For between two and three years the Cimbri must have devastated the province of Hispania Citerior and fought against the
Celtiberians who finally forced their retreat from Iberia.
Moreover, other
Celtiberians have not allied themselves with the city.
The self-immolation of an entire besieged
Celtiberian settlement in the face of the Roman forces of Scipio Africanus is not a result of an Olympian decree or any other numinous agents.
Seeking a favorable site to continue their investigation of the relationship of nucleated settlements to their landscape in Spain during the crucial transition period of the first millennium BC, a team of archaeologists found La Rioja in the upper reaches of the Ebro Valley, straddling the interface between the
Celtiberian heartland of central Iberia and the Atlantic zone of the Bay of Biscay.
Less felicitous is the analysis of fertility imagery within the framework of Celtic mythology and so-called
Celtiberian forces.
Due to better outcrop conditions in the
Celtiberian Chains (Spain) four sections could be investigated: the La Almunia de Dona Godina section (AL, Fig.
Principal wars: Third Macedonian War (172-167);
Celtiberian War (151-150); Third Punic War (149-146); Numantine War (137-133).
In my 2008 book, The Ambivalence of Imperial Discourse, I dedicate three chapters to the representation and interpretation of historical characters--namely Viriatus, Jugurtha, and Scipio Aemilianus--and the historical events surrounding the final siege and destruction of the
Celtiberian city in Cervantes's play.
(2007): "Analysis of a
Celtiberian protective paste and its possible use by Arevaci warriors", e-Keltoi, 5, pp.
He shows how some 85 inscriptions from about 750-450 BC closely resemble the
Celtiberian spoken in east-central Spain, Gaulish across the Pyrenees, and the insular Celtic languages still spoken across what is now the English Channel.
It consisted of one hundred and twenty one
celtiberian denarii, together with silver jewelry, most of them fragmented.