El Jaguar (Panthera Onca)
El Jaguar (Panthera Onca)
El Jaguar (Panthera Onca)
lleg
al
espaol
por
conducto
del portugus o
y bestia,
aunque
podra
ser
una etimologa
la
tigre.
Onca proviene
Descripcin
Es animal robusto y musculoso que presenta variaciones significativas
en cuanto al tamao. Su peso oscila normalmente entre 56 y 96
kilogramos, aunque hay registros de machos ms grandes, de hasta 158
kg (aproximadamente como una tigresa o una leona), y por el contrario
los ms pequeos pueden tener un peso tan bajo como 36 kg. Las
hembras suelen ser un 10-20% ms pequea que los machos. La
longitud de este flido vara entre 162 y 183 cm y la cola puede aadir
unos 75 cm ms. Su altura hasta los hombros es de unos 67-76 cm. Su
cabeza es voluminosa y con una mandbula prominente; el color de sus
ojos vara de un tono amarillo oro a un amarillo verdoso y sus orejas son
relativamente
pequeas
redondeadas.
que
los
que
viven
en
reas
abiertas.
La estructura corta y robusta de sus miembros hace que sea muy hbil a
la hora de escalar, arrastrarse y nadar. La base de su pelaje suele ser de
un color entre amarillo plido y castao rojizo. La piel est cubierta de
unas manchas en forma de rosa para camuflarse en su hbitat selvtico.
Las manchas pueden variar en la piel de un mismo animal y entre
diferentes jaguares: las rosetas pueden incluir una o ms manchas y la
forma de las manchas vara. Las de la cabeza y el cuello son
generalmente slidas, igual que las de la cola, donde se pueden unir
para formar una banda. La regin ventral, el cuello y la superficie
exterior de las patas y los flancos inferiores son blancos.
Se encuentra emparentado y se asemeja mucho en apariencia fsica
al leopardo (Panthera pardus), pero generalmente es de mayor tamao,
cuenta
con
una
constitucin
ms
robusta
clave
que
desempea
un
importante
papel
en
la
presa entre las orejas para proferir un mordisco fatal que atraviesa
el crneo con sus colmillos alcanzando al cerebro.
Viven en lugares con un rango de elevacin de 10-2000msnm con un
promedio de 100msnm
Comportamiento
Es un animal solitario (exceptuando el conjunto madre-cachorros). Por lo
general los adultos slo se encuentran para el cortejo y el apareamiento
y suelen establecer un amplio territorio y defenderlo. En el caso de las
hembras estos territorios, que miden entre 25 y 40 km2, pueden
superponerse aunque los animales suelen evitarse entre ellos. Los de los
machos cubren aproximadamente el doble de superficie, con una
extensin que vara segn la disponibilidad de presas y espacio, y no se
superponen. Utilizan vocalizaciones, araazos en los rboles, orina y
heces
para
marcar
su
territorio.
de
su
tiempo
activo.
Caza y dieta
Cazador solitario y oportunista, su dieta abarca ms de 80 especies
diferentes. Prefiere las presas grandes y caza ciervos, capibaras, tapires,
pecares, perros, zorros y a veces incluso anacondas y caimanes.
Tambin se alimenta prcticamente de todas las especies pequeas que
pueda capturar, como ranas, ratones, aves, peces, perezosos, monos y
tortugas. Suele utilizar la tcnica de asestar un mordisco profundo en el
cuello para provocar la asfixia en sus presas, otras veces muerde
directamente los huesos temporales del crneo entre las orejas de las
presas con sus colmillos, perforndolos hasta alcanzar el cerebro. El
mordisco en el crneo lo utiliza con los mamferos; con los caimanes,
salta sobre la espalda de la presa y la inmoviliza partindoles las
vrtebras cervicales (varias tcnicas, la del pescuezo es la general)
Son los carnvoros terrestres de mayor tamao en el Neotrpico y se
alimentan de monos carablanca (Cebus capucinus), mono congo
(Alouatta palliata), mono colorado (Ateles geoffroyi), mono ardilla o
tit (Saimiri oerstedii), guatuzas (Dasyprocta punctata), armadillos
(Dasypus novemcinctus), osos colmeneros (Tamandua mexicana),
sanos (Pecari tajacu), cariblancos (Tayassu pecari), guatuzas
(Dasyprocta punctata), manigordos (Leopardus pardalis), pavones
(Crax rubra), venados cola blanca (Odocoileus virginianus), cabros de
monte (Mazama americana), tortugas (ej. lora (Lepidochelys olivacea)
boa bquer (Boa constrictor emperator) y segn parece, entre sus
presas ms importantes se encuentran los perezosos o pericas ligeras
Historia
del
jaguar
en
las
culturas
prehispnicas
El jaguar ha sido objeto de culto por gran parte de las culturas indgenas
de
Mxico,
Amrica
Central
Sudamrica.
el
animal
asociado
la
deidad
Tezcatli-poca.
reales.
En
la
costa
ecuatoriana.
el
alfarero
le
da
connotaciones
mitolgicas.
mascarones
metal
hicieron
con
pectorales,
la
imagen
y
con
la
de
este
tcnica
del
felino.
repujado
Taxonoma
Clasificac
Nombre
Notas
Animalia
in
Reino
Animales
con
Subreino
Eumetazoa
Rama
Bilateria
Filo
Chordata
Cordados
Subfilo
Vertebrata
Vertebrados
Superclas
Gnathosto
mata
cuerpo
integrado
por
simetra
bilateral
con
lados simtricos
Cuerpo
con
Clase
Mammalia
Subclase
Eutheria
Mamferos Placentarios
Orden
Carnivora
Carnvoros
Suborden
Feliformia
Forma de gatos
Feloidea
Felidae
Pantherinae
Gnero
Panthera
Panteras
Especie
Panthera
Superfam
ilia
Familia
Subfamili
a
onca
Jaguar
en
el Nuevo
Mundo.
Pruebas
de ADN muestran
que
entre
3,8
millones
de
aos.
Generalmente
los
en
pruebas morfolgicas,
el zologo britnico
Reginald
el jaguar
europeo (Panthera
gombaszoegensis)
el len
len
como
de Panthera
onca. El
anlisis
del ADN
Mencionamos
el
nombre
cientfico
de
cada
Nombre Cientfico
Registrada por:
(Goldman, 1932)
(Mearns, 1901)
(Mearns, 1901)
(Linnaeus,
1758)
(Ameghino, 1888)
(Hollister, 1914)
(de
1843)
Blainville,
(Nelson
Goldman, 1933)
llegando
probablemente
la
parte
baja
de
Luisiana,
P.onca-palustris
Los Tigres del norte argentino, Paraguay y Matto-Grosso, que
representan esta subespecie, son los ms grandes que se conocen
P.onca-paraguaensis
El jaguar del pantanal o del paran est distribuido desde el sur de Brasil
(sur de Mato Grosso y Sao Paulo) hasta la Pampa central de Argentina,
incluyendo adems a Paraguay y parte de Uruguay. Esta la ms pesadas
de las subespecies, fue exterminada en Uruguay a principios de este
siglo y en la Pampa central de Argentina hacia 1925, quedando algunas
poblaciones aisladas al norte de Argentina, en Paraguay y a l sur del
Pantanal Brasileo.
ECUADOR
Es raro en el occidente del Ecuador.
Se le puede encontrar en la Reserva Ecolgica Mache-Chindul al
suroccidente de la provincia de Esmeraldas y al norte de Manab, en las
montaas del mismo nombre, que representan la extensin norte de la
cordillera
de
la
Costa.
de
la
televisin
cursos
para
profesores
maestros
Datos rpidos
El jaguar (Panthera onca) es un:
Mamfero
Carnvoro
Vida promedio en la vida salvaje de 12 a 15 aos (datos actuales
registran hasta 22 aos)
Expectativa de vida segn datos del ecuador: 10 aos en vida silvestre;
22 aos en cautiverio.
Tamao de: cabeza y cuerpo, 1.5 a 1.8 metros; cola, 70 a 91 cm
Su peso es de 100 a 250 lbs (45 a 113 kg)
Panthera onca est calificado en la Lista Roja de la UICN(International
Union for Conservation of Nature) como especie casi amenazada y su
nmero est en declive.
Estado de conservacin en Ecuador: Vulnerable (VU).
Tamao comparado a una persona de 2m
185
tronco:
cm.
Longitud cola:
45 - 75 cm.
Altura de la cruz: 60 cm.
Peso:
50 - 115 kg.
Gestacin:
90-111 das.
Camada:
1 - 4 cras.
Longevidad:
15-22 aos.
Dieta:
Pecares,
tapires,
monos,
armadillos,
tortugas
de
rio,
Los
jaguares
como
son
animales
protectores de la selva.
Del jaguar dicen que es una de las
especies ms misteriosas de la selva. Un animal sigiloso, silencioso y
esquivo, que es considerado por los pueblos indgenas como un ser
protector. Pero, actualmente, est incluido, como una especie en peligro,
en la lista roja de animales del pas.
Poblaciones
Segn los estudios de los expertos, no existirn ms de 50 animales en
la zona costera, siendo demasiado generosos, seal Diego Tirira,
editor del Libro Rojo de Mamferos del Ecuador, cuya ltima publicacin
es de 2011, quien insisti que la especie est en peligro crtico.
Para determinar las poblaciones estimadas de jaguares, los expertos
hacen una medicin del territorio, tomando en cuenta que esta especie
para vivir saludablemente requiere de alrededor de 10 mil hectreas por
pareja.
As, en la Reserva Cotacachi-Cayapas existiran unos 40 o 50 animales,
mientras en el Bosque Protector Cerro Blanco en Guayaquil, viviran, en
el mejor de los casos, cuatro ejemplares. Y, en la reserva MacheChindul tambin habitara un nmero reducido.
Esto vara en la Amazona, donde la especie est considerada como en
peligro, un nivel intermedio en relacin a la Costa. All, especialmente en
la selva del Yasun y en el territorio waorani, habra un nmero superior a
los mil animales, sumado a otros 20 a 40 de la zona del Cuyabeno.
http://www.museodeguayaquil.com/index.php?
option=com_content&view=article&id=101:eljaguar&catid=42:contenido-varios&Itemid=160
http://www.lahora.com.ec/index.php/noticias/show/1101530284#.U2RDR
sR5OuI
http://the-cat-inside.blogspot.com/2012/03/panthera-onca.html
http://darnis.inbio.ac.cr/ubica/FMPro?-DB=UBICA.fp3&-lay=WebAll&error=norec.html&-Format=ubi.html&-Op=eq&id=1694&-Find
http://jaguaranimal.org/situacion_por_paises
http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/jaguar/
http://www.felidos.com/panthera_onca_onca.htm
http://www.damisela.com/zoo/mam/carnivora/felidae/onca/taxa.htm
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OqGDv0KCJl8
http://www.nhptv.org/natureworks/jaguar.htm
http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/jaguar/#closemodal
http://www.arkive.org/jaguar/panthera-onca/image-G16805.html
http://zoologia.puce.edu.ec/Vertebrados/mamiferos/FichaEspecie.aspx?
Id=1838
http://damisela.com/zoo/mam/carnivora/felidae/onca/
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Panthera_onca/
http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/species-of-theday/biodiversity/endangered-species/panthera-onca/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6dTasK6X7C0
http://www.quitozoo.org/index.php/zoo/animales/mamiferos/105-jaguar
Panthera onca
Taxonomy [top]
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
ANIMALIA
CHORDATA
MAMMALIA
CARNIVORA
FELIDAE
Scientific Name:
Panthera onca
Species
Authority:
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Common Name/s:
English
Jaguar
Spanish
Synonym/s:
Taxonomic Notes: Although eight subspecies have been recognized (Seymour 1989), genetic (Eizirik et al.2001,
Ruiz-Garcia et al. 2006) and morphological (Larson 1997) analysis finds no support for the
existence of discrete subspecies. Rather, variation is clinal - the greatest differences are found
between Jaguars at the latitudinal extremes of their range. While not elevating the regional
differences to the subspecies level, Eizirk et al. (2001) found evidence for four incompletely
isolated phylogeographic groups: Mexico + Guatemala, southern Central America, northern
South America, and South America south of the Amazon river. Similarly, Ruiz-Garcia et
al. (2006) found that the Andes mountains incompletely isolates Jaguar populations in
Colombia.
Year Published:
2008
Date Assessed:
2008-06-30
Assessor/s:
Reviewer/s:
Justification:
Jaguar extent of occurrence was estimated at 8.75 million km, and probability of long-term survival was estimated
as high for over 6 million km (Sanderson et al., 2002). Much of the jaguar's remaining habitat is the rainforest of the
Amazon basin, which is of relatively low suitability (Torres et al. 2007). The jaguar is still an abundant species, but is
threatened by habitat loss and persecution. Due to loss of habitat, poaching of prey and fragmentation of populations
across portions of the range, this species is considered to be Near Threatened. If threats continue at the current rate
the species will likely qualify for VU A2cd or A3cd in the near future.
200 Near
2
Threatened
History:
199 Vulnerable
0
(IUCN 1990)
198 Vulnerable
8
(IUCN
Conservation
Monitoring
Centre 1988)
198 Vulnerable
6
(IUCN
Conservation
Monitoring
Centre 1986)
198 Vulnerable
2
(Thornback
and Jenkins
1982)
The jaguar is the largest cat of the Americas, and the only living representative of the
genus Panthera found in the New World (Nowell and Jackson 1996). Historically it ranged from
the southwestern US (where there are still some vagrants close to the Mexican border) through
the Amazon basin to the Rio Negro in Argentina. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated at
8.75 million km, with its stronghold the rainforest of the Amazon basin, which comprises 88%
of its EOO. However, ecological models indicate that much of the Amazon is of low suitability
for the jaguar, compared with the Pantanal, Paraguayan Chaco, and Caatinga (Torres et
al. 2007). The Jaguar has been virtually eliminated from much of the drier northern parts of its
range, as well as northern Brazil, the pampas scrub grasslands of Argentina and throughout
Uruguay. It is now estimated to occupy only about 46% of its historic range (Sanderson et
al. 2002). Populations in Colombia are divided by the Andes (Ruiz-Garcia et al. 2006).
Sanderson et al. (2002) presented a group exercise to define the most important areas for
conservation of viable jaguar populations (Jaguar Conservation Units or JCUs). These 51
areas add up to 1.29 million km, or 13% of jaguar range.
Countries:
Native:
Argentina; Belize; Bolivia, Plurinational States of; Brazil; Colombia; Costa Rica; Ecuador; French
Guiana; Guatemala; Guyana; Honduras; Mexico; Nicaragua; Panama; Paraguay; Peru;
Suriname; United States; Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of
Regionally extinct:
El Salvador; Uruguay
Range Map:
Population [top]
Population:
Sanderson et al. (2002) found that 70% of estimated jaguar range (over 6 million km) was
considered to have a high probability for survival. Most of this area consists of the Amazon
basin rainforest, and adjoining areas of the Pantanal and Gran Chaco. However, while the
latter two were found by ecological models to be highly suitable for jaguars, the Amazon was
found to be of low suitability (Torres et al. 2007). Jaguar densities in the Brazilian Pantanal are
estimated at 6.6-6.7 adults per 100 km (Soisalo and Cavalcanti 2006), and in the Bolivian
Gran Chaco 2.25 per 100 km (Maffei et al.2004). In the Amazon basin in Colombia, jaguar
density was estimated at 4.5/100 km in Amacayacu National Park and 2.5/100 km in
unprotected areas (Payan 2008). In Madidi National Park in the Bolivian Amazon, density was
estimated at 2.8/100 km (Silver et al.2004).
Other high probability areas for long-term jaguar persistence include tropical moist lowland
forest in Central America: the Selva Maya of Guatemla, Mexico and Belize; and a narrow strip
of the Choco-Darien of Panama and Colombia to northern Honduras. Densities in the Belizean
Selva Maya rainforest were estimated at 7.5-8.8/100 km (Silveret al. 2004). The Talamanca
Mountains of Costa Rica and Panama also host a populations, but the long term persistence is
uncertain (Gonzalez-Maya et al. 2007).
Eighteen percent of jaguar range (1.6 million km) was estimated to have medium probability of
long-term survival. These areas are generally adjacent to high-probability areas and include a
large portion of the northern Cerrado, most of the Venezuelan and Colombian llanos, and the
northern part of Colombia on the Caribbean coast. In Central America and Mexico, mediumprobability areas include the highlands of Costa Rica and Panama, southern Mexico, and the
two eastern mountain ranges of Mexico, Sierra de Taumalipas and the Sierra Madre Oriental.
The remainder of jaguar range was classified as low probability for jaguar survival, and of most
urgent conservation concern. These areas include the Atlantic Tropical Forest and Cerrado of
Brazil; parts of the Chaco in northern Argentina; the Gran Sabana of northern Brazil, Venezuela
and Guyana; parts of the coastal dry forest in Venezuela; and the remainder of the range in
Central America and Mexico.
Some of the most important areas for jaguar conservation (Jaguar Conservation Units) fell
within parts of jaguar range where probability for long-term survival was considered low, and so
represent the most endangered jaguar populations. These include the Atlantic Forests of
Brazil, northern Argentina, central Honduras, and the Osa peninsula of Costa Rica
(Sanderson et al. 2002). The Atlantic Forest subpopulation in Brazil has been estimated at
200+/- 80 adults (Leite et al. 2002). Jaguar populations in the Chaco region of northern
Argentina and Brazil, and the Brazilian Caatinga, are low-density and highly threatened by
livestock ranching and persecution (Altrichter et al. 2006, T. de Oliveira pers. comm. 2008).
Population Trend:
Decreasing
The species is strongly associated with the presence of water. Habitats range from rainforest to
seasonally flooded swamp areas, pampas grassland, thorn scrub woodland, and dry
deciduous forest (Nowell and Jackson 1996). In Belize, jaguars are reportedly more abundant
in lowland areas of relatively dense forest cover with permanent water sources than in open,
seasonally dry forests. Although jaguars have been reported from elevations as high as 3,000
m (Brown and Lopez Gonzalez 2001), they typically avoid montane forest, and have not been
found in the high plateau of central Mexico or above 2,700 m in the Andes. Jaguars take a wide
variety of prey species but large-sized ungulates are preferred when available (Nowell and
Jackson 1996).
A 13 year old wild female was found with cub (Brown and Lopez-Gonzalez 2001).
Density estimates ranged from 1.7-4 adults per 100 km in studies in Brazil, Peru, Colombia
and Mexico summarized by Sunquist and Sunqujist (2002). Density estimates by Silver et
al. (2004) from five different study sites ranged from 2.4-8.8 adults per 100 km, with the
highest densitiy found in Belize's Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Reserve (rainforest), a density
similar to the 6-8 per 100 km found by Rabinowitz and Nottingham (1986). That study found
home ranges of females of 10 km, overlaped by male home ranges which varied from 28-40
km and also overlapped extensively. In other areas jaguar home ranges have been over 1,000
km (T. de Oliveira pers. comm. 2008).
Soisalo and Cavalcanti (2006) used GPS-telemetry to check density estimates derived from a
common camera trap methodology in the Brazilian Pantanal, and cautioned that the method
may over-estimate population size. Telemetry data indicated a density of 6.6-6.7 adult jaguars
per 100 km, while densities derived from Maximum Distance Moved (MMDM) extrapolations
from camera trap captures were higher at 10.3-11.7/100 km.
Jaguar densities in the Paraguayan Gran Chaco are 2.275.37 per 100 km (Cullen Jr. et al. in
submission), and in the Colombian Amazon, 4.5/100 km in Amacayacu National Park and
2.5/100 km in unprotected areas (Payan 2008). In Brazil, densities are 2 per 100 km in the
savannas of the Cerrado, 3.5/100 km in the semiarid scrub of the Caatinga, and 2.2/100 km
in the Atlantic Forest (Silveira 2004, in litt. To T. de Oliveira 2008).
Systems:
Terrestrial
Threats [top]
Major Threat(s):
Deforestation rates are high in Latin America and fragmentation of forest habitat isolates jaguar
populations so that they are more vulnerable to human persecution (Nowell and Jackson
1996). People compete with jaguars for prey, and jaguars are frequently shot on sight, despite
protective legislation (Nowell and Jackson 1996). An estimated 27% of jaguar range has a
depleted wild prey base (WCS 2008). Jaguars are also known to kill cattle, and are killed by
ranchers as pest species. The vulnerability of the jaguar to persecution is demonstrated by its
disappearance by the mid-1900's from the south-western US.
Commercial hunting and trapping of jaguars for their pelts has declined drastically since the
mid-1970's, when anti-fur campaigns and CITES controls progressively shut down international
markets (Nowell and Jackson 1996). However, although hunting has decreased there is still
demand for jaguar paws, teeth and other products.
Included on CITES Appendix I. The jaguar is fully protected at the national level across most of
its range, with hunting prohibited in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Honduras,
Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Suriname, United States, and Venezuela, and hunting
restrictions in place in Brazil, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico and Peru (Nowell and Jackson
1996).
With habitat fragmentation a major threat, and taxonomic research suggesting little significant
differences among jaguar populations, an ambitious program has been launched to conserve a
continuous north to south habitat corridor through the species range (Rabinowitz 2007).
Addressing livestock management and problem animal issues is a high priority for
conservation effort in many jaguar range countries.
Threats
1. Residential & commercial development -> 1.1. Housing & urban areas
timing: Ongoing
1. Residential & commercial development -> 1.2. Commercial & industrial areas
timing: Ongoing
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual & perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.3. Agro-industry farming
timing: Ongoing
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.2. Wood & pulp plantations -> 2.2.2. Agro-industry plantations
timing: Ongoing
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.3. Livestock farming & ranching -> 2.3.3. Agro-industry grazing, ranching or farming
timing: Ongoing
3. Energy production & mining -> 3.2. Mining & quarrying
timing: Ongoing
4. Transportation & service corridors -> 4.1. Roads & railroads
timing: Ongoing
5. Biological resource use -> 5.1. Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals -> 5.1.1. Intentional use (species is the target)
timing: Ongoing
5. Biological resource use -> 5.1. Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals -> 5.1.2. Unintentional effects (species is not the target)
timing: Ongoing
5. Biological resource use -> 5.1. Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals -> 5.1.3. Persecution/control
timing: Ongoing
5. Biological resource use -> 5.3. Logging & wood harvesting -> 5.3.5. Motivation Unknown/Unrecorded
timing: Ongoing
6. Human intrusions & disturbance -> 6.2. War, civil unrest & military exercises
timing: Ongoing
6. Human intrusions & disturbance -> 6.3. Work & other activities
timing: Ongoing
7.
Natural
system
timing: Ongoing
modifications
->
7.2.
Dams
&
water
management/use
->
7.2.11.
Dams
(size
unknown)