ém

See also: Appendix:Variations of "em"

Old Irish

Alternative forms

• ǽm (Würzburg and Milan glosses)
• ám (St. Gall glosses and Tallaght monasterial diaries)
• éim

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [eːβ̃], [eːβ̃ʲ]

Particle

ém

1. indeed, for sure, truly
   • c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 2^c4

     Cain ro·noíbad Abracham tri hiris? In tree ǽm didiu fa nacc?

     Hasn’t Abraham been sanctified through faith? Through it then indeed or not?

Usage notes

Used to affirmatively reinforce a statement in which this particle is inserted.

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 éim, ém”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 ám”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
• Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940) D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, § 880, page 549; reprinted 2017

Vietnamese

Etymology

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 掩 (SV: yểm). Compare ẻm, a dialectal synonym.

Pronunciation

• (Hà Nội) IPA^(key): [ʔɛm˧˦]
• (Huế) IPA^(key): [ʔɛm˦˧˥]
• (Saigon) IPA^(key): [ʔɛm˦˥]

Verb

ém

1. to hide, to conceal, to keep quiet

Derived terms

• ém dẹm
• ém nhẹm