जल

See also: ज़ल, जेल, जाली, जाल, and জল

Bhojpuri

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit जल (jala)

Noun

जल (jal) m (Kaithi 𑂔𑂪)

1. water

Hindi

Pronunciation

• (Delhi) IPA^(key): /d͡ʒəl/, [d͡ʒɐl]
• Rhymes: -əl

Etymology 1

Inherited from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀚𑀮 (jala), from जल (jalá).

Noun

जल • (jal) m (Urdu spelling جل)

1. water

   Synonyms: आब (āb), पानी (pānī)

Declension

Declension of जल (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	जल jal	जल jal
oblique	जल jal	जलों jalõ
vocative	जल jal	जलो jalo

Related terms

• जल चक्र (jal cakra)
• जलकर (jalkar)
• जलघुमर (jalghumar)
• जलचालित (jalcālit)
• जलडाकू (jalḍākū)
• जलधि (jaldhi)
• जलनिकासी (jalnikāsī)
• जलपरी (jalaprī)
• जलविभाजन (jalvibhājan)
• जलसिंह (jalsĩh)
• भूजल (bhūjal)

 

Etymology 2

Verb

जल • (jal)

1. inflection of जलना (jalnā):
   1. stem
   2. second-person singular intimate present imperative

Marathi

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit जल (jala). Doublet of जळ (jaḷ).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d͡ʑəl/

Noun

जल • (jal) n

1. (Chemistry) water

   Synonyms: पाणी (pāṇī), उदक (udak), तोय (toy), नीर (nīr)

Declension

Declension of जल (neut cons-stem)
direct singular	जल jal
direct plural	जले, जलं jale, jala
	singular एकवचन		plural अनेकवचन
nominative प्रथमा	जल jal		जले, जलं jale, jala
oblique सामान्यरूप	जला jalā		जलां- jalān-
acc. / dative द्वितीया / चतुर्थी	जलाला jalālā		जलांना jalānnā
ergative	जलाने, जलानं jalāne, jalāna		जलांनी jalānnī
instrumental	जलाशी jalāśī		जलांशी jalānśī
locative सप्तमी	जलात jalāt		जलांत jalāt
vocative संबोधन	जला jalā		जलांनो jalānno
Oblique Note: The oblique case precedes all postpositions. There is no space between the stem and the postposition. Locative Note: -त (-ta) is a postposition.

Genitive declension of जल (neut cons-stem)
	masculine object पुल्लिंगी कर्म		feminine object स्त्रीलिंगी कर्म		neuter object नपुसकलिंगी कर्म		oblique सामान्यरूप
	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन	singular* एकवचन	plural अनेकवचन
singular subject एकवचनी कर्ता	जलाचा jalāċā	जलाचे jalāċe	जलाची jalācī	जलाच्या jalācā	जलाचे, जलाचं jalāċe, jalāċa	जलाची jalācī	जलाच्या jalācā
plural subject अनेकवचनी कर्ता	जलांचा jalānċā	जलांचे jalānċe	जलांची jalāñcī	जलांच्या jalāncā	जलांचे, जलांचं jalānċe, jalānċa	जलांची jalāñcī	जलांच्या jalāñcā
* Note: Word-final ए (e) in neuter words is alternatively written with the anusvara and pronounced as अ (a). Oblique Note: For most postpostions, the oblique genitive can be optionally inserted between the stem and the postposition.

Derived terms

• भूजल (bhūjal, “groundwater”)

 

References

• Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983) “जल”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies

Nepali

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit जल (jalá).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [d͡zʌl]
• Phonetic Devanagari: जल्

Noun

जल • (jal)

1. water

   Synonym: पानी (pānī)

Pali

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

• jala (Latin script)
• 𑀚𑀮 (Brahmi script)
• জল (Bengali script)
• ජල (Sinhalese script)
• ဇလ or ၹလ (Burmese script)
• ชล or ชะละ (Thai script)
• ᨩᩃ (Tai Tham script)
• ຊລ or ຊະລະ (Lao script)
• ជល (Khmer script)
• 𑄎𑄣 (Chakma script)

Noun

जल n

1. Devanagari script form of jala (“water”)

Declension

Declension table of "जल" (neuter)

Case \ Number	Singular	Plural
Nominative (first)	जलं (jalaṃ)	जलानि (jalāni)
Accusative (second)	जलं (jalaṃ)	जलानि (jalāni)
Instrumental (third)	जलेन (jalena)	जलेहि (jalehi) or जलेभि (jalebhi)
Dative (fourth)	जलस्स (jalassa) or जलाय (jalāya) or जलत्थं (jalatthaṃ)	जलानं (jalānaṃ)
Ablative (fifth)	जलस्मा (jalasmā) or जलम्हा (jalamhā) or जला (jalā)	जलेहि (jalehi) or जलेभि (jalebhi)
Genitive (sixth)	जलस्स (jalassa)	जलानं (jalānaṃ)
Locative (seventh)	जलस्मिं (jalasmiṃ) or जलम्हि (jalamhi) or जले (jale)	जलेसु (jalesu)
Vocative (calling)	जल (jala)	जलानि (jalāni)

Sanskrit

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

• জল (Assamese script)
• ᬚᬮ (Balinese script)
• জল (Bengali script)
• 𑰕𑰩 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀚𑀮 (Brahmi script)
• ဇလ (Burmese script)
• જલ (Gujarati script)
• ਜਲ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌜𑌲 (Grantha script)
• ꦗꦭ (Javanese script)
• 𑂔𑂪 (Kaithi script)
• ಜಲ (Kannada script)
• ជល (Khmer script)
• ຊລ (Lao script)
• ജല (Malayalam script)
• ᡯᠠᠯᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘕𑘩 (Modi script)
• ᠽᠠᠯᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑦵𑧉 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐖𑐮 (Newa script)
• ଜଲ (Odia script)
• ꢙꢭ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆘𑆬 (Sharada script)
• 𑖕𑖩 (Siddham script)
• ජල (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩣𑩽 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚑𑚥 (Takri script)
• ஜல (Tamil script)
• జల (Telugu script)
• ชล (Thai script)
• ཛ་ལ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒖𑒪 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨥𑨬 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology 1

From जल् (jal, “to be sharp; to be stiff or dull”).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /d͡ʑɐ.lɐ́/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ˈd͡ʑɐ.l̪ɐ/

Adjective

जल • (jalá) stem

1. stupid, unintelligent, dumb

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of जल (jalá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	जलः jaláḥ	जलौ / जला¹ jalaú / jalā́¹	जलाः / जलासः¹ jalā́ḥ / jalā́saḥ¹
Vocative	जल jála	जलौ / जला¹ jálau / jálā¹	जलाः / जलासः¹ jálāḥ / jálāsaḥ¹
Accusative	जलम् jalám	जलौ / जला¹ jalaú / jalā́¹	जलान् jalā́n
Instrumental	जलेन jaléna	जलाभ्याम् jalā́bhyām	जलैः / जलेभिः¹ jalaíḥ / jalébhiḥ¹
Dative	जलाय jalā́ya	जलाभ्याम् jalā́bhyām	जलेभ्यः jalébhyaḥ
Ablative	जलात् jalā́t	जलाभ्याम् jalā́bhyām	जलेभ्यः jalébhyaḥ
Genitive	जलस्य jalásya	जलयोः jaláyoḥ	जलानाम् jalā́nām
Locative	जले jalé	जलयोः jaláyoḥ	जलेषु jaléṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of जला (jalā́)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	जला jalā́	जले jalé	जलाः jalā́ḥ
Vocative	जले jále	जले jále	जलाः jálāḥ
Accusative	जलाम् jalā́m	जले jalé	जलाः jalā́ḥ
Instrumental	जलया / जला¹ jaláyā / jalā́¹	जलाभ्याम् jalā́bhyām	जलाभिः jalā́bhiḥ
Dative	जलायै jalā́yai	जलाभ्याम् jalā́bhyām	जलाभ्यः jalā́bhyaḥ
Ablative	जलायाः / जलायै² jalā́yāḥ / jalā́yai²	जलाभ्याम् jalā́bhyām	जलाभ्यः jalā́bhyaḥ
Genitive	जलायाः / जलायै² jalā́yāḥ / jalā́yai²	जलयोः jaláyoḥ	जलानाम् jalā́nām
Locative	जलायाम् jalā́yām	जलयोः jaláyoḥ	जलासु jalā́su
Notes	¹Vedic ²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter a-stem declension of जल (jalá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	जलम् jalám	जले jalé	जलानि / जला¹ jalā́ni / jalā́¹
Vocative	जल jála	जले jále	जलानि / जला¹ jálāni / jálā¹
Accusative	जलम् jalám	जले jalé	जलानि / जला¹ jalā́ni / jalā́¹
Instrumental	जलेन jaléna	जलाभ्याम् jalā́bhyām	जलैः / जलेभिः¹ jalaíḥ / jalébhiḥ¹
Dative	जलाय jalā́ya	जलाभ्याम् jalā́bhyām	जलेभ्यः jalébhyaḥ
Ablative	जलात् jalā́t	जलाभ्याम् jalā́bhyām	जलेभ्यः jalébhyaḥ
Genitive	जलस्य jalásya	जलयोः jaláyoḥ	जलानाम् jalā́nām
Locative	जले jalé	जलयोः jaláyoḥ	जलेषु jaléṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Noun

जल • (jalá) stem, m

1. a stupid man, idiot

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of जल (jalá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	जलः jaláḥ	जलौ / जला¹ jalaú / jalā́¹	जलाः / जलासः¹ jalā́ḥ / jalā́saḥ¹
Vocative	जल jála	जलौ / जला¹ jálau / jálā¹	जलाः / जलासः¹ jálāḥ / jálāsaḥ¹
Accusative	जलम् jalám	जलौ / जला¹ jalaú / jalā́¹	जलान् jalā́n
Instrumental	जलेन jaléna	जलाभ्याम् jalā́bhyām	जलैः / जलेभिः¹ jalaíḥ / jalébhiḥ¹
Dative	जलाय jalā́ya	जलाभ्याम् jalā́bhyām	जलेभ्यः jalébhyaḥ
Ablative	जलात् jalā́t	जलाभ्याम् jalā́bhyām	जलेभ्यः jalébhyaḥ
Genitive	जलस्य jalásya	जलयोः jaláyoḥ	जलानाम् jalā́nām
Locative	जले jalé	जलयोः jaláyoḥ	जलेषु jaléṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Etymology 2

Of unclear origin. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gʷelHo-, from *gʷel- (“to dribble; gush forth; spring; squirt; throw”), and thus cognate with गल् (gal, “to drip”) and German quellen (“(of water) to well, issue forth”). A local substrate origin is possible, though quite unlikely due to the word being attested in Vedic texts and lacking typical substrate features (e.g. retroflexion, variation between aspirated and deaspirated forms). Related to Vedic Sanskrit जलाष (jalāṣa), of uncertain meaning; not related to Latin gelū (“frost”).

Noun

जल • (jalá) stem, n

1. water

   Synonyms: see Thesaurus:जल

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of जल (jalá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	जलम् jalám	जले jalé	जलानि / जला¹ jalā́ni / jalā́¹
Vocative	जल jála	जले jále	जलानि / जला¹ jálāni / jálā¹
Accusative	जलम् jalám	जले jalé	जलानि / जला¹ jalā́ni / jalā́¹
Instrumental	जलेन jaléna	जलाभ्याम् jalā́bhyām	जलैः / जलेभिः¹ jalaíḥ / jalébhiḥ¹
Dative	जलाय jalā́ya	जलाभ्याम् jalā́bhyām	जलेभ्यः jalébhyaḥ
Ablative	जलात् jalā́t	जलाभ्याम् jalā́bhyām	जलेभ्यः jalébhyaḥ
Genitive	जलस्य jalásya	जलयोः jaláyoḥ	जलानाम् jalā́nām
Locative	जले jalé	जलयोः jaláyoḥ	जलेषु jaléṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Synonyms

• पानीय (pānīya)

Descendants

• Prakrit: 𑀚𑀮 (jala)
  • Assamese: জল (zol)
  • Bengali: জল (jol)
  • Dardic:
    • Kashmiri: زَل (zal, “urine”)
  • Hindustani:

    Hindi: जल (jal)

    Urdu: جل

  • Marathi: जल (jal)
  • Nepali: जल (jal)
  • Pali: jala
  • Punjabi:

    Gurmukhi script: ਜਲ (jal)

    Shahmukhi script: جل (jal)

  • Sylheti: ꠎꠟ (zol)
• Pali: jala
  • → Thai: ชล (chon)
  • → Khmer: ជល (cɔɔl)
• → Kannada: ಜಲ (jala)
• → Malayalam: ജലം (jalaṁ)
• → Tamil: ஜலம் (jalam)
• → Telugu: జలము (jalamu)
• → Sinhalese: ජලය (jalaya)

References

• Monier Williams (1899) “जल”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 414/2.
• Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) “jarbhárī - jálāṣa-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 579
• Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956) “jartaḥ — jalūkā”, in Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary]‎^[2] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 423