Generación Vapor y Cálculos
Generación Vapor y Cálculos
Generación Vapor y Cálculos
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Conceptos a considerar en
calderas para proceso y para
potencia
• Proceso de combustión
• Eficiencia de combustión
• Eficiencia de caldera
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Proceso de Combustión
Es el proceso que se realiza en el quemador del generador
de vapor el cual transforma la energía química del
combustible en energía térmica a través de una energía de
activación
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REACCIONES DE COMBUSTÍON
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COLORACIÓN DE LA LLAMA
(MIRILLA EN CALDERA PARA QUE LOS OPERARIOS ANALICEN LA
EFICIENCIA DEL PROCESO DE COMBUSTIÓN)
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EFICIENCIA DE COMBUSTIÓN
Es la energía alimentada a la caldera menos la
energía desechada en los gases de chimenea.
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Aire %O2 %CO2 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300
0.0 0.0 16.5 91.4 91.2 91.0 90.8 90.6 90.4 90.2 90.0 89.8 89.6 89.4 89.1 89.0 88.8
2.3 0.5 16.1 91.3 91.1 90.9 90.7 90.5 90.3 90.1 89.0 89.7 89.5 89.3 88.9 88.9 88.6
4.7 1.0 15.7 91.3 91.0 90.8 90.6 90.4 90.2 90.0 89.9 89.6 89.4 89.2 88.8 88.7 88.5
7.3 1.5 15.3 91.2 91.0 90.8 90.5 90.3 90.1 89.9 89.8 89.5 89.3 88.0 88.5 88.6 88.4
10.0 2.0 14.9 91.1 90.9 90.7 90.4 90.2 90.0 89.8 89.6 89.3 89.1 88.8 88.5 88.3 88.1
12.8 2.5 14.5 91.0 90.8 90.6 90.3 90.1 89.9 89.7 89.4 89.2 89.0 88.8 88.4 88.3 88.1
15.8 3.0 14.1 90.9 90.7 90.5 90.2 90.0 89.8 89.6 89.3 89.1 88.9 88.6 88.2 88.2 87.9
18.9 3.5 13.8 90.8 90.6 90.4 90.1 89.9 89.7 89.4 89.2 88.9 88.7 88.5 88.1 88.0 87.8
22.3 4.0 13.4 90.7 90.5 90.2 90.0 89.8 89.5 89.3 89.0 88.8 88.6 88.3 87.9 87.8 87.6
25.8 4.5 13.0 90.6 90.4 90.1 89.9 89.6 89.4 89.1 89.9 88.6 88.4 88.5 87.7 87.6 87.4
29.6 5.0 12.6 90.5 90.3 90.0 89.8 89.5 89.2 89.0 88.7 88.5 88.2 87.3 87.5 87.5 87.2
33.6 5.5 12.2 90.4 90.1 89.9 89.6 89.3 89.1 88.8 88.6 88.3 88.0 87.1 87.3 87.2 87.0
37.9 6.0 11.8 90.3 90.0 89.7 89.5 89.3 88.9 88.7 88.4 88.1 87.8 87.0 87.3 87.0 86.8
42.4 6.5 11.4 90.1 89.8 89.6 89.3 89.0 88.7 88.5 88.2 87.9 87.6 87.8 87.1 86.8 86.5
47.3 7.0 11.0 90.0 89.7 89.4 89.1 88.8 88.6 88.3 88.0 87.7 87.4 87.6 86.8 86.5 86.3
52.6 7.5 10.6 89.8 89.5 89.2 88.9 88.6 88.3 88.1 87.8 87.5 87.2 87.4 86.6 86.3 86.0
58.2 8.0 10.2 89.6 89.3 89.0 88.7 88.4 88.1 87.8 87.5 87.2 86.9 87.1 86.3 86.0 85.7
64.3 8.5 9.8 89.5 89.1 88.8 88.5 88.2 87.9 87.6 87.3 86.9 86.6 86.9 86.0 85.7 85.3
71.0 9.0 9.4 89.3 88.9 88.6 88.3 88.0 87.6 87.3 87.0 86.6 86.3 85.6 85.7 85.3 85.0
78.2 9.5 9.0 89.0 88.7 88.4 88.0 87.7 87.4 87.0 86.7 86.3 86.0 85.3 85.3 85.0 84.6
86.0 10.0 8.6 88.8 88.5 88.1 87.8 87.4 87.0 86.7 86.3 86.0 85.6 84.0 84.9 84.5 84.2
94.6 10.5 8.3 88.6 88.2 87.8 87.4 87.1 86.7 86.3 86.0 85.6 85.2 84.6 84.5 84.1 83.7
104.1 11.0 7.9 88.3 87.9 87.5 87.1 86.7 86.3 86.0 85.6 85.2 84.8 83.3 84.0 83.6 83.2
114.5 11.5 7.5 88.0 87.6 87.1 86.7 86.3 85.9 85.5 85.1 84.7 84.3 83.9 83.5 83.1 82.7
126.1 12.0 7.1 87.6 87.2 86.8 86.3 85.9 85.5 85.1 84.6 84.2 83.8 82.4 82.9 82.5 82.1
139.1 12.5 6.7 87.2 86.8 86.3 85.9 85.4 85.0 84.5 84.1 83.6 83.2 82.9 82.3 81.8 81.4
153.7 13.0 6.3 86.8 86.3 85.8 85.4 84.9 84.4 83.9 83.5 83.0 82.5 81.3 81.5 81.1 80.6
170.2 13.5 5.9 86.3 85.8 85.3 84.8 84.3 83.8 83.3 82.8 82.2 81.7 80.7 80.7 80.2 79.7
189.1 14.0 5.5 85.7 85.2 84.6 84.1 83.6 83.0 82.5 82.0 81.4 80.9 89.0 79.8 79.2 78.7
210.9 14.5 5.1 85.1 84.5 83.9 83.3 82.8 82.2 81.6 81.0 80.4 79.9 79.3 78.7 78.1 77.5
236.4 15.0 4.7 84.3 83.7 83.1 82.4 81.8 81.2 80.6 79.9 79.3 78.7 78.1 77.4 76.8 76.2
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0.0 0.0 16.5 88.6 88.4 88.2 87.9 87.7 87.5 87.3 87.1 86.7 86.4 86.3 86.1 85.9 88.8
2.3 0.5 16.1 88.4 88.2 88.0 87.8 87.6 87.4 87.2 87.0 86.8 86.5 86.3 86.1 85.9 85.7
4.7 1.0 15.7 88.3 88.1 87.9 87.7 87.4 87.2 87.0 86.8 86.6 86.4 86.1 85.9 85.7 85.5
7.3 1.5 15.3 88.2 87.9 87.7 87.5 87.3 87.1 86.8 86.6 86.4 86.2 86.0 85.7 85.5 85.3
10.0 2.0 14.9 88.0 87.8 87.6 87.3 87.1 86.9 86.7 86.4 86.2 86.0 85.8 85.5 85.3 85.1
12.8 2.5 14.5 87.9 87.6 87.4 87.2 86.9 86.7 86.5 86.3 86.0 85.5 85.6 86.3 85.1 84.9
15.8 3.0 14.1 87.7 87.5 87.2 87.0 86.8 86.5 86.3 86.1 85.8 85.6 85.3 86.1 84.9 84.6
18.9 3.5 13.8 87.5 87.3 87.l0 86.8 86.6 86.3 86.1 85.8 85.6 85.4 85.1 84.9 84.6 84.4
22.3 4.0 13.4 87.3 87.1 86.8 86.6 86.4 86.1 85.9 85.6 85.4 85.1 84.9 84.6 84.4 84.1
25.8 4.5 13.0 87.1 86.9 86.6 86.4 86.1 85.9 85.6 85.4 85.1 84.9 84.6 84.3 84.1 83.8
29.6 5.0 12.6 86.9 86.7 86.4 86.2 85.9 85.6 85.4 85.1 84.9 84.6 84.3 84.1 83.8 83.5
33.6 5.5 12.2 86.7 86.5 86.2 85.9 85.6 85.4 85.1 84.8 84.6 84.3 84.0 83.0 83.5 83.2
37.9 6.0 11.8 86.5 86.2 85.0 85.7 85.4 85.1 84.8 84.6 84.3 84.0 83.7 83.4 83.2 82.9
42.4 6.5 11.4 86.2 85.7 85.7 85.4 85.1 84.8 84.5 84.2 84.0 83.7 83.4 83.1 82.8 82.5
47.3 7.0 11.0 86.0 85.7 85.4 85.1 84.8 84.5 84.2 83.9 83.6 83.3 83.0 82.7 82.4 82.1
52.6 7.5 10.6 85.7 85.4 85.1 84.8 84.5 84.2 83.9 83.6 83.3 82.9 82.6 82.3 82.0 81.7
58.2 8.0 10.2 85.4 85.0 84.7 84.4 84.1 83.8 83.5 83.2 82.9 82.5 82.2 81.9 81.6 81.3
64.3 8.5 9.8 85.0 84.7 84.4 84.1 83.7 83.4 83.1 82.8 82.4 82.1 81.8 81.5 81.1 80.8
71.0 9.0 9.4 84.7 84.3 84.0 83.7 83.3 83.0 82.6 82.3 82.0 81.6 81.3 81.0 80.6 80.3
78.2 9.5 9.0 84.3 83.9 83.6 83.2 82.9 82.5 82.2 81.8 81.5 81.1 80.8 80.4 80.1 79.7
86.0 10.0 8.6 83.8 83.5 83.1 82.7 82.4 82.0 81.7 81.3 80.9 80.6 80.2 79.8 79.5 79.1
94.6 10.5 8.3 83.4 83.0 82.6 82.2 81.8 81.5 81.1 80.7 80.3 79.9 79.6 79.2 78.8 78.4
104.1 11.0 7.9 82.8 82.4 82.0 81.7 81.3 80.9 80.5 80.1 79.7 79.3 78.9 78.5 78.1 77.7
114.5 11.5 7.5 82.3 81.8 81.4 81.0 80.6 80.2 79.8 79.4 78.9 78.5 78.1 77.7 77.3 76.8
126.1 12.0 7.1 81.6 81.2 80.8 80.3 79.9 79.4 79.0 78.6 78.1 77.7 77.3 76.8 76.4 75.9
139.1 12.5 6.7 80.9 80.4 80.0 79.5 79.1 78.6 78.2 77.7 77.2 76.8 76.3 75.8 75.4 74.9
153.7 13.0 6.3 80.1 79.6 79.1 78.6 78.2 77.7 77.2 76.7 76.2 75.7 75.2 74.7 74.2 73.8
170.2 13.5 5.9 79.2 78.7 78.2 77.6 77.1 76.6 76.6 76.1 75.6 75.1 74.5 74.0 73.5 72.5
189.1 14.0 5.5 78.1 77.6 77.1 76.5 76.0 75.4 74.9 74.3 73.7 73.2 72.6 72.1 71.5 71.0
210.9 14.5 5.1 76.9 76.4 75.8 75.2 74.6 74.0 73.4 72.8 72.2 71.6 71.0 70.4 69.8 69.2
236.4 15.0 4.7 75.5 74.9 74.3 73.6 73.0 72.4 71.7 71.1 70.5 69.8 69.2 68.5 67.9 67.2
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0.0 0.0 16.5 85.7 85.4 85.0 84.8 84.6 84.4 84.2 83.9 83.7 83.5 83.3 83.1 83.1 82.9
2.3 0.5 16.1 85.5 85.3 84.8 84.6 84.4 84.2 83.9 83.7 83.5 83.3 83.1 82.9 82.9 82.6
4.7 1.0 15.7 85.3 85.1 84.6 84.4 84.2 83.9 83.7 83.5 83.3 83.1 82.8 82.6 82.6 82.4
7.3 1.5 15.3 85.1 84.8 84.4 84.2 83.9 83.7 83.5 83.3 83.0 82.8 82.6 82.3 82.3 82.1
10.0 2.0 14.9 84.8 84.6 84.2 83.9 83.7 83.5 83.2 83.0 82.8 82.5 82.3 82.1 82.1 81.8
12.8 2.5 14.5 84.6 84.4 83.9 83.7 83.4 83.2 83.0 82.7 82.5 82.3 82.0 81.8 81.8 81.5
15.8 3.0 14.1 84.4 84.1 83.7 83.4 83.2 82.9 82.7 82.4 82.2 82.0 81.7 81.5 81.5 81.2
18.9 3.5 13.8 84.1 83.9 83.4 83.1 82.9 82.6 82.4 82.1 81.9 81.6 81.4 81.1 81.1 80.9
22.3 4.0 13.4 83.9 83.6 83.1 82.8 82.6 82.3 82.1 81.8 81.6 81.3 81.1 80.8 80.8 80.5
25.8 4.5 13.0 83.6 83.3 82.8 82.5 82.3 82.0 81.7 81.5 81.2 81.0 80.7 80.4 80.4 80.2
29.6 5.0 12.6 83.3 83.0 82.5 82.2 81.9 81.7 81.4 81.1 80.9 80.6 80.3 80.0 80.0 79.8
33.6 5.5 12.2 82.9 82.7 82.1 81.8 81.6 81.3 81.0 80.7 80.5 80.2 79.9 79.5 79.6 79.4
37.9 6.0 11.8 82.6 82.4 81.8 81.5 81.2 80.9 80.6 80.3 80.0 79.8 79.5 79.2 79.2 78.9
42.4 6.5 11.4 82.2 82.0 81.4 81.1 80.8 80.5 80.2 79.9 79.6 79.3 79.0 78.7 78.7 78.4
47.3 7.0 11.0 81.8 81.7 80.9 80.6 80.3 80.0 79.7 79.4 79.1 78.8 78.5 78.2 78.2 77.9
52.6 7.5 10.6 81.4 81.2 80.5 80.2 79.9 79.6 79.2 78.9 78.6 78.3 78.0 77.7 77.7 77.4
58.2 8.0 10.2 81.0 80.8 80.0 79.7 79.4 79.0 78.7 78.4 78.1 77.7 77.4 77.1 77.1 76.8
64.3 8.5 9.8 80.5 80.3 79.5 79.1 78.8 78.5 78.1 77.8 77.5 77.1 76.8 76.5 76.5 76.1
71.0 9.0 9.4 79.9 79.8 78.9 78.6 78.2 77.9 77.5 77.2 76.8 76.5 76.1 75.8 75.8 75.4
78.2 9.5 9.0 79.4 79.2 78.3 77.9 77.6 77.2 76.8 76.5 76.1 75.8 75.4 75.0 75.0 74.7
86.0 10.0 8.6 78.7 78.6 77.6 77.2 76.9 76.5 76.1 75.7 75.4 75.0 74.6 74.2 74.2 73.9
94.6 10.5 8.3 78.0 78.0 76.9 76.5 76.1 75.7 75.3 74.9 74.5 74.1 73.7 73.3 73.3 72.9
104.1 11.0 7.9 77.3 77.3 76.0 75.6 75.2 78.4 74.4 74.0 73.6 73.2 72.8 72.4 72.4 72.0
114.5 11.5 7.5 76.4 76.5 75.1 74.7 74.3 73.9 73.4 73.0 72.6 72.2 71.7 71.3 71.3 70.9
126.1 12.0 7.1 75.5 75.6 74.1 73.7 73.3 72.8 72.4 71.9 71.5 71.0 70.6 70.1 70.1 69.6
139.1 12.5 6.7 74.4 74.6 73.0 72.6 72.1 71.6 71.1 70.7 70.2 69.7 69.2 68.8 68.8 68.3
153.7 13.0 6.3 73.3 73.5 71.8 71.3 70.8 70.3 69.8 69.3 68.8 68.3 67.8 67.2 67.3 66.8
170.2 13.5 5.9 71.9 72.3 70.3 69.8 69.3 68.8 68.2 67.7 67.2 66.6 66.1 65.6 65.6 65.0
189.1 14.0 5.5 70.4 80.9 68.7 68.2 67.6 67.0 66.5 65.9 65.3 64.7 64.2 63.6 63.6 63.0
210.9 14.5 5.1 68.6 67.4 66.8 66.2 65.6 65.0 64.4 63.8 63.2 62.6 62.0 61.4 61.4 60.7
236.4 15.0 4.7 66.6 65.3 64.6 64.0 63.3 62.7 62.0 61.4 60.7 60.1 59.4 68.7 58.7 58.1
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Aire
% O2 %CO2 590 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720
0.0 0.0 16.5 82.7 82.4 82.2 82.0 81.8 81.6 81.3 81.1 80.9 80.7 80.5 80.2 80.0 79.8
2.3 0.5 16.1 82.4 82.2 82.0 81.7 81.5 81.3 81.1 80.8 80.6 80.4 80.2 79.9 79.7 79.5
4.7 1.0 15.7 82.1 81.9 81.7 81.5 81.2 81.0 80.8 80.6 80.3 80.1 79.9 79.6 79.4 79.2
7.3 1.5 15.3 81.9 81.6 81.4 81.2 81.0 80.7 80.5 80.3 80.0 79.8 79.5 79.3 79.1 78.8
10.0 2.0 14.9 81.6 81.4 81.1 80.9 80.6 80.4 80.2 79.9 79.7 79.5 79.2 79.0 78.7 78.5
12.8 2.5 14.5 81.3 81.0 80.8 80.6 80.3 80.1 79.8 79.6 79.3 79.1 78.9 78.6 78.4 78.1
15.8 3.0 14.1 81.0 80.7 80.5 80.2 80.0 79.7 79.5 79.2 79.0 78.7 78.5 78.2 78.0 77.7
18.9 3.5 13.8 80.6 80.4 80.1 79.9 79.6 79.4 79.1 78.9 78.6 78.3 78.1 77.8 77.6 77.3
22.3 4.0 13.4 80.3 80.0 79.8 79.5 79.2 79.0 78.8 78.5 78.2 77.9 77.7 77.4 77.1 76.9
25.8 4.5 13.0 79.9 79.6 79.4 79.1 78.8 78.6 78.3 78.0 77.8 77.5 77.2 76.9 76.7 76.4
29.6 5.0 12.6 79.5 79.2 79.0 78.7 78.4 78.1 77.9 77.6 77.3 77.0 76.7 76.5 76.2 75.9
33.6 5.5 12.2 79.1 78.8 78.5 78.2 77.9 77.7 77.4 77.1 76.8 76.5 76.2 76.0 75.7 75.4
37.9 6.0 11.8 78.6 78.3 78.0 77.7 77.5 77.2 76.9 76.6 76.3 76.0 75.7 75.4 75.1 74.8
42.4 6.5 11.4 78.1 77.8 77.5 77.2 76.9 76.6 76.3 76.0 75.7 75.4 75.1 74.8 74.5 74.2
47.3 7.0 11.0 77.6 77.3 77.0 76.7 76.4 76.1 75.8 75.4 75.1 74.8 74.5 74.2 73.9 73.6
52.6 7.5 10.6 77.0 76.7 76.4 76.1 75.8 75.5 75.1 74.8 74.5 74.2 73.9 73.5 73.2 72.9
58.2 8.0 10.2 76.4 76.1 75.8 75.5 75.1 74.8 74.5 74.1 73.8 73.5 73.1 72.8 72.5 72.1
64.3 8.5 9.8 75.8 75.4 75.1 74.8 74.4 74.1 73.7 73.4 73.1 72.7 72.4 72.0 71.7 71.3
71.0 9.0 9.4 75.1 74.7 74.4 74.0 73.7 73.3 73.0 72.6 72.3 71.9 71.5 71.2 70.8 70.5
78.2 9.5 9.0 74.3 73.9 73.6 73.2 72.8 72.5 72.1 71.7 71.4 71.0 70.6 70.3 69.9 69.5
86.0 10.0 8.6 73.5 73.1 72.7 72.3 72.0 71.6 71.2 70.8 70.4 70.0 69.6 69.3 68.9 68.5
94.6 10.5 8.3 72.6 72.2 71.7 71.4 71.0 70.6 70.2 79.8 69.4 69.0 68.6 68.2 67.8 67.4
104.1 11.0 7.9 71.5 71.1 70.7 70.3 69.9 69.5 69.1 68.6 68.2 67.8 67.4 67.0 66.5 66.1
114.5 11.5 7.5 70.4 70.0 69.6 69.1 68.7 68.3 67.8 67.4 66.9 66.5 66.1 65.6 65.2 64.7
126.1 12.0 7.1 69.2 68.7 68.3 67.8 67.4 66.9 66.4 66.0 65.5 65.1 64.6 64.1 63.7 63.2
139.1 12.5 6.7 67.8 67.3 66.8 66.4 65.9 65.4 64.9 64.4 63.9 63.5 63.0 62.5 62.0 61.5
153.7 13.0 6.3 66.2 65.7 65.2 64.7 64.2 63.7 63.2 62.7 62.2 61.6 61.1 60.6 60.1 59.6
170.2 13.5 5.9 64.5 63.9 63.4 62.9 62.3 61.8 61.2 60.7 60.1 59.6 59.1 58.5 58.0 57.4
189.1 14.0 5.5 62.5 61.9 61.3 60.7 60.2 59.6 59.0 58.4 57.8 57.3 56.7 56.1 55.5 54.9
210.9 14.5 5.1 60.1 59.5 58.9 58.3 57.7 57.0 56.4 55.8 55.2 54.6 53.9 53.3 52.7 52.1
236.4 15.0 4.7 57.4 56.8 56.1 55.4 54.8 54.1 53.4 52.8 52.1 51.4 50.7 50.1 49.4 48.7
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Eficiencia de caldera
La eficiencia de combustión menos las pérdidas de energía por purga
y radiación-convección, equivale a la energía que se aprovecha para
producir vapor o eficiencia de caldera:
caldera combustión %Ppurga en energía %Pradiación y convección
STDagua a limentación caldera hsensible a condiciones del vapor
%Ppurga 100
STDagua de caldera hvapor a condiciones del vapor
%Pradiaciónconvección
T 460 4 T 460 4
0.174 s 0.296 Ts Ta
1.25
a
32
Tanque
Retorno de condensados
condensado
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34
Determinar;
1. Eficiencia de combustión.
2. Eficiencia de caldera.
3. Porcentaje de carga de la caldera
35
caldera combustión %Ppurga en energía %Pradiación y convección
Esta ecuación no podemos usarla, pues desconocemos el área de
caldera, de tal manera que procedemos a usar la siguiente:
Eficiencia de combustión
% de CO2= 12 %
Temperatura= 580 °F
Temperatura ambiente = 80°F
Temperatura neta= 500 °F De tablas de eficiencia de combustión para búnker:
Eficiencia de combustión= 81.1 %
Eficiencia de caldera.
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m
vapor hvapor hagua alim entación caldera
caldera 100%
galcombustible MBtu
hr. gal.
lb vapor Btu Btu
20,000 1,187.50 144.03
h lb lb
100% 81.84%
galones MBtu
170 h 150,000 gal.
37
CASO
lb
flujo agua alim entada 100 y temperatura 145F
min
lb
Purga es el 2% 2 a 327.81F a condiciones del vapor como condensado
min
lb
flujo condensados 48 y temperatura 200F ¿ AGUA FRESCA Y TEMPERATURA?
min
Balance total : agua a lim entación m
m condensados m
agua fresca m
purga
agua fresca 50 lb
m
min
lb lb
Balance temperatura : 100 min 145F 48 min 200F
lb lb
50 Tagua fresca 2 327.81F
min min
lb lb lb
100 145F 48 200F 2 327.81F
min min min
Tagua fresca 84.89F
lb
50
min
Mario Santizo, PhD, Ming.
38
DATOS
Eficiencia caldera = 78%
Búnker consumido = 100 gal/h
Costo búnker = 8.00 Q/gal
Poder calorífico = 150,000 Bru/gal
Vapor producido a 155 psi saturado
Agua entrando a la caldera a 162.21 fe
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$
gal. CEC
CEC CEA
LHV caldera
galón
Btu MBtu
poder calorífico búnker 150,000 0.15
gal gal
Btu
hvapor 170 psia saturado 1,193.8
lb
Btu
hagua caldera 162.21 ºF 130.17
lb
40
Btu 5 Btu
0.78 150x105 117x10
h h
lb 5 Btu
Vapor generado por la caldera = 117x10
1,063.63 Btu h
lb vapor
= 11,000
h
41
Q
8.00
gal Btu Btu
1,193.8 130.17
0.15 MBtu lb lb
0.78
gal
1,000
Q 72.73
1,000 lbs vapor
42
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