Guía de Inglés II Trayecto 2 PDF
Guía de Inglés II Trayecto 2 PDF
Guía de Inglés II Trayecto 2 PDF
2014
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Fundamentación
Objetivo
Contenido
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Unidad 1
LA FRASE NOMINAL
NOUN PHRASE
Este tipo de frases se forman para designar o nombrar algo nuevo. Los componentes
de las frases nominales guardan una relación entre sí, pues todas las palabras que la
conforman, aportan un nuevo elemento a la unidad semántica.
Tal vez, algunas veces te has preguntado porque el inglés se lee al contrario del
español (de atrás hacia adelante o de derecha a izquierda). Si es así, no te preocupes, a
través de esta guía didáctica, comprenderás porque para referirse a el Periodo Contable,
en inglés se diría: Accounting Period, ubicando el adjetivo Accounting de primero que
el sustantivo Period y no al contrario, como se escribiría en español.
El núcleo
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destacar que en inglés el núcleo generalmente está en posición final y en posición inicial
en español.
Por ejemplo:
- Current account (cuenta corriente)
Ejemplo:
Frase nominal Traducción
A system un sistema
The system El sistema
Some systems Algunos sistemas
5 systems 5 sistemas
Tal como puedes observar en el cuadro “1” aparecen cuatro (4) frases nominales
distintas, sin embargo poseen el mismo núcleo (system), ya que en todas ellas se habla
realmente es del sistema.
Observa el cuadro número 2 con ejemplos y verás que el núcleo siempre es el último
sustantivo a la derecha.
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No olvides
El núcleo siempre será un sustantivo o un vocablo que este actuando como sustantivo.
Los sustantivos son las únicas palabras que se pluralizan en el idioma inglés.
Ejercicio #1
Realiza la traducción a cada una de las siguientes frases e identifica el núcleo a
cada una de ellas.
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Ejercicio #2
There is no typical day in the life of a public accountant. If you go into this profession,
what your workday looks like will depend on the size of the firm you work for, where you
are in your career, the aspects of accounting you specialize in and whether it's tax season.
Like many financial careers, a career as a CPA offers numerous possibilities for the
types of industries and companies you can work for. "There are no other professions,
trades or licensed occupations that are as flexible and structured as the public accounting
profession."
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Unidad 2
LA FRASE VERBAL
VERB PHRASE
Frases verbales: Es un grupo de palabras que está compuesto sólo por verbos. (Un
verbo principal con uno o más verbos auxiliares). Estas frases no tienen un sentido
completo por sí solas, pues sólo son parte de la oración.
Verbo: es una palabra que expresa acción. Los verbos se pueden clasificar en verbos
regulares y verbos irregulares.
Toma en cuenta que si el verbo regular termina en la vocal “e”, solamente se debe
agregar la letra “d”.
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¿Sabías que los verbos tienen cinco (5) formas básicas?
Participio Participio
Infinitivo Presente Pasado
presente pasado
To see see saw seeing seen
To go go went going gone
To put put put putting put
To find find found finding found
En la primera oración, la parte verbal sólo está conformada por una palabra (un verbo)
“brings”, es decir que no hay frase verbal y en la segunda oración se observa un modal
más un verbo principal, los cuales conforman una frase verbal por tratarse de dos verbos
“should reflect”. Recuerda que las frases en general se componen de dos o más
palabras.
Para reconocer las frases verbales debes tener presente los tiempos verbales.
Seguramente, ya los conoces porque los estudiaste anteriormente.
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Ejercicio #1
Traduce el siguiente texto, localiza las frases verbales y completa el cuadro que
se presenta al final de la página.
Public accounting could mean long hours during tax season, but also it can mean
greater freedom the rest of the year. Since your workday can look quite different
depending on where you work and what you specialize in, if you aren't happy with your
public accounting job, you can make a significant change without starting over in a new
career. Finally, a CPA can be self-employed, which brings additional responsibilities but
also additional opportunities for even greater flexibility.
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Ejercicio #2
Traduce el siguiente texto, localiza las frases verbales y completa el cuadro que
se presenta al final de la página.
IFRS
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Ejercicio #3
Traduce el siguiente texto, localiza las frases verbales y nominales. Luego completa
los cuadro que se presentan al final de la página.
A Financial Statement
A financial statement should reflect a true and fair view of the business affairs of the
organization. As statements are used by various constituents of the society / regulators,
they need to reflect a true view of the financial position of the organization, and they are
very helpful to check the financial position of the business for a specific period.
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Unidad 3
VOZ PASIVA
Passive Voice
Ejemplos:
Para construir la voz pasiva es necesario que la oración en voz activa cuente con
objeto directo, es decir que responda a la pregunta “¿qué cosa?”, por ejemplo:
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Observe en la oración pasiva que “account book” ocupan el lugar de sujeto, “by my
pantner” es el complemento agente y el verbo principal está ahora en pasado participio
acompañado por el verbo to be (were) en pasado simple.
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Ejercicio #1
Transforma las oraciones de voz activa a voz pasiva
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Ejercicio #2
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Unidad 4
TRADUCCIÓN Y FUNCIÓN GRAMATICAL
PART OF
FUNCTION EXAMPLE WORDS EXAMPLE SENTENCES
SPEECH
Verb action or state (to) be, have, do, like, She is my wife.
work, sing, can, must We live in London
Noun thing or person pen, dog, work, music, This is my dog. He lives in
town, London, teacher, myhouse. We live in London.
John
Adjective describes a noun a/an, the, 69, some, My dog is big. I like big dogs.
good, big, red, well,
interesting
Adverb describes a verb, adjective quickly, silently, well, My dog eats quickly. When he
or adverb badly, very, really isvery hungry, he
eats really quickly.
Pronoun replaces a noun I, you, he, she, some Tara is Indian. She is beautiful.
Articles Gives extra information a, an, The We will meet at the university
about nouns
Preposition links a noun to another to, at, after, on, but We went to school on Monday.
word
Conjunction joins clauses or sentences and, but, when I like dogs and I like cats. I like
or words catsand dogs. I like dogs but I don't
like cats.
Interjection short exclamation, oh!, ouch!, hi!, well Ouch! That hurts! Hi! How are
sometimes inserted into a you? Well, I don't know.
sentence
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Ejercicio#1
Accrued expenses, accruals -- an expense which has been incurred but not yet paid
for. Salaries are a good example. Employees earn or accrue salaries each hour they
work. The salaries continue to accrue until payday when the accrued expense of the
salaries is eliminated.
Amortize -- to charge a regular portion of an expenditure over a fixed period of time. For
example if something cost $100 and is to be amortized over ten years, the financial
reports will show an expense of $10 per year for ten years. If the cost were not amortized,
the entire $100 would show up on the financial report as an expense in the year the
expenditure was made.
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Bad debts -- amounts owed to a company that are not going to be paid. An account
receivable becomes a bad debt when it is recognized that it won't be paid. Sometimes,
bad debts are written off when recognized. This is an expense. Sometimes, a reserve is
set up to provide for possible bad debts. Creating or adding to a reserve is also an
expense.
Capital -- money invested in a business by its owners. Capital also refers to buildings,
machinery, and other fixed assets in a business. A capital investment is an investment in
a fixed asset with a long-term use.
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Palabra Traducción Función Gramatical
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Debit -- an accounting entry on the left or top of a balance sheet. Usually an increase in
assets or a reduction in liabilities. Every debit has a balancing credit.
Depreciation -- an expense that is supposed to reflect the loss in value of a fixed asset.
For example, if a machine will completely wear out after ten year's use, the cost of the
machine is charged as an expense over the ten-year life rather than all at once, when the
machine is purchased. Straight line depreciation charges the same amount to expense
each year. Accelerated depreciation charges more to expense in early years, less in later
years. Depreciation is an accounting expense. In real life, the fixed asset may grow in
value or it may become worthless long before the depreciation period ends.
Inventory -- the supply or stock of goods and products that a company has for sale. A
manufacturer may have three kinds of inventory: raw materials waiting to be converted
into goods, work in process, and finished goods ready for sale.
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Profit -- the amount left over when expenses are subtracted revenues. Gross profit is the
profit left when cost of sales is subtracted from sales, before any operating expenses are
subtracted. Operating profit is the profit from the primary operations of a business and is
sales minus cost of sales minus operating expenses. Net profit before taxes is operating
profit minus non-operating expenses and plus non-operating income.Net profit after
taxes is the bottom line, after everything has been subtracted. Also called income, net
income, earnings. Not the same as cash flow and does not represent spendable dollars.
Working capital -- current assets minus current liabilities. In most businesses the major
components of working capital are cash, accounts receivable, and inventory minus
accounts payable. As a business grows it will have larger accounts receivable and more
inventory. Thus the need for working capital will increase.
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Ejercicio#2
THE ABSTRACT
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STRUCTURE
An academic abstract typically outlines four elements relevant to the completed work:
Abstract length varies by discipline and publisher requirements. Typical length ranges
from 100 to 500 words, but very rarely more than a page and occasionally just a few
words.
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ABSTRACT TYPES
Informative
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Descriptive
The descriptive abstract also known as the limited abstract or the indicative abstract
provide a description of what the paper covers without delving into its substance.
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TIPS
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What is it?
What is it for?
Which are its characteristics?
When does it happen?
Why does it happen?
Who is involved?
Which are its consequences?
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Ejercicio#3
Practice
Prepare the abstract from your academic research, translate it and share it with your
teachers and classmates.
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REFERENCES
Beglar, D; & Murray, N. (1994). Contemporary Topics. Longman Lectures Series, Inc.
New York.
Crystal, D. (2003). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of The English Language. 2nd Edition.
Cambridge University Press.
Lassaque, L. (2006). English for Accountancy. Inglés para Contabilidad. 1st Edition. E-
Book. Buenos Aires.
Rost, M. (2005). WorldView 1. Video DVD Workbook and Guide. Longman, NY.
Zapata, C. (2007). American English vs. British English: Basic Differences Manual.
FUNDAUPEL-IPB, Barquisimeto, Venezuela.
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