverbial clauses:
Common conjunctions
Contrast clauses although; though; even though; while;
Reason clauses because; since; as
Place clauses where; wherever; everywhere
Purpose clauses so that; so; because + want
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Common conjunctions
Result clauses so that; so … that; such … that
when; before; after; since; while; as; as soon as; by

Time clauses
the time; until
Conditional
if; unless; provided (that); as long as
clauses
1) COMPLETE THE SENTENCE WITH: AND, BUT, SO, OR.

a David was cold, ________ he closed the window.
b Martin wanted to see the film, _________ he fell asleep half way through.
c To get to town, you can take the bus ______ you can walk.
d Joanne loves playing basketball _______ she plays really well.
CHOOSE THE CORRECT CONJUNCTION TO COMPLETE THE SENTENCES

We will visit Australia ......... New Zealand during our next vacation.
(a) and
(b) but
(c) so
My teeth were hurting ......... I made an appointment to go the dentist.
(a) or
(b) so
(c) but
I wanted to go to the rock concert ......... all the tickets were already sold.
(a) so
(b) but
(c) and
I wanted to eat sushi for dinner ......... I went to a Japanese restaurant.
(a) but
(b) so
(c) or
I wanted to eat fish for lunch ......... the fish and chip shop had closed for the day.
(a) or
(b) but
(c) so
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I am going to do my homework ......... take a shower when I get home from school.
(a) and
(b) but
(c) so
My father wanted to watch a soccer match on television ......... my mother was already
watching another program.
(a) but
(b) so
(c) or
My brother wanted to buy a novel ......... he went to the book store after he finished work.
(a) so
(b) or
(c) but
I wanted to visit my grandmother last week ......... she had an accident and had to be taken
to hospital.
(a) but
(b) or
(c) so
TYPICAL STRUCTURE OF A PARAGRAPH
This section introduces you to the components of a typical paragraph and demonstrates
how effective paragraphs are constructed. You will see how the component parts of the
paragraph work together to provide both internal consistency and the linkage of ideas and
arguments across a text.
A paragraph typically contains the following three components. While the first two of
these components are always present, not every paragraph has a concluding sentence.
Component Function
Topic  To introduce and clearly state the

sentence(s) main idea/point that you intend to
develop
 To preview for the reader the
kinds of information that the rest
of the paragraph is likely to
contain
 To link back to your thesis or the
immediately preceding argument
Development or  To elaborate the new idea or point
68
Component Function
elaboration of that you have introduced.

ideas Elaboration may include analysis,
exemplification and persuasion, or
any combination of these.
Concluding  To round off what you have said

sentence(s) so far in your paragraph
 To qualify the views expressed
 To link the current paragraph to
the next paragraph
So, you can see that paragraph structure is like a mini-version of other writing structures,
with an introduction, a body and a conclusion.
EXERCISE
WHY I WANT TO LEARN ENGLISH
(1) There are three reasons why I want to learn English. (2) One reason is that English has
become an international language. (3) It is now used by most international companies,
including the company where I work, for business communication. (4) Another reason
why I want to learn English is so that I can travel to English-speaking countries. (5) The
United States, England, Australia and many other countries all use English as their
primary language. (6) Finally, I want to learn English because I plan to move to the U.S. in
the future. (7) I will become a manager for my company soon. (8) For all these reasons, I
am very excited about learning English.
Type the correct number for each sentence:

Click on the Check Answers button.
69
Identify the topic sentence:
Identify the conclusion:
Identify the first main point:
Identify the second main point:
Identify the third main point:
Identify the support detail for the first main point:
Identify the support detail for the second main point:
Identify the support detail for the third main point:
IDENTIFY AND UNDERLINE THE PARTS OF THESE PARAGRAPHS
Terry Fox was a Canadian who suffered from bone cancer and raised awareness for cancer
research by trying to run across Canada. He attracted a lot of attention by running the
distance of a marathon daily on one prosthetic leg. He also challenged each Canadian
citizen to contribute one dollar for cancer research. Unfortunately, Fox was forced to end
his run near Thunder Bay because of health complications. The CTV network organized a
nation-wide run to continue Fox’s fundraising efforts. Clearly, Terry Fox had an impact on
both cancer research and the millions of Canadians who participate in the Terry Fox Run
every year.
SOUND ENGINEER SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE
70
Sound engineering technicians must have excellent manual dexterity to set up and adjust
sensitive recording and mixing equipment. They must have the technical expertise to
know which pieces of equipment are best for a particular purpose and how to operate
those pieces of equipment, and they must have the computer skills to manipulate sound
editing and equipment control software. Sound engineering technicians must listen and
interpret instructions from clients on how they want their finished product to sound. They
need excellent hearing ability to identify the proper pitch, volume or effects for each
sound involved in a recording.
WHAT IS A COMPUTER SYSTEMS ENGINEER?
A Computer Systems Engineer is a specialized type of Engineer. Also known as: Computer
System Engineer.
Different companies have different needs regarding their computer systems. A
manufacturing company may require specialized inventory tracking abilities, invoicing,
payment, and age-of-inventory capabilities. A governmental organization will have
entirely different needs depending upon the services it offers.
This occupation combines several different disciplines in order to create, purchase and/or
install a computer system that is appropriate for each client. Higher mathematics, higher
sciences and electronics all factor into computer systems engineering.
Computers, in one form or another, have been in use for thousands of years, beginning
with the invention of the abacus in 3000 BC. While the abacus was a very simple version of
a computer, its main function was to perform calculations. Individuals choosing this career
study the development of computer technology, understand the underlying concepts of
computers, create improvements on current processes and equipment, and integrate
hardware and software programs and concepts to produce a fully-functional system
capable of meeting his or her clients’ needs.
WHAT DOES AN ELECTRONICS DESIGN ENGINEER DO?

An electronics design engineer is responsible for the design and creation of electronic
hardware and devices for companies in industries such as manufacturing, aerospace, and
telecommunications. Electronics design engineers develop hardware and software
solutions, create design schematics and prototypes, and supervise the new-product
creation process for electronic components and machines. Engineers may work for a
71
company that directly creates new products and designs, or work on a contract basis for a
company that needs electrical design services.
Design engineers are also considered instrumentation engineers, as they are responsible
for the development of system components for machines and other electronic equipment.
An electronics design engineer is therefore generally considered distinct from an electrical
engineer, who works with the movement and application of electrical power itself. In
comparison, an electronics design engineer creates the systems and machines that use
electricity to function. Examples of this include telecommunication components, signal
processing equipment, and machine control systems.
From the first schematic design to prototype assembly, electronics design engineers guide
the creation process of new instruments and equipment. This process includes the layout
of diagrams and schematics for construction as well as any necessary research for the
equipment's building and implementation. Once the design has been determined,
engineers are also involved in the process of component parts selection for the actual
building of the new product or machine.
READING
BEST COMPUTER: NETBOOK, LAPTOP OR DESKTOP?
With the basic applications of your new computer resolved, it's time to think about the
type of system that might be appropriate: a netbook, tablet, laptop or desktop?
Netbooks are compact notebooks with small screens (typically 10 to 12 inches), and
components that are more about saving battery life than delivering raw power. So expect
a slow CPU, only a little RAM (1 to 2GB, usually), no DVD drive, not too much hard drive
space, and so on.
This is all that you need for basic web browsing, emailing and similar tasks, though. Their
small size makes netbooks extremely portable (most are only around 1-1.5kg), battery life
is usually very good at 4 to 10 hours, and you can buy some great systems from as little as
£249. Our articles on the best laptop, and best Windows 8 tablet and best Windows 8
laptop will tell you more.
Laptops can seem bulky by comparison to their tiny netbook cousins: they might be more
than twice the weight, with larger screens, and more powerful CPUs, which means battery
life may struggle to reach 3 hours in some cases.
Of course they can also handle much more powerful applications, though. If you'll be
spending hours typing on the system then you'll appreciate the larger keyboard. The built-
in DVD drive makes it easier to install software and create backups, and high-end laptops
can even deliver very acceptable gaming performance.
72
Again, we've a guide to suit everyone: The best cheap laptop focuses on budget systems,
while our article on the best student laptops and the best 13" laptops cover a wider range
of systems.
The best gaming laptops guide reveals that you buy mobile gaming performance for as
little as £599, while the more general Which laptop should I buy? article walks you
through the buying process and explains how to make sure you get the right system for
you.
If you don't need a computer you can carry around, though, a desktop will be your best
option. These are larger, but deliver more power for your money, and are generally much
easier to upgrade or reconfigure. So if you decide you need better gaming performance,
say, you can just buy another graphics card at a later date, something that won't be
possible at all with most netbooks or laptops.
But if you've already got a list of preferred PC manufacturers then it might be more
interesting to think about the hardware that your new computer should include - and
there's plenty to consider.
ANSWER THE QUESTIONS ABOUT THE TEXT. RESPONDE LAS PREGUNTAS SOBRE EL TEXTO.
1. What is the difference between a netbook and a laptop?

NETBOOK LAPTOP
2. What computer cannot you carry around?

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_____________________
3. Is the laptop smaller than netbook?

___________________________________________________________________
_______
73
4. How much does the battery of a laptop last?

_________________________________________________________________________
_______
_________________________________________________________________________
_______
BIBLIOGRAFIA BÁSICA Y COMPLEMENTARIA
1.H. Q. MITCHEL. “Let’s Speed Up “. MM Publications. USA 2011

2. Philippa Bowen and Denis Delaney, “Got it “, Oxford University Press, UK, 2011
3. Irene E. Echoenberg. Focus on Grammar. Pearson, Longman. 2009
4. Michael Downie and Stephanie Taylor. “My choice “, London, 2006
5. Michael Downie, David Gray, Juan Manuel Jimenez. “Freeform “, Richmond
Publishing. London. 2007
6. Scott Hunter Stark. “Live Sound Reinforcement¨. Mixbooks. 1999
7. texto de ingles 1
DIRECCIONES INTERNET
http://www.planetpublish.com/free-ebooks
http://www.pdfbooksfree.org/
http://rrut.com/download-free-ebooks/
Indoor Free-Space Optical Communication -J.M. Kahn
Optical Wireless at Oxford
Optical Wireless at Northumbria - Zhassemlooy
Fsona
Light Pointe
Support Solutions Inc
Optical Communication Group- Nasa
IrDA
https://esllibrary.com
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English text Lic.

Lic. WILMA RIVERA P.

UNIDAD 2 - PRESENTE SIMPLE CON EL VERBO TO BE

UNIDAD 3 - PRESENTE SIMPLE CON OTROS VERBOS

UNIDAD 4 - PRESENTE CONTINUO

UNIDAD 5 - PASADO SIMPLE

UNIDAD 6 - PASADO CONTINUO

UNIDAD 8 – PREPARACION PARA LA REDACCION

PROPER NOUN – SUSTANTIVOS PROPIOS COMMON NOUN - SUSTANTIVOS

COMMON OR PROPER ON THE LINE NEXT TO EACH NOUN.

1. computers_______________ 6. Mercantil BanK_____________

As a general rule, most nouns ending in -o add -s to make the plural:

Noun type Forming the plural Example

Change f to v knife knives

Change f to v half halves

Noun type Forming the plural Example

CHOOSE THE CORRECT FORM OF THE PLURAL FOR EACH NOUN.

The plural of "calf" (a baby cow) is

calfs calves calf celf

The plural of "stimulus" is

stimuluses stimuli stimula stimules

The plural of "child" is

children childs cheeld child

The plural of "shelf" is

shelfs shelves shelvs shelfes

The plural of "woman" is

womans womanes women woman

The plural of "buffalo" is

buffalos buffals buffalose buffaloes

The plural of "phenomenon" is

The plural of "thesis" is

thesises thesies thesi theses

The plural of "deer" is

deers deeres door deer

The plural of "bus" is

bi buss buses busa

FOR EACH NOUN, TYPE THE PLURAL FORM IN THE BOX

WRITE THESE WORDS IN PLURAL. ADD -S,-ES, -IES, -VES

boy girl desk

PROPER PRONOUNS POSSESSIVE + NOUN OBJECT

1. Mary ______________________ 5. Bob and I ______________________

2. Microphones ____________________ 6. The violin __________________

3. Bob and Tim_____________________ 7. The boys _____________________

4. The desk _______________________ 8. The woman _____________________

9. Mrs Nelson _____________________ 10. The trousers ___________________

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH A POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE OR PROPER PRONOUN:

COMPLETA LAS ORACIONES CON UN ADJETIVO POSESIVO Ó UN PRONOMBRE PROPIO

I’m Marcus and this is____________ garden.

My mother’s Susan and this is______________________ hat.

________ _____Marco and this is ________ ________ living room.

_______________is Rachel and this is ____________________ sister.

These are my teachers. _____________ names are Paul and Rita.

This is my brother. ___________________ name is Peter.______________ a student in

We are friends. ______________ hobbies are gardening and walking.

I’m Sophy and this is______________ dog, Aladin.

OBJECT PRONOUN EXERCISE

EJERCICIO DE PRONOMBRE OBJETO

I am hungry. The rice is for ___________

You are hungry. The apple is for____________

1. computers___ 6. Mercantil BanK_

1. Mary 5. Bob and I

2. Microphones __ 6. The violin

3. Bob and Tim_ 7. The boys _

4. The desk ___ 8. The woman _

9. Mrs Nelson ___ 10. The trousers _

______ _Marco and this is __ living room.

_is Rachel and this is ______ sister.

This is my brother. _____ name is Peter. a student in

I _at home now. That right.

They __Korean. I_ OK, thanks.

There _ a pen on the Clara and Steve _

My name __Nikita. She an English teacher.

1.am/ twenty-five years old. I____________________________________ _

3. I can't pay. I don´t have money. 6. There are ______ beautiful