九
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Translingual
[edit]Stroke order | |||
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Stroke order | |||
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Han character
[edit]九 (Kangxi radical 5, 乙+1, 2 strokes, cangjie input 大弓 (KN), four-corner 40017, composition ⿻㇓㇈)
Derived characters
[edit]- 仇, 㕤, 扏, 氿, 肍, 朹, 犰, 䊵(𮉠), 訅, 䜪, 軌(轨), 㐜, 釚(𫟲), 骩, 鼽, 丸, 旭, 訄, 䧱, 虓, 頄(𬱓), 馗, 㐡, 㐤, 鳩(鸠), 勼, 宄, 尻, 旯, 㶢, 艽, 究, 㭝, 㐇, 卆, 厹, 叴, 旮, 杂, 䲥, 㔲, 抛, 亴
Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 83, character 19
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 167
- Dae Jaweon: page 168, character 2
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 48, character 5
- Unihan data for U+4E5D
Chinese
[edit]simp. and trad. |
九 | |
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alternative forms | 玖 financial 𠔀 𢌬 𣲄 |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Chinesische.Zahl.Neun.jpg)
Glyph origin
[edit]Historical forms of the character 九 | ||||
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Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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References:
Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
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Pictogram (象形) – a stylized hand, with bent wrist/forearm (hence the hook stroke at lower right). Earlier forms resemble 手 (shǒu), 寸 (cùn). The original meaning of the glyph was “elbow”, which is now written 肘 (OC *tkuʔ).
After the meaning “elbow” was forgotten, 九 was taken to symbolize a fist tightening to bump up against something; thus, there is a metaphorical bumping up of nine against ten, which is the last number when counting on one's fingers.
Etymology 1
[edit]From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d/s-kəw. Compare Tibetan དགུ (dgu).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): jiu3
- (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): jiù
- (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): jiǔ
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): җю (ži͡u, II)
- Cantonese
- (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gau2
- (Dongguan, Jyutping++): gaau2
- (Taishan, Wiktionary): giu2
- (Yangjiang, Jyutping++): gieu2
- Gan (Wiktionary): jiu3
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): jiou2
- Northern Min (KCR): giǔ
- Eastern Min (BUC): gāu / giū
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 5cieu
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): jiou3
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄡˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: jiǒu
- Wade–Giles: chiu3
- Yale: jyǒu
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jeou
- Palladius: цзю (czju)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: jiu3
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: giu
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕiəu⁵³/
- (Xi'an)
- Guanzhong Pinyin: jiù
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕiɤu⁵³/
- (Nanjing)
- Nanjing Pinyin: jiǔ
- Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): jiu3
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕiəɯ¹¹/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: җю (ži͡u, II)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕiou⁵¹/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: gau2
- Yale: gáu
- Cantonese Pinyin: gau2
- Guangdong Romanization: geo2
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɐu̯³⁵/
- (Dongguan, Guancheng)
- Jyutping++: gaau2
- Sinological IPA (key): /kau³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: giu2
- Sinological IPA (key): /kiu⁵⁵/
- (Yangjiang Yue, Jiangcheng)
- Jyutping++: gieu2
- Sinological IPA (key): /kiɛu²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: jiu3
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕiu²¹³/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiú
- Hakka Romanization System: giuˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: giu3
- Sinological IPA: /ki̯u³¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: jiou2
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕiəu⁵³/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: giǔ
- Sinological IPA (key): /kiu²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: gāu / giū
- Sinological IPA (key): /kau³³/, /kieu³³/
- (Fuzhou)
- gāu - vernacular;
- giū - literary.
- káu - vernacular;
- kiú - literary.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: gao2 / giu2
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: káu / kiú
- Sinological IPA (key): /kau⁵²/, /kiu⁵²/
- gao2 - vernacular;
- giu2 - literary.
- Middle Chinese: kjuwX
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]uʔ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*kuʔ/
Definitions
[edit]九
- nine
- 九九八十一。 [MSC, trad. and simp.]
- From: “The Mnemonic of Multiplication”
- Jiǔ jiǔ bāshíyī. [Pinyin]
- Nine times nine is eighty-one.
- (figurative) many
- 九曲黃河萬里沙,浪淘風簸自天涯。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: 822?, Liu Yuxi, “Ripples Sifting Sand”
- Jiǔ qū huánghé wàn lǐ shā, làng táo fēng bò zì tiānyá. [Pinyin]
- The Yellow River with its many twists and turns flows thousands of miles full of sand / Carried by its waves stirred up by the wind coming from a faraway land.
九曲黄河万里沙,浪淘风簸自天涯。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (weather) each of the nine nine-day periods from the winter solstice
- 一九二九不出手,三九四九冰上走。 [MSC, trad. and simp.]
- From: “The Nine Nine-Day Periods Song”, a folk song
- Yī jiǔ èr jiǔ bù chū shǒu, sān jiǔ sì jiǔ bīng shàng zǒu. [Pinyin]
- In the first and the second nine-day period, one should not take out one's hand; / In the third and the fourth nine-day period, the ice is thick enough to stand.
- (Cantonese, minced oath, euphemistic) Synonym of 㞗 (gau1, “penis”)
See also
[edit]- 勾 (gōu) (in radio communications)
Chinese numbers | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 102 | 103 | 104 | 106 | 108 | 1012 | |
Normal (小寫/小写) |
〇, 零, 空 | 一, 蜀 | 二, 兩/两 | 三 | 四 | 五 | 六 | 七 | 八 | 九 | 十 | 百 | 千 | 萬/万, 十千 (Malaysia, Singapore) |
百萬/百万, 桶(Philippines), 面桶 (Philippines) |
億/亿 | 兆 (Taiwan) 萬億/万亿 (Mainland China) |
Financial (大寫/大写) |
零 | 壹 | 貳/贰 | 參/叁 | 肆 | 伍 | 陸/陆 | 柒 | 捌 | 玖 | 拾 | 佰 | 仟 |
Compounds
[edit]- 一一九
- 一丈差九尺 (yīzhàngchājiǔchǐ)
- 一歲九遷/一岁九迁
- 一禾九穗 (yīhéjiǔsuì)
- 一言九鼎 (yīyánjiǔdǐng)
- 七返九還/七返九还
- 七零九 (Qīlíngjiǔ)
- 七零九所 (Qīlíngjiǔsuǒ)
- 上九
- 下九
- 三九天
- 三六九等 (sānliùjiǔděng)
- 三回九曲
- 三回九轉/三回九转
- 三教九流 (sānjiàojiǔliú)
- 三槐九棘
- 三等九格
- 三貞九烈/三贞九烈
- 三跪九叩 (sānguìjiǔkòu)
- 三部九候
- 中九
- 九一八事變/九一八事变 (Jiǔ-Yībā Shìbiàn)
- 九一四
- 九七大限
- 九七期限
- 九丘
- 九世之仇 (jiǔshìzhīchóu)
- 九九 (jiǔjiǔ)
- 九九歸一/九九归一
- 九九歸原/九九归原
- 九九登高
- 九五 (jiǔwǔ)
- 九五之位
- 九五之尊 (jiǔwǔzhīzūn)
- 九份 (Jiǔfèn)
- 九佐
- 九冬
- 九分
- 九刑
- 九功
- 九勢/九势
- 九卿 (Jiǔqīng)
- 九原
- 九原可作
- 九合 (jiūhé)
- 九合一匡
- 九吊六的
- 九命
- 九命奇冤
- 九品 (jiǔpǐn)
- 九品中正 (jiǔpǐn zhōngzhèng)
- 九品詞/九品词
- 九國公約/九国公约
- 九土
- 九地
- 九垓
- 九夏
- 九大行星
- 九天 (Jiǔtiān)
- 九天仙女
- 九天玄女
- 九如 (Jiǔrú)
- 九如鄉/九如乡
- 九姻
- 九嬪/九嫔
- 九子母
- 九孔 (jiǔkǒng)
- 九官鳥/九官鸟 (jiǔguānniǎo)
- 九宮/九宫
- 九宮格/九宫格 (jiǔgōnggé)
- 九尾狐 (jiǔwěihú)
- 九尾龜/九尾龟
- 九層塔/九层塔 (jiǔcéngtǎ)
- 九嶷山 (Jiǔyíshān)
- 九州 (Jiǔzhōu)
- 九幽
- 九思
- 九懷/九怀
- 九成 (jiǔchéng)
- 九成九
- 九成宮/九成宫
- 九折臂
- 九故十親/九故十亲
- 九數/九数
- 九方
- 九方皋
- 九族 (jiǔzú)
- 九旒
- 九日 (jiǔrì)
- 九春
- 九曜
- 九曲洞
- 九更天
- 九有
- 九服
- 九朽一罷/九朽一罢
- 九歌
- 九歎/九叹
- 九歸/九归 (jiǔguī)
- 九死
- 九死一生 (jiǔsǐyīshēng)
- 九死不悔
- 九江 (Jiǔjiāng)
- 九江市
- 九泉 (jiǔquán)
- 九流 (jiǔliú)
- 九流三教 (jiǔliúsānjiào)
- 九流十家
- 九流百家
- 九淵/九渊
- 九湖 (Jiǔhú)
- 九渡河 (Jiǔdùhé)
- 九烏/九乌 (jiǔwū)
- 九烈三貞/九烈三贞
- 九煉成鋼/九炼成钢
- 九牛一毛 (jiǔniúyīmáo)
- 九牛毛
- 九牧
- 九畹溪 (Jiǔwǎnxī)
- 九畹遺容/九畹遗容 (Jiǔ Wǎn Yíróng)
- 九疇/九畴
- 九疊篆/九叠篆
- 九疑山 (Jiǔyíshān)
- 九百
- 九皋
- 九眷
- 九禮/九礼
- 九秋
- 九穀/九谷
- 九竅/九窍
- 九節鞭/九节鞭
- 九經/九经 (Jiǔjīng)
- 九經字樣/九经字样
- 九罭
- 九老會/九老会
- 九聲/九声
- 九芎
- 九花 (jiǔhuā)
- 九華/九华
- 九華山/九华山 (Jiǔhuá Shān)
- 九華帳/九华帐 (jiǔhuázhàng)
- 九蓮燈/九莲灯
- 九衢
- 九親/九亲
- 九譯/九译
- 九賓/九宾
- 九轉丹/九转丹
- 九轉金丹/九转金丹
- 九辯/九辩
- 九迴腸/九回肠
- 九通
- 九連環/九连环 (jiǔliánhuán)
- 九道 (Jiǔdào)
- 九還丹/九还丹
- 九里 (Jiǔlǐ)
- 九重 (jiǔchóng)
- 九重天 (jiǔchóngtiān)
- 九重葛
- 九重霄
- 九野
- 九針/九针
- 九錫/九锡
- 九門/九门
- 九間房/九间房 (Jiǔjiānfáng)
- 九閽/九阍
- 九集 (Jiǔjí)
- 九霄 (jiǔxiāo)
- 九霄雲外/九霄云外 (jiǔxiāoyúnwài)
- 九音鑼/九音锣
- 九章
- 九章律
- 九章算術/九章算术
- 九頭鳥/九头鸟
- 九香蟲/九香虫
- 九鼎 (jiǔdǐng)
- 九鼎大呂/九鼎大吕
- 九龍/九龙 (jiǔlóng)
- 九龍半島/九龙半岛 (Jiǔlóng Bàndǎo)
- 九龍壁/九龙壁
- 九龍杯/九龙杯
- 五九國恥/五九国耻
- 八九
- 八九分
- 八九分人
- 八病九痛
- 八索九丘
- 八花九裂
- 劉九兒/刘九儿
- 力濟九區/力济九区
- 北九州 (Běijiǔzhōu)
- 十中八九
- 十之八九 (shízhībājiǔ)
- 十八九
- 十室九空 (shíshìjiǔkōng)
- 十拿九穩/十拿九稳 (shínájiǔwěn)
- 十捉九著
- 十死九生
- 十清九濁/十清九浊
- 十生九死
- 十病九痛
- 十米九糠
- 十羊九牧
- 十親九故/十亲九故
- 十賭九輸/十赌九输 (shídǔjiǔshū)
- 十轉九空/十转九空
- 回九
- 回腸九回/回肠九回
- 天九 (tiānjiǔ)
- 天保九如
- 夷九族
- 小九九 (xiǎojiǔjiǔ)
- 小加九
- 屏風九疊/屏风九叠
- 廣九鐵路/广九铁路
- 張九齡/张九龄
- 愁腸九轉/愁肠九转
- 接三換九/接三换九
- 推牌九
- 搬九
- 數九/数九
- 數九天/数九天
- 易堂九子
- 暗九
- 東北九省/东北九省
- 深居九重 (shēn jū jiǔchóng)
- 港九 (Gǎng-Jiǔ)
- 燕九節/燕九节
- 牌九 (páijiǔ)
- 牢九
- 視窗九五/视窗九五
- 窮九/穷九
- 第九藝術/第九艺术
- 簫韶九成/箫韶九成
- 老九
- 耕九餘三/耕九余三
- 舉十知九/举十知九
- 言十妄九
- 重九 (Chóngjiǔ)
- 重九登高
- 陸九淵/陆九渊
- 陸九齡/陆九龄
- 陽九/阳九
- 陽九之會/阳九之会
- 陽九之阨/阳九之阨
- 雙九/双九
- 風魔九伯/风魔九伯
- 魄散九霄
- 鶴鳴九皋/鹤鸣九皋
- 齊煙九點/齐烟九点
- 龍生九子/龙生九子
Descendants
[edit]Others:
- → Proto-Tai: *kɤwꟲ (“nine”)
- Northern Tai:
- Central Tai:
- Wenma-Southwestern Tai:
Etymology 2
[edit]For pronunciation and definitions of 九 – see 鳩 (“to gather; to assemble”). (This character is an obsolete form of 鳩). |
Japanese
[edit]< 8 | 9 | 10 > |
---|---|---|
Cardinal : 九 | ||
Kanji
[edit]Readings
[edit]- Go-on: く (ku, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: きゅう (kyū, Jōyō)←きう (kiu, historical)
- Kun: ここの (kokono, 九, Jōyō); ここのつ (kokonotsu, 九つ, Jōyō)
- Nanori: いちじく (ichijiku); いちのく (ichinoku); この (kono); ひさし (hisashi)
Compounds
[edit]- 九夏 (kyūka)
- 九官鳥 (kyūkanchō, “a mina or mynah bird”)
- 九牛一毛 (kyū gyū ichi mō, “nine cows one hair (a drop in the ocean)”)
- 九九 (kuku), 九々 (kuku, “Multiplication table”)
- 九月 (kugatsu, “September”)
- 九死 (kyūshi, “near death, nearly dead, a close shave”)
- 九州 (Kyūshū, “Kyushu”)
- 九重 (kokonoe)
- 九寸五分 (kusun gobu, “a short sword, a dagger”)
- 九星 (kyūsei)
- 九折 (kyūsetsu)
- 九泉 (kyūsen, “the nether world”)
- 九地 (kyūchi)
- 九天 (Kyūten, “Ninth Heaven (the highest of heavens)”)
- 九拝 (kyūhai)
- 九分 (kubu)
- 九輪 (kurin)
- 九六 (kunroku)
Etymology 1
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
九 |
きゅう Grade: 1 |
kan'on |
From Middle Chinese 九 (MC kjuwX). The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing. Borrowed after palatalization occurred in Middle Chinese. Compare modern Hakka 九 (giu3).
Pronunciation
[edit]Numeral
[edit]Noun
[edit]- nine
- 究: an indeterminate large number, a myriad, a great many
- (divination) the number of yang, in opposition to 六 (roku, “six”) as the number of yin
Etymology 2
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
九 |
く Grade: 1 |
goon |
Alternative spelling |
---|
玖 |
From Early Middle Chinese 九 (MC kjuwX). The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing.
Pronunciation
[edit]Numeral
[edit]Usage notes
[edit]- Sometimes considered unlucky due to being homophonous with 苦 (ku, “suffering”).
Noun
[edit]Coordinate terms
[edit]Japanese numbers | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | |
Regular | 零 (rei) 零 (zero) |
一 (ichi) | 二 (ni) | 三 (san) | 四 (yon) 四 (shi) |
五 (go) | 六 (roku) | 七 (nana) 七 (shichi) |
八 (hachi) | 九 (kyū) 九 (ku) |
十 (jū) |
Formal | 壱 (ichi) | 弐 (ni) | 参 (san) | 拾 (jū) | |||||||
90 | 100 | 300 | 600 | 800 | 1,000 | 3,000 | 8,000 | 10,000 | 100,000,000 | ||
Regular | 九十 (kyūjū) | 百 (hyaku) 一百 (ippyaku) |
三百 (sanbyaku) | 六百 (roppyaku) | 八百 (happyaku) | 千 (sen) 一千 (issen) |
三千 (sanzen) | 八千 (hassen) | 一万 (ichiman) | 一億 (ichioku) | |
Formal | 一萬 (ichiman) | ||||||||||
1012 | 8×1012 | 1013 | 1016 | 6×1016 | 8×1016 | 1017 | 1018 | ||||
一兆 (itchō) | 八兆 (hatchō) | 十兆 (jutchō) | 一京 (ikkei) | 六京 (rokkei) | 八京 (hakkei) | 十京 (jukkei) | 百京 (hyakkei) |
Etymology 3
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
九 |
ここの Grade: 1 |
kun'yomi |
From Old Japanese from Proto-Japonic *kəkənə.
First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.[2]
Pronunciation
[edit]Numeral
[edit]Etymology 4
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
九 |
この Grade: 1 |
kun'yomi |
/kokono/ → /kono/
Abbreviation of Old Japanese 九 (kokono, “nine”).
Pronunciation
[edit]Numeral
[edit]- nine
- ひい、ふう、みい、…なな、やあ、この、とお
- hī, fū, mī,…nana, yā, kono, tō
- one, two, three, ... seven, eight, nine, ten
- ひい、ふう、みい、…なな、やあ、この、とお
Usage notes
[edit]- Generally only used when counting out loud, as in the example above. In writing, usually found spelled out in hiragana as この to make the reading unambiguous.
References
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- “You can count on the tales behind number-kanji”, in The Japan Times[2], 2010 March 17, archived from the original on 2014-12-21
Korean
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]90 | ||
← 8 | 9 | 10 → |
---|---|---|
Native isol.: 아홉 (ahop) Native attr.: 아홉 (ahop) Sino-Korean: 구 (gu) Hanja: 九 Ordinal: 아홉째 (ahopjjae) |
From Middle Chinese 九 (MC kjuwX).
- Recorded as Middle Korean 구ᇢ〯 (Yale: kwǔw) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
- Recorded as Middle Korean 구 (kwu)訓 (Yale: kwu) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
- Recorded as Middle Korean 구 (kwu)訓 (Yale: kwu) in Gwangju Cheonjamun (光州千字文 / 광주천자문), 1575.
- Recorded as Middle Korean 구 (kwu)訓 (Yale: kwu) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ku]
- Phonetic hangul: [구]
Hanja
[edit]Compounds
[edit]- 구경 (九卿, gugyeong)
- 구경 (九經, gugyeong)
- 구계 (九界, gugye)
- 구곡 (九穀, gugok)
- 구덕 (九德, gudeok)
- 구동 (九冬, gudong)
- 구륜 (九輪, guryun)
- 구사 (九思, gusa)
- 구십 (九十, gusip)
- 구월 (九月, guwol)
- 구족 (九族, gujok)
- 구중 (九重, gujung)
- 구천 (九天, gucheon)
- 구천 (九泉, gucheon)
- 십구 (十九, sipgu)
- 중구 (重九, junggu)
- 구관조 (九官鳥, gugwanjo)
- 구미호 (九尾狐, gumiho)
- 정구품 (正九品, jeonggupum)
- 종구품 (從九品, jonggupum)
- 구구단 (九九段, gugudan)
- 일세구천 (一歲九遷, ilsegucheon)
- 일월구천 (一月九遷, irwolgucheon)
- 일일구천 (一日九遷, irilgucheon)
Etymology 2
[edit]Related to Middle Chinese 糾 (MC kjiwX).
Hanja
[edit]Compounds
[edit]References
[edit]- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [3]
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]九: Hán Việt readings: cửu[1][2]
九: Nôm readings: cửu[1][3][4]
Derived terms
[edit]- 九章 (cửu chương)
- 九角 (cửu giác)
- 九原 (cửu nguyên)
- 重九 (trùng cửu)
References
[edit]Zhuang
[edit]Noun
[edit]九
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- Japanese kanji with historical kan'on reading きう
- Japanese kanji with kun reading ここの
- Japanese kanji with kun reading ここの・つ
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading いちじく
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading いちのく
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