天竺

Chinese

		phonetic
trad. (天竺)		天	竺
simp. #(天竺)		天	竺
alternative forms		天篤／天笃 天毒 天督 身毒 捐毒 天篤／天笃 天毒 天督 身毒 捐毒 賢豆／贤豆

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): Tiānzhú

  (Zhuyin): ㄊㄧㄢ ㄓㄨˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): tin¹ zuk¹
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): Thian-tiok
• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹thi-tsoq

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: Tiānzhú
    • Zhuyin: ㄊㄧㄢ ㄓㄨˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: Tianjhú
    • Wade–Giles: Tʻien¹-chu²
    • Yale: Tyān-jú
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Tianjwu
    • Palladius: Тяньчжу (Tjanʹčžu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: tin¹ zuk¹
    • Yale: tīn jūk
    • Cantonese Pinyin: tin¹ dzuk⁷
    • Guangdong Romanization: tin¹ zug¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sʊk̚⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Thian-tiok
    • Tâi-lô: Thian-tiok
    • Phofsit Daibuun: tiendiog
    • IPA (Xiamen): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tiɔk̚³²/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰiɛn³³ tiɔk̚⁵/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tiɔk̚³²/
    • IPA (Taipei): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɔk̚³²/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɔk̚³²/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ¹thi-tsoq
    • MiniDict: thi^平 tsoh
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹thi-tsoq
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /tʰi⁵⁵ t͡soʔ²¹/

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• Middle Chinese: then trjuwk

Rime
Character	天	竺
Reading #	1/1	2/3
Initial (聲)	透 (6)	知 (9)
Final (韻)	先 (85)	屋 (4)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	IV	III
Fanqie	他前切	張六切
Baxter	then	trjuwk
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tʰen/	/ʈɨuk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/tʰen/	/ʈiuk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/tʰɛn/	/ȶiuk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/tʰɛn/	/ʈuwk̚/
Li Rong	/tʰen/	/ȶiuk̚/
Wang Li	/tʰien/	/ȶĭuk̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/tʰien/	/ȶi̯uk̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	tiān	zhu
Expected Cantonese Reflex	tin1	zuk1

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*qʰl'iːn  tuɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	天	天
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	tiān	xiān
Middle Chinese	‹ then ›	‹ xen ›
Old Chinese	/*l̥ˁi[n]/	/*l̥ˁi[n]/ (W dialect: l̥ˁ- > Hàn-time *xˁ- > MC x-)
English	heaven	heaven
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	天	竺
Reading #	1/1	3/3
No.	12387	17589
Phonetic component	天	竹
Rime group	眞	覺
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	天	竹
Old Chinese	/*qʰl'iːn/	/*tuɡ/
Notes		天竺譯hinduka

Etymology 1

First recorded use in the Book of Later Han, compiled in the 5th century. Itself a transcription of Old Persian [script needed] (*Hinduka-) (Pulleyblank, 1962, Coblin, 1983), hypocoristic of 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 (hiⁿduš, “people living beyond the Indus”). Compare 身毒 (Juāndú).

Proper noun

天竺

1. (～國) (archaic) India

Synonyms

• 身毒 (Juāndú), 賢豆／贤豆 (Xiándòu), 狷篤／狷笃, 乾篤／干笃, (modern) 印度 (Yìndù)

Derived terms

• 三天竺
• 中天竺
• 五天竺 (Wǔtiānzhú)
• 南天竺 (nántiānzhú)
• 天竺國／天竺国
• 天竺子
• 天竺山
• 天竺書／天竺书
• 天竺江
• 天竺牡丹 (tiānzhú mǔdān)
• 天竺葵
• 天竺鯛／天竺鲷
• 天竺鼠 (tiānzhúshǔ)
• 安南通天竺道

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (天竺):

• → Japanese: 天(てん)竺(じく) (tenjiku)
• → Okinawan: 天(てぃん)竺(じく) (tinjiku)
• → Korean: 천축(天竺) (cheonchuk)
• → Vietnamese: Thiên Trúc (天竺)

Etymology 2

Per 《北京市顺义县地名志》:

In Liao dynasty, there is a place named 天柱莊:

• https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B740: 順州，歸化軍，中，刺史。……城東北有華林、天柱二莊，遼建涼殿，春賞花，夏納涼。

In Qing dynasty, the village is renamed to 天竺, since they have similar pronunciation.

Proper noun

天竺

1. (～地區) Tianzhu Area (an area in Shunyi District, Beijing, China)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
天	竺
てん Grade: 1	じく Jinmeiyō
on'yomi

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) てんじく [téꜜǹjìkù] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [tẽ̞ɲ̟d͡ʑikɯ̟]

Etymology 1

/tendiku/ → /tend͡ʑiku/

From Middle Chinese 天竺 (MC then trjuwk), a transcription from either of the following:

• Old Persian *Hind-uka ("people living beyond the Indus") an alternative of *Hinduš (“Indus, people of the Indus”)
• Sanskrit सिन्धु (Sindhu, “the country of the Indus river, India (later, after Herodotus)”)

First mentioned in the 後漢書 (Gokansho, “Book of the Later Han”), in volume 88, the 西域伝 (Saiiki Den, “Treatise on the Western Regions”).

Proper noun

天(てん)竺(じく) • (Tenjiku) ^{←てんぢく (Tendiku)?}

1. (archaic) India

Synonyms

• インド (Indo)
• 身(しん)毒(どく) (Shindoku)

Prefix

天(てん)竺(じく) • (Tenjiku) ^{←てんぢく (tendiku-)?}

1. foreign or exotic
2. overly spicy or hot

Usage notes

The prefix senses appear to have arisen after European traders arrived in Japan, by way of India.

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 天(てん)竺(じく)葵(あおい) (Tenjiku aoi): an “Indian hollyhock or mallow” → a geranium
• 天(てん)竺(じく)織(おり) (tenjiku ori): “Indian weaving” → a kind of thick woven cloth featuring various designs of birds, people, and other motifs
• 天(てん)竺(じく)花(か) (Tenjiku ka): an “Indian flower” → alternate for 萩 (hagi, “bush clover”)
• 天(てん)竺(じく)楽(がく) (Tenjiku gaku): “Indian music” → those pieces of 雅楽 (gagaku, “ancient court music”) originating from India
• 天(てん)竺(じく)鮫(ざめ) (Tenjiku-zame): an “Indian shark” → a wobbegong, a shark of family Orectolobidae
• 天(てん)竺(じく)鯛(だい) (Tenjiku-dai): an “Indian sea bream” → a kind of cardinalfish, Apogon lineatus
• 天(てん)竺(じく)茄子(なすび) (Tenjiku nasubi): “Indian eggplant” → alternate for 朝鮮朝顔 (Chōsen asagao, literally “Korean morning glory”): the devil's trumpet or metel, Datura metel
• 天(てん)竺(じく)鼠(ねずみ) (Tenjiku nezumi): an “Indian rat” → a guinea pig, a cavy
• 天(てん)竺(じく)醤(ひしお) (Tenjiku hishio): “Indian sauce” → a kind of spicy uncooked miso
• 天(てん)竺(じく)菩(ぼ)提(だい)樹(じゅ) (Tenjiku bodaiju): “Indian linden tree” → the bodhi tree, Ficus religiosa
• 天(てん)竺(じく)牡(ぼ)丹(たん) (Tenjiku botan): an “Indian peony” → a dahlia
• 天(てん)竺(じく)豆(まめ) (Tenjiku mame): “Indian bean” → alternate for 八升豆 (hasshō mame): the velvet bean, Mucuna pruriens
• 天(てん)竺(じく)守(まもり) (Tenjiku mamori): “Indian protector, Indian charm” → alternate for 八房 (yatsubusa), the fasciculatum variety of Capsicum annuum (chili pepper)
• 天(てん)竺(じく)味(み)噌(そ) (Tenjiku miso): “Indian miso” → spicy miso
• 天(てん)竺(じく)木(も)綿(めん) (Tenjiku momen): “Indian cotton” → thickly woven cotton sheeting
• 天(てん)竺(じく)様(よう) (Tenjiku yō): “Indian style” → a style of Buddhist temple architecture imported from the Southern Song Dynasty during the Kamakura period

Etymology 2

By extension from the 天 character (“sky, heavens”), and possibly by association with the Himalayas.

Noun

天(てん)竺(じく) • (tenjiku) 

1. the sky, the heavens
2. a high place, the top of something, a summit

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 天(てん)竺(じく)豆(まめ) (tenjiku mame): “sky bean” → alternate for 空豆 (sora mame): the broad bean or fava bean, Vicia faba
• 天(てん)竺(じく)浪(ろう)人(にん) (tenjiku rōnin): a vagrant, a wanderer (The 天竺 portion of this term is purely slang, a play on the term 逐電 (chikuden, “running away, absconding”, literally “chasing lightning”).)

Korean

Hanja in this term
天	竺

Proper noun

天竺 • (Cheonchuk) (hangeul 천축)

1. hanja form^? of 천축 (“India”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
天	竺

Proper noun

天竺

1. chữ Hán form of Thiên Trúc (“India”).