Citrato y Litiasis Renal
Citrato y Litiasis Renal
Citrato y Litiasis Renal
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ARTCULO ESPECIAL
Aceptado: 21-III-2013
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- El ejercicio fsico intenso y el ayuno prolongado disminuyen la excrecin de citrato al aumentar su transporte
a nivel del tbulo proximal y por acidosis sistmica.
Drogas que pueden producir hipocitraturia
Las tiazidas, por la acidosis intracelular secundaria a
hipopotasemia. Es importante recordar esta situacin en
el seguimiento de pacientes con hipercalciuria idioptica.
La acetazolamida -inhibidor de la anhidrasa carbnica-,
provoca acidosis intracelular inhibiendo la reabsorcin
de citrato. El topiramato, droga antiepilptica, inhibe la
anhidrasa carbnica, ambas drogas se asocian a hipocitraturia24, 25. Los inhibidores de la ECA disminuyen la
excrecin de citrato en ratas y humanos26, y los mecanismos propuestos son:
a) descenso del pH intracelular por disminucin del
intercambio Na/H a nivel del tbulo proximal; b) aumento
de la actividad de la ATP citrato-liasa.
Finalmente, otras causas probables de hipocitraturia
idioptica27 podran estar relacionadas a defectos en el
manejo renal, como los debidos a:
- Alteracin en el gen del cotransporte Na/Cit a nivel apical;
- Alteracin en la regulacin intracelular del Citrato (y
actividad ATP citrato-liasa?)
Prevalencia de hipocitraturia en pacientes con nefrolitiasis
Se considera hipocitraturia a una excrecin diaria de
citrato inferior a 350 mg en ambos sexos. Su prevalencia
vara segn las diferentes series, probablemente relacionado a factores genticos y medioambientales, y oscila
entre 17 y 60% dependiendo de cmo se la defina6. En
nuestro pas, en una serie propia de 2612 pacientes
adultos con litiasis renal, definiendo a la hipocitraturia
como < 350 mg/d, hemos observado una prevalencia del
23%, presentndose en el 4.4% como nica alteracin y
en el 18.6% asociada a otras alteraciones28. En EE.UU.
su prevalencia vara entre el 20 y 60%29 y en un estudio
multicntrico en Brasil fue de 62%, siendo la causa ms
frecuente de litiasis renal, superior a la hipercalciuria30. La
hipocitraturia se puede presentar como nica alteracin
o asociada a otras anormalidades bioqumicas como
hipercalciuria, hipomagnesuria y pH urinario persistentemente cido. Dentro de la poblacin peditrica con litiasis
renal, la hipocitraturia es una de las alteraciones ms
prevalentes junto con la hipercalciuria e hiperoxaluria.
En 90 nios con litiasis renal encontramos hipocitraturia
en el 37.8% (18.8% como nica alteracin y en el 19%
en forma asociada)31.
Tratamiento
El paciente litisico con hipocitraturia, al igual que todo
paciente litisico, se beneficiar con las implementacio-
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Bibliografa
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