Bolgary

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The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979). It might be outdated or ideologically biased.

Bolgary

 

(in Russian, Bolgar, Bulgar, or Bolgary Velikie), the capital of the medieval state of Bolgariia Volga-Kama. The ruins of medieval Bolgary are near the village of Bolgary in Kuibyshev Raion of the Tatar ASSR. The excavations on the site of the ancient town began in 1870 and were conducted on a very large scale from 1950 to 1957 under the direction of A. P. Smirnov. The earliest settlement on the site of Bolgary dates to the second half of the first millennium A.b.; the city is known from Eastern written sources of the tenth century. In the second half of the 13th century, Bolgary became the most important trade and craft center of the Golden Horde. In layers of the 13th and 14th centuries, the remains of houses, baths, potters’ and metallurgists’ furnaces, and sewer constructions have been found. Many work tools, household articles, and ornaments have also been found, including articles brought from Middle Asia, the Crimea, Transcaucasia, Rus’, and China. Traces of Russian and Armenian colonies have been discovered. A number of stone structures of the 13th and 14th centuries have been preserved: The Little Minaret, the Black Hall, the Khan’s Tomb mausoleum, the Church of St. Nicholas, the Monastery Cellar, the ruins of the Rectangular Mosque, the summer residence of the Bulgarian khans (known as the Little Town), and the baths. In 1361, Bolgary was destroyed by the Golden Horde khan Bulak-Timur. The final devastation of the city began at the beginning of the 15th century.

REFERENCES

Shpilevskii, S. M. Drevnie goroda i drugie bulgarskotatarskie pamiatniki v kazanskoi gubernii. Kazan, 1877.
Smirnov, A. P. Volzhskie Bulgary. Moscow, 1951.
Materialy i issledovaniia po arkheologii SSSR, nos. 42, 61, 80, 111. Moscow, 1954–62.

G. A. FEDOROV-DAVYDOV

The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition (1970-1979). © 2010 The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.
References in periodicals archive ?
For example, in the city of Bolgar, architectural features of buildings, both public and religious centers, baths, a number of findings obtained during the excavations clearly indicates the presence of stable close relationships with Central Asia, which laid the basis for common traditions and technological development.
Ben Bolgar, senior director of the Prince's Foundation, said: "The Earl of Moray decided not to sell his land on day one to the highest bidder, relinquishing all control, instead sustaining for the long term a legacy development.
During the meeting with the State Council of Tatarstan Mintimer Shaimiev will be presented the revival of the two shrines of Tatarstan land - the ancient city of Bolgar and the island-town of Sviyazhsk.
By the 10th century, Islam was entrenched as demonstrated by Volga Bolgar Khanate's declaring Islam to be the state religion.
White PS et al say that high frequency of CT abnormality in normal subjects (Havas et al 1988, Bolgar et al 1991) and the significant radiation dose (Maclennan 1995) makes the use of CT as a diagnostic investigation inappropriate.
The live survey was a feature of a headline debate on whether "MENA can escape the boom and bust cycle of oil." The debate featured Hedi Ben Mlouka (CEO of Duet MENA) and Bishoy Azmi (CEO, Al-Shafar General Contracting) arguing in the affirmative, while Ashraf El Ansary (CIO, Exante) and Catherine Bolgar (former managing editor of Wall Street Journal Europe) argued an escape was unlikely.
The survey was a feature of a headline panel discussion on whether "MENA can escape the boom and bust cycle of oil." The debate featured Hedi Ben Mlouka CEO of Duet MENA, and Bishoy Azmi CEO of Al-Shafar General Contracting, arguing in the affirmative; while Ashraf El AnsaryCIO of Exante, and Catherine Bolgar former managing editor of Wall Street Journal Europe, argued an escape was unlikely.
DnBP is a common ingredient of adhesives and coatings and is used as a solvent for organic compounds, as an antifoam agent, as a fiber lubricant, and as an additive in cosmetics, including nail polish (Bolgar et al.
[45.] Bolgar M., Hubball J., Croeger J., Meronek S.: Handbook for the chemical analysis of plastic and polymer additives.