UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL MAYOR DE SAN MARCOS

FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS MATEMÁTICAS

E.A.P INVESTIGACIÓN OPERATIVA
Curso:
Métodos Numéricos I
Tema:
Método del Trapecio

Lima-Perú
2017
 Método del Trapecio
b
Se utiliza para calcular a
f ( x)dx , cuando no es posible calcular el valor de la integral definida
por los métodos directos.

a) Utilizando un trapecio:

y  f ( x)
f ( x0 )
f ( x1 )

a  x0 b  x1

h
 f ( x0 )  f ( x1 )   
b
a
f ( x)dx 
2

Donde

f '' ( )  máx | f '' (a) |,| f '' (b) |

b) Utilizando m trapecios:

a  x0 x1 x2 x3 xm 2 xm1 xm  b

h h h h h

ba
h
m
Se tiene entonces:
x1 h
x0
f ( x)dx 
2
( f ( x0 )  f ( x1 ))  1 
x2 h
x1
f ( x)dx  ( f ( x1 )  f ( x2 ))   2 
2
x3 h
x2
f ( x)dx  ( f ( x2 )  f ( x3 ))   3 
2

xm h
 f ( x)dx  ( f ( xm 1 )  f ( xm ))   m
xm1 2
xm h
 x0
f ( x)dx 
2
( f ( x0 )  2 f ( x1 )  2 f ( x2 )   2 f ( xm1 )  f ( xm ))  1   2   m

xm h
 x0
f ( x)dx 
2
( f ( x0 )  f ( xm )  2( f ( x1 )  f ( x2 )   f ( xm 1 )))  

(b  a)3 ''
  f ( ),   x0 , xm 
12m2

f '' ( )  máx | f '' (a) |,| f '' (b) |

Ejemplo: Utilizando 3 trapecios
Calcular:
4
1
ln( x)dx

Solución:

b  a 4 1 3
h   1
m 3 3
x0 x1 x2 x3
f ( x)  ln( x)
3 2 1
h 
4 4
1 1
x0   f ( x0 )  f ( )  ln(1)  0
4 4
x1  2  f ( x1 )  f (2)  ln(2)  0.69
x2  3  f ( x2 )  f (3)  ln(3)  1.09
x3  4  f ( x3 )  f (4)  ln(4)  1.39
1
f ( x)  ln( x)  f '' ( x)  
x2
f ''  máx | f ''(1) |,| f '' (4) |


f ''  máx | 1|,| 1 |
16 

f ''  máx 1, 1
16
(b  a ) ''
3
  f ( )
12m 2
(4  1)3 1
  2
(1)    0.25
12(3) 4
4 1
1 ln( x)dx  2 ((0  1.39)  2(0.69  1.09))  (0.25)
4
1
ln( x) dx  2.225  0.25
Ejercicios:
2

2
1) Utilizando 4 trapecios, calcular: e x dx
0
Solución:

20 1
h 
4 2
x0  0  f ( x0 )  f (0)  e0  e0  1
2

1 1 12
x1   f ( x1 )  f ( )  e 2  e 4  1.284
1

2 2
x2  1  f ( x2 )  f (1)  e1  e1  2.718
2

3 3 32 9
x3   f ( x3 )  f ( )  e 2  e 4  9.487
2 2
x4  2  f ( x4 )  f (2)  e 2  e 4  54.598
2

f ( x)  e x  f '' ( x)  (4 x 2  2)e x
2 2

f ''  máx | f ''(0) |,| f '' (2) |

f ''  máx | 2 |,| 982.764 |
f ''  máx 2,982.764
(2  0)3
  (982.764)  40.9485
12(4) 2
2 1
0  ((1  54.598)  2(1.284  2.718  9.487))  (40.9485)
x2
e dx
4
2
 e x dx  20.644  40.9485
2

0
 2 sen x
2) Utilizando 5 trapecios, calcular:
Solución:
 
2 x
dx

2  2 3
h 
5 10
  sen( 2 )
x0   f ( x0 )  f ( )  
 0.637
2 2 2

4 4 sen( 45 )
x1   f ( x1 )  f ( )  4  0.234
5 5 5

11 11 sen( 11 )

x2   f ( x2 )  f ( )  1110  0.089
10 10 10

7 7 sen( 7 )
x3   f ( x3 )  f ( )  7 5  0.216
5 5 5

17 17 sen( 1710 )

x4   f ( x4 )  f ( )  17  0.151
10 10 10

sen(2 )
x5  2  f ( x5 )  f (2 )  0
2
sen x ( x 2  2) sen( x)  2 x cos( x)
f ( x)   f ( x)  
''

x x3
f ''  máx | f ''( 2 ) |,| f '' (2 ) |
f ''  máx | 0.121|,| 0.051|
f ''  máx 0.121, 0.051
(2  2 )3
  (0.121)  0.042
12(5) 2
2 sen x 3
2 x dx 
20
((0.637  0)  2(0.234  0.089  0.216  0.151))  (0.042)
2 sen x
2 x dx  0.0895  0.042
 2 cos x
3) Utilizando 5 trapecios. Calcular:
 
2 x
dx
Solución:

2  2 3
h 
5 10
  cos( 2 )
x0   f ( x0 )  f ( )  
0
2 2 2

4 4 cos( 45 )
x1   f ( x1 )  f ( )  4  0.322
5 5 5

11 11 cos( 11 )

x2   f ( x2 )  f ( )  1110  0.275
10 10 10

7 7 cos( 7 )
x3   f ( x3 )  f ( )  7 5  0.07
5 5 5

17 17 cos( 1710 )

x4   f ( x4 )  f ( )  17  0.11
10 10 10

cos(2 )
x5  2  f ( x5 )  f (2 )   0.159
2
sen x 2( xsen( x)  cos( x)) cos( x)
f ( x)   f '' ( x)  
x x3 x
f ''  máx | f ''( 2 ) |,| f '' (2 ) |
f ''  máx | 0.811|,| 0.151|
f ''  máx 0.811, 0.151
(2  2 )3
  (0.811)  0.283
12(5) 2
2 sen x 3
2 x dx  20 ((0.637  0)  2(0.234  0.089  0.216  0.151))  (0.283)
2 sen x
2 x dx  0.45  0.283
 2
4) Utilizando 5 trapecios, calcular:
 sen( x2 )dx
Solución:

2   
h 
5 5
x0    f ( x0 )  f ( )  sen( 2 )  0.43
6 6 6
x1   f ( x1 )  f ( )  sen(( ) 2 )  0.977
5 5 5
7 7 7
x2   f ( x2 )  f ( )  sen(( ) 2 )  0.475
5 5 5
8 8 8
x3   f ( x3 )  f ( )  sen(( ) 2 )  0.133
5 5 5
9 9 9
x4   f ( x4 )  f ( )  sen(( ) 2 )  0.533
5 5 5
x5  2  f ( x5 )  f (2 )  sen((2 ) 2 )  0.978
f ( x)  sen( x 2 )  f '' ( x)  2 cos( x 2 )  4 x 2 sen( x 2 )
f ''  máx | f ''( ) |,| f '' (2 ) |
f ''  máx |15.18 |,| 154.907 |
f ''  máx 15.18,154.907
(2   )3
  (154.907)  16.01
12(5) 2
2 
 sen( x 2 )dx 
10
((0.43  0.978)  2(0.977  0.475  0.133  0.533))  (16.01)
2
 sen( x 2 )dx  1.514  16.01
 3
5) Utilizando 6 trapecios, calcular:
1
x x dx
Solución:

3 1 1
h 
6 3
x0  1  f ( x0 )  f (1)  (1)1  1
4 4 4 4
x1   f ( x1 )  f ( )  ( ) 3  1.468
3 3 3
5 5 5 5
x2   f ( x2 )  f ( )  ( ) 3  2.343
3 3 3
x3  2  f ( x3 )  f (2)  (2) 2  4
7 7 7 7
x4   f ( x4 )  f ( )  ( ) 3  7.221
3 3 3
8 8 8 8
x5   f ( x5 )  f ( )  ( ) 3  13.675
3 3 3
x6  3  f ( x6 )  f (3)  (3)3  27
f ( x)  x x  f '' ( x)  x x (ln( x)  1) 2  x x 1
f ''  máx | f ''(1) |,| f '' (3) |
f ''  máx | 2 |,|127.913 |
f ''  máx 2,127.913
(3  1)3
  (127.913)  2.369
12(6) 2
3 1
1  ((1  27)  2(1.468  2.343  4  7.221  13.675))  (2.369)
x
x dx
6
3
1
x x dx  14.236  2.369
 4 1
6) Utilizando 4 trapecios, calcular:

2 ln( x)
dx
Solución:

42 1
h 
4 2
1
x0  2  f ( x0 )  f (2)   1.443
ln(2)
5 5 1
x1   f ( x1 )  f ( )   1.091
2 2 ln( 5 )
2
1
x2  3  f ( x2 )  f (3)   0.91
ln(3)
7 7 1
x3   f ( x3 )  f ( )   0.798
2 2 ln( 7 )
2
1
x4  4  f ( x4 )  f (4)   0.721
ln(4)
1 ln( x)  2
f ( x)   f '' ( x)  2 3
ln( x) x ln ( x)
f ''  máx | f ''(2) |,| f '' (4) |
f ''  máx | 2.021|,| 0.079 |
f ''  máx 2.021, 0.079
(4  2)3
  (2.021)  0.084
12(4) 2
4 1 1
2 ln( x) dx 
4
((1.443  0.721)  2(1.091  0.91  0.798))  (0.084)

4 1
2 ln( x) dx  1.9405  0.084
 3
e2 x

2
7) Utilizando 3 trapecios, resolver: dx
1
Solución: x

3
1 1
h 2

3 6
e 2(1)
x0  1  f ( x0 )  f (1)   7.389
1
2( 76 )
7 7 e
x1   f ( x1 )  f ( )   9.547
6 6 7
6
2( 43 )
4 4 e
x2   f ( x2 )  f ( )   12.464
3 3 4
3
2( 32 )
3 3 e
x3   f ( x3 )  f ( )   16.399
2 2 3
2

e2 x (16 x 2  8 x  3)(e 2 x )
f ( x)   f ( x) 
''
5
x 4x 2
f ''  máx | f ''(1) |,| f '' ( 3 2 ) |
f ''  máx | 20.319 |,| 49.199 |
f ''  máx 20.319, 49.199
( 32  1)3
  (49.199)  0.057
12(3) 2
3
e2 x 1
1 x 12 ((7.389  16.399)  2(9.547  12.464))  (0.057)

2
dx
2x
2 e
3

1 x dx  5.649  0.057
 0

x
8) Utilizando 5 trapecios, calcular:
ee dx
2
Solución:

0  (2) 2
h 
5 5
( 2 )
x0  2  f ( x0 )  f (2)  e e  1.145
8 8 ( 8 )

x1    f ( x1 )  f ( )  e e 5
 1.223
5 5
6 6 ( 6 )

x2    f ( x2 )  f ( )  e e 5
 1.351
5 5
4 4 ( 4 )

x3    f ( x3 )  f ( )  e e 5
 1.567
5 5
2 2 ( 2 )

x4    f ( x4 )  f ( )  e e 5
 1.955
5 5
x5  0  f ( x5 )  f (0)  ee  2.718
(0)

x
f ( x)  ee  f '' ( x)  (e x  1)ee
x x

f ''  máx | f ''(2) |,| f '' (0) |

f ''  máx | 0.176 |,| 5.437 |
f ''  máx 0.176,5.437
(0  (2))3
  (5.437)  0.145
12(5) 2
0 1
2  ((1.145  2.718)  2(1.223  1.351  1.567))  (0.145)
ex
e dx
5
0
 ee dx  2.429  0.145
x

2
 3
e
2x
9) Utilizando 6 trapecios, calcular: ln( x2 )dx
1
Solución:

3 1 1
h 
6 3
x0  1  f ( x0 )  f (1)  e 2(1) ln((1) 2 )  0
4 4 2( 4 )
x1   f ( x1 )  f ( )  e 3 ln(( 43 ) 2 )  8.28
3 3
5 5 2( 5 )
x2   f ( x2 )  f ( )  e 3 ln(( 53 ) 2 )  28.639
3 3
x3  2  f ( x3 )  f (2)  e 2(2) ln((2) 2 )  75.689
7 7 2( 7 )
x4   f ( x4 )  f ( )  e 3 ln(( 73 ) 2 )  180.208
3 3
8 8 2( 8 )
x5   f ( x5 )  f ( )  e 3 ln(( 83 ) 2 )  406.313
3 3
x6  3  f ( x6 )  f (3)  e 2(3) ln((3) 2 )  886.424
2e 2 x (4 x 2 ln( x)  4 x  1)
f ( x)  e ln( x )  f ( x) 
2x 2 ''

x2
f ''  máx | f ''(1) |,| f '' (3) |
f ''  máx | 44.334 |,| 4531.854 |
f ''  máx 44.334, 4531.854
(3  1)3
  (4531.854)  83.923
12(6) 2
3 1
1 e ln( x )dx  6 ((0  886.424)  2(8.28  28.639  75.689  180.208  406.313))  (83.923)
2x 2

3
1
e 2 x ln( x 2 )dx  380.78  83.923
 4
10) Utilizando 8 trapecios, calcular:

1
x3  1 dx
Solución:

4 1 3
h 
8 8
x0  1  f ( x0 )  f (1)  (1)3  1  1.414
11 11
x1   f ( x1 )  f ( )  ( 118 )3  1  1.897
8 8
7 7
x2   f ( x2 )  f ( )  ( 74 )3  1  2.522
4 4
17 17
x3   f ( x3 )  f ( )  ( 178 )3  1  3.255
8 8
5 5
x4   f ( x4 )  f ( )  ( 52 )3  1  4.077
2 2
23 23
x5   f ( x5 )  f ( )  ( 238 )3  1  4.976
8 8
13 13
x6   f ( x6 )  f ( )  ( 134 )3  1  5.944
4 4
29 29
x7   f ( x7 )  f ( )  ( 298 )3  1  6.974
8 8
x8  4  f ( x8 )  f (4)  (4)3  1  8.062
3 x 4  12 x
f ( x)  x  1  f ( x) 
3 ''
3
4( x3  1) 2
f ''  máx | f ''(1) |,| f '' (4) |
f ''  máx |1.326 |,| 0.389 |
f ''  máx 1.326, 0.389
(4  1)3
  (1.326)  0.047
12(8) 2
4 1
1
x3  1 dx  ((1.414  8.062)  2(1.897  2.522  3.255  4.077  4.976  5.944  6.974))  (0.049)
16
4
1
x3  1 dx  4.298  0.049