鹿
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Translingual
[edit]Stroke order | |||
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Han character
[edit]鹿 (Kangxi radical 198, 鹿+0, 11 strokes, cangjie input 戈難心 (IXP), four-corner 00211, composition ⿸⿸广⿻コ⿰丨丨比)
- Kangxi radical #198, ⿅.
Derived characters
[edit]- Appendix:Chinese radical/鹿
- 𬿚, 𭊛, 塶, 㜙, 𡼂, 㦇, 摝, 漉, 𤡊, 𣊈, 樚, 𣩏, 𪵡, 熝, 𤨞, 膔, 𥛞, 𥉶, 䃙, 𮃨, 䌒, 𦗓, 𦪇, 螰, 𧽥, 蹗, 轆(辘), 𨢷, 鏕, 𩌫, 騼(𫠋), 𩪉, 𩺮, 𪒏, 𪛓
- 鄜, 𢿇, 㼾, 𥀔, 𩔴, 塵, 𭗎, 𦄐, 𧐠, 鏖, 𩞇, 𧜫, 𪩏, 蔍, 䍡, 𦌏, 簏, 𩅄, 廘
References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 1508, character 14
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 47586
- Dae Jaweon: page 2036, character 14
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4727, character 1
- Unihan data for U+9E7F
Chinese
[edit]trad. | 鹿 | |
---|---|---|
simp. # | 鹿 | |
alternative forms | 𢉖 𮭱 |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/GOC_Woburn_029_P%C3%A8re_David%27s_Deer_%28Elaphurus_davidianus%29%2C_Woburn_Deer_Park_%2822540801604%29.jpg/220px-GOC_Woburn_029_P%C3%A8re_David%27s_Deer_%28Elaphurus_davidianus%29%2C_Woburn_Deer_Park_%2822540801604%29.jpg)
Glyph origin
[edit]Historical forms of the character 鹿 | |||
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Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Pictogram (象形) – a deer. Current form is highly abstracted – legs have transformed to 比 – note grouping of front and rear legs, which are bent – head has transformed to middle component (similar to 凸/曲), while antlers on top and extended lip/mouth on left transformed into 广. This transformation occurred during seal characters.
Contrast the very different development of 馬 (“horse”), and the transformation in 廌 (as in 薦), which has the head of 鹿 but the legs of 馬 (灬).
Etymology
[edit]Uncertain, though possibly Sino-Tibetan (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Northern Naga *gjuk "deer, sambar", from Proto-Tibeto-Burman *g-rjuk (French, 1983); Also according to French, Benedict relates the Tibeto-Burman item to Western Gurung [script needed] (gju, “sheep”), yet the Gurung item has an alternative explanation (compare Proto-Sino-Tibetan *luk (“sheep”)). Sagart (1999) relates this to 角 (OC *kroːɡ, “horn”). Baxter & Sagart (2014; 2020) compares this to Langjia Buyang /ma⁰ lɔk⁸/.
Note also Nùng klook (“deer”).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): nu2
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): luh6
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): lueh4
- Northern Min (KCR): lù
- Eastern Min (BUC): lĕ̤k / lṳ̆k
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 8loq
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): lou6
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄌㄨˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: lù
- Wade–Giles: lu4
- Yale: lù
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: luh
- Palladius: лу (lu)
- Sinological IPA (key): /lu⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: nu2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: lu
- Sinological IPA (key): /nu²¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: luk6-2 / luk6
- Yale: lúk / luhk
- Cantonese Pinyin: luk9-2 / luk9
- Guangdong Romanization: lug6-2 / lug6
- Sinological IPA (key): /lʊk̚²⁻³⁵/, /lʊk̚²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: luuk5 / luuk5*
- Sinological IPA (key): /lɵk̚³²/, /lɵk̚³²⁻³²⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: luh6
- Sinological IPA (key): /luʔ⁵/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lu̍k
- Hakka Romanization System: lug
- Hagfa Pinyim: lug6
- Sinological IPA: /luk̚⁵/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: lueh4
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /luəʔ²/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: lù
- Sinological IPA (key): /lu⁴²/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: lĕ̤k / lṳ̆k
- Sinological IPA (key): /l̃øyʔ⁵/, /l̃yʔ⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
- lĕ̤k - vernacular;
- lṳ̆k - literary.
- Southern Min
- Wu
- Xiang
- (Changsha)
- Wiktionary: lou6
- Sinological IPA (key): /ləu̯²⁴/
- (Changsha)
- Dialectal data
Variety | Location | 鹿 |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /lu⁵¹/ |
Harbin | /lu⁵³/ | |
Tianjin | /lu⁵³/ | |
Jinan | /lu²¹/ | |
Qingdao | /lu²⁴/ | |
Zhengzhou | /lu²⁴/ | |
Xi'an | /lu²¹/ | |
Xining | /lv̩⁴⁴/ | |
Yinchuan | /lu¹³/ | |
Lanzhou | /lu¹³/ | |
Ürümqi | /lu²¹³/ | |
Wuhan | /nəu²¹³/ | |
Chengdu | /nu³¹/ | |
Guiyang | /nu²¹/ | |
Kunming | /lu³¹/ | |
Nanjing | /luʔ⁵/ | |
Hefei | /luəʔ⁵/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /luəʔ²/ |
Pingyao | /luʌʔ⁵³/ | |
Hohhot | /luəʔ⁴³/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /loʔ¹/ |
Suzhou | /loʔ³/ | |
Hangzhou | /loʔ²/ | |
Wenzhou | /lɤu²¹³/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /lu²²/ |
Tunxi | /ləu¹¹/ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /ləu²⁴/ |
Xiangtan | /nəɯ²⁴/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /luʔ⁵/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /luk̚⁵/ |
Taoyuan | /luk̚⁵⁵/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /lok̚²/ |
Nanning | /luk̚²²/ | |
Hong Kong | /luk̚²/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /lɔk̚⁵/ |
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /løyʔ⁵/ | |
Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /lu⁴²/ | |
Shantou (Teochew) | /tek̚⁵/ | |
Haikou (Hainanese) | /lok̚⁵/ /ʔdiak̚³/ |
- Middle Chinese: luwk
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*mə-rˤok/
- (Zhengzhang): /*b·roːɡ/
Definitions
[edit]鹿
- deer (Classifier: 隻/只 m c mn; 頭/头 m)
- 林有樸樕,野有死鹿。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Lín yǒu pǔsù, yě yǒu sǐ lù. [Pinyin]
- In the forest there are the scrubby oaks; in the wild there is a dead deer.
林有朴樕,野有死鹿。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (literary or in compounds, figurative) political power
- 秦失其鹿,天下共逐之,於是高材疾足者先得焉。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
- Qín shī qí lù, tiānxià gòng zhú zhī, yúshì gāocái jízú zhě xiān dé yān. [Pinyin]
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
秦失其鹿,天下共逐之,于是高材疾足者先得焉。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- a surname
Synonyms
[edit]- (deer):
Compounds
[edit]- 中原逐鹿
- 共挽鹿車/共挽鹿车
- 即鹿無虞/即鹿无虞
- 囷鹿
- 失鹿
- 小鹿兒/小鹿儿
- 尖鹿 (Jiānlù)
- 指鹿為馬/指鹿为马 (zhǐlùwéimǎ)
- 撲鹿/扑鹿
- 斬蛇逐鹿/斩蛇逐鹿
- 梅花鹿 (méihuālù)
- 水鹿 (shuǐlù)
- 沙鹿 (Shālù)
- 涿鹿 (Zhuōlù)
- 涿鹿之戰/涿鹿之战
- 涿鹿山
- 爭鹿/争鹿
- 白脣鹿/白唇鹿 (báichúnlù)
- 白鹿 (Báilù)
- 白鹿洞
- 白鹿紙/白鹿纸
- 腫骨鹿/肿骨鹿
- 船沉鉅鹿/船沉钜鹿
- 蕉鹿夢/蕉鹿梦
- 覆蕉尋鹿/覆蕉寻鹿
- 覆鹿尋蕉/覆鹿寻蕉
- 覆鹿遺蕉/覆鹿遗蕉
- 逐鹿 (zhúlù)
- 逐鹿中原 (zhúlùzhōngyuán)
- 重赴鹿鳴/重赴鹿鸣
- 鉅鹿之戰/钜鹿之战
- 鉅鹿/钜鹿 (Jùlù)
- 鑿空指鹿/凿空指鹿
- 長頸鹿/长颈鹿 (chángjǐnglù)
- 雞鹿塞/鸡鹿塞
- 馴鹿/驯鹿 (xùnlù)
- 駝鹿/驼鹿 (tuólù)
- 鴻案鹿車/鸿案鹿车
- 鹿兒島/鹿儿岛 (Lù'érdǎo)
- 鹿場/鹿场
- 鹿寨 (lùzhài)
- 鹿巾 (lùjīn)
- 鹿柴 (lùzhài)
- 鹿死誰手/鹿死谁手
- 鹿港 (Lùgǎng, “Lukang”)
- 鹿特丹 (Lùtèdān)
- 鹿皮冠 (lùpíguān)
- 鹿盧/鹿卢
- 鹿砦/鹿寨 (lùzhài)
- 鹿脯
- 鹿臺/鹿台
- 鹿茸 (lùróng)
- 鹿草 (Lùcǎo)
- 鹿草鄉/鹿草乡
- 鹿藿
- 鹿裘不完
- 鹿角 (lùjiǎo)
- 鹿角畫/鹿角画
- 鹿角菜
- 鹿谷 (Lùgǔ)
- 鹿谷鄉/鹿谷乡
- 鹿豕
- 鹿車/鹿车
- 鹿車共挽/鹿车共挽
- 鹿野鄉/鹿野乡
- 鹿門采藥/鹿门采药
- 鹿頂/鹿顶
- 鹿頭/鹿头 (lùtóu)
- 鹿駭/鹿骇 (lùhài)
- 鹿鳴/鹿鸣
- 鹿鳴宴/鹿鸣宴 (lùmíngyàn)
- 麀鹿 (yōulù)
- 麋鹿 (mílù)
- 麋鹿之性
- 麑鹿 (nílù)
References
[edit]- “Entry #8086”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2023.
- “Entry #3776”, in 重編國語辭典修訂本 [Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary] (in Chinese), National Academy for Educational Research (Taiwan), 2021.
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]Readings
[edit]- Go-on: ろく (roku)
- Kan-on: ろく (roku)
- Kun: か (ka, 鹿, Jōyō †); しか (shika, 鹿, Jōyō); かせぎ (kasegi, 鹿); かのしし (kanoshishi, 鹿); しし (shishi, 鹿)
Compounds
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Kanji in this term |
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鹿 |
しか Grade: 4 |
kun'yomi |
/seka/ → /sika/
From Old Japanese. Originally a compound of 夫 (se, “male”) + 鹿 (ka, “deer”), in contrast to 女鹿 (meka, “female deer”, archaic).[1][2]
First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Tokyo) しか [sh
ìká] (Heiban – [0])[2][3] - (Tokyo) しか [sh
ìkáꜜ] (Odaka – [2])[2][3][4] - IPA(key): [ɕi̥ka̠]
Audio: (file)
Noun
[edit]- deer
- 奈良公園には鹿しかいない。
- Nara kōen ni wa shika shika inai.
- There is nothing but deer in Nara Park.
- 奈良公園には鹿しかいない。
- (historical) prostitute in the Osaka licensed quarter whose fee was 16 momme; the grade below the 太夫 (tayū), and the 天神 (tenjin)
- See also: Thesaurus:娼婦
Usage notes
[edit]- As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as シカ.
Idioms
[edit]- 鹿を逐う者は山を見ず (shika o ou mono wa yama o mizu): “someone chasing a deer doesn't see the mountain” → a metaphor for how someone who is fixed on a target can be oblivious to the challenges in the way
Descendants
[edit]- ⇒ English: sika deer
Etymology 2
[edit]Kanji in this term |
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鹿 |
か Grade: 4 |
kun'yomi |
From Old Japanese. Found in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]- 鹿沼 (Kanuma): Kanuma, Tochigi
Etymology 3
[edit]Kanji in this term |
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鹿 |
かせぎ Grade: 4 |
kun'yomi |
From Old Japanese. From the resemblance to a 桛木 (kasegi, “cross-shaped spindle; a branching point in a tree”).
First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]- (archaic) deer
- 1212: Hōjōki
- 山鳥のほろと鳴くを聞きても、父か母かと疑ひ、峰のかせぎの近くなれたるにつけても、世に遠ざかるほどを知る。
- Yamadori no horo to naku o kikite mo, chichi ka haha ka to utagahi, mine no kasegi no chikaku naretaru ni tsukete mo, yo ni tōzakaru hodo oshiru.
- Hearing the horo call of the mountain pheasant, wondering if it were my father or mother [calling from beyond the grave], and seeing how the deer on the ridge are so tame that they come close by, all of it shows me how far away I am from the world.
- 山鳥のほろと鳴くを聞きても、父か母かと疑ひ、峰のかせぎの近くなれたるにつけても、世に遠ざかるほどを知る。
- 1212: Hōjōki
Etymology 4
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
鹿 |
かのしし Grade: 4 |
kun'yomi |
Alternative spellings |
---|
鹿の肉 鹿肉 |
From Old Japanese. Originally a compound of 鹿 (ka, “deer”) + の (possessive particle) + 肉 (shishi, “meat, flesh”).[5][2]
First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.[5]
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Tokyo) かのしし [kànóshíshí] (Heiban – [0])[4]
- (Tokyo) かのしし [kànóshíꜜshì] (Nakadaka – [3])[4]
- IPA(key): [ka̠no̞ɕiɕi]
Noun
[edit]鹿 • (kanoshishi)
Etymology 5
[edit]Kanji in this term |
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鹿 |
しし Grade: 4 |
kun'yomi |
Alternative spellings |
---|
獣 猪 |
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *sisi. Cognate with 肉 (shishi, “meat of a beast”).[6]
First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.[6]
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]- (archaic) a beast (used for its meat, such as a boar or a deer)
- Short for 猪武者 (inoshishi musha): a reckless warrior
- Short for 鹿狩り (shishi-gari): a deer hunter
- (slang) a female attendant at a bathhouse or hot spring
- (slang, archaic) a female prostitute at a bathhouse or hot spring
- Synonyms: see Thesaurus:娼婦
Usage notes
[edit]- The beast sense is more commonly spelled 獣.
Etymology 6
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
鹿 |
ろく Grade: 4 |
on'yomi |
From Middle Chinese 鹿 (MC luwk). Compare modern Min Nan reading lo̍k.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]References
[edit]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 “鹿”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 “鹿・鹿肉”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][2] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 “獣・猪・鹿”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][3] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000
- Ichiko, Teiji (1212) Hōjōki (Shintei), Iwanami Shoten, published 1989, →ISBN
- Nishio, Minoru (1957) Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei: Hōjōki, Tsurezuregusa, Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
Korean
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle Chinese 鹿 (MC luwk). Recorded as Middle Korean 록〮 (lwók) (Yale: lwok) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
Hanja
[edit]鹿 (eumhun 사슴 록 (saseum rok), word-initial (South Korea) 사슴 녹 (saseum nok))
Compounds
[edit]References
[edit]- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [4]
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]Compounds
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- Japanese terms spelled with 鹿 read as かのしし
- Japanese terms spelled with 鹿 read as しし
- Japanese terms inherited from Proto-Japonic
- Japanese terms derived from Proto-Japonic
- Japanese short forms
- Japanese slang
- Japanese terms spelled with 鹿 read as ろく
- Japanese terms read with on'yomi
- Japanese terms derived from Middle Chinese
- ja:Cervids
- Korean terms derived from Middle Chinese
- Middle Korean hanja
- Korean lemmas
- Korean hanja
- Korean hanja forms
- Vietnamese lemmas
- Vietnamese Han characters
- Vietnamese Chữ Hán
- CJKV radicals