Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/tewh₂-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*tewh₂-

1. to swell; to become big or fat
2. to be numerous, crowd
3. to be strong

Extensions

• *tewh₂-bʰ-
  • ⇒ *téwh₂-bʰ-os ~ *tuh₂-bʰ-és-
    • Proto-Italic: *tūβos
      • Latin: tūber (see there for further descendants)
        • ⇒ Latin: prōtūberō (“to bulge up”), extūberō (“to bulge out”) (see there for further descendants)
  • ⇒ *túh₂-bʰ-eh₂
    • Proto-Hellenic: *tū́pʰā
      • Ancient Greek: τῡ́φη (tū́phē) (see there for further descendants)
  • ⇒ *téwh₂-bʰ-Hō ~ *tuh₂-bʰ-Hnés
    • Proto-Germanic: *þūbǭ
      • Old Norse: þúfa (“mound”) (see there for further descendants)

• >? *tuh₂-k- >? *tewk-
  • ⇒  ?
    • Proto-Italic: / Proto-Celtic: ?
      • →? Latin: tucca (see there for further descendants)
        • ⇒ Latin: tūcētum, tuccētum (see there for further descendants)
      • →? Umbrian: toco
  • ⇒ *towh₂k-ó-s
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *tauˀkás
      • Proto-Slavic: *tȗkъ (“fat”) (see there for further descendants)

• >? *tuh₂-m- >? *tum-
  • ⇒ *tuh₂m-on-
    • >? Proto-Germanic: *þūmô (see there for further descendants)

• *tuh₂-r-
  • ⇒ *tuh₂-r-g-
    • >? Proto-Italic: *turgēō
      • Latin: turgeō (see there for further descendants)

• *tuh₂-s-
  • ⇒? *tuHsont- (“thousand”)

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *tewh₂- (19 c, 0 e)

• *twe-tówh₂-e ~ *twe-tuh₂-ḗr (reduplicated stative)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tutā́wa
    • Proto-Iranian: *tutā́wa
      • Avestan: 𐬙𐬎𐬙𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀 (tutauua, “to be able”)

• *towh₂-éye-ti (causative)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *táwīˀtei
    • Proto-Slavic: *toviti (“to fatten, cause to gain weight”) (see there for further descendants)

• *téwh₂-ti (athematic root present)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Slavic: *tỳti (“to become fat, gain weight”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táHuti (with laryngeal metathesis?)
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *táHuti
      • Sanskrit: तौति (tauti, “to get strong; to gain authority”)

• *téwh₂-mn̥
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táwHma
    • Proto-Iranian: *táwHma
      • Old Persian: [script needed] (tauman-, “strength, power, wealth”)

• *tḗwh₂-s ~ *téwh₂-s (root noun)
  • ⇒ *téwh₂s-ih₂
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *táwHsiH (“strength, power”) (see there for further descendants)

• *tḗwh₂-ō ~ *tuh₂-nés
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tā́wā ~ *tāwnás
    • Proto-Iranian: *tā́wā ~ *tāwnáh
      • ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *hwatā́wā ~ *hwatāwnás (see there for further descendants)

• ⇒? *tew(h₂)-téh₂ (“crowd, tribe, people”)

• *túh₂-lo-
  • Proto-Albanian:
    • Albanian: tul (“flesh, pulp; crumb”)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Lithuanian: tū́las (“several”)
    • Old Prussian: tūlan (“much”)
    • Proto-Slavic: *tỳlъ (“occiput, nape”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Celtic:
    • Old Irish:
      • Middle Irish:
        • Irish: tulach (“hillock”)
    • Proto-Brythonic:
      • Middle Welsh: twl
        • Welsh: twl (“round elevation”)
  • >? Proto-Hellenic: *tū́los
    • Ancient Greek: τῡ́λος (tū́los), τῡ́λη (tū́lē)
  • >? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *túHlas
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *túHlas
      • Sanskrit: तूल (tūla, “tuft of grass or reeds”)
  • >? Proto-Italic:
    • >? Latin: tullius (“gushing water, waterfall”), ? Tullus, Tullius (if not Etruscan) (see there for further descendants)

• *te-tuh₂-lo-
  • Proto-Italic: *tetulos
    • Latin: tutulus (see there for further descendants)

• *tuh₂-mn̥-to-m or *towh₂-e-mn̥-to-m < *towh₂-éye-ti?
  • Proto-Italic: *towamentom
    • Latin: tōmentum (see there for further descendants)

• *tuh₂-mé-los
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tumúlas
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tumúlas
      • Sanskrit: तुमुल (tumula)

• *tuh₂-ro-
  • Proto-Hellenic: *tūrós (“cheese”) (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒? Ancient Greek: Τῡρώ (Tūrṓ)
  • ⇒? *tuh₂-r-eh₂-yé-ti
    • Proto-Italic: *tūrāō
      • Latin: (ob)tūrō, (rē)tūrō (see there for further descendants)

• *towh₂-ṓs ~ towh₂-és- (“strong”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tawHā́s
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *tawHā́s
      • Vedic Sanskrit: तवस् (tavás)

• *ti-tuh₂-o-s
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • >? Ancient Greek: Τιτυός (Tituós) (see there for further descendants)

• *tuh₂-to-s or *towh₂-e-to- < *towh₂-éye-ti?
  • Proto-Italic: *tōtos
    • Latin: tōtus (see there for further descendants)

• *túh₂-yo-s (“strong”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *túHyas
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *túHyas
      • Vedic Sanskrit: तूय (tū́ya)

• *tweh₂- (schwebeablaut variant)
  • ⇒ *tweh₂-lo- or *tuh₂-elo-?
    • Proto-Hellenic: *twálos > *tsálos
      • Ancient Greek: σάλος (sálos) (see there for further descendants)
  • ⇒ *tweh₂-wo- (“whole”)
    • Proto-Armenian:
      • >? Old Armenian: քաւ (kʻaw)
        • Armenian: քավ (kʻav)
    • Proto-Hellenic: *twáwos > *tsáwos
      • Ancient Greek: σάος (sáos), σῶς (sôs)
  • ⇒ *twoh₂-ro-
    • Proto-Hellenic: *twōrós > *tsōrós
      • Ancient Greek: σωρός (sōrós) (see there for further descendants)
  • ⇒ *twóh₂-mn̥
    • Proto-Hellenic: *twṓmə > *tsṓmə
      • Ancient Greek: σῶμα (sôma) (see there for further descendants)

• Unsorted formations:
  • Proto-Albanian: *twana
    • Albanian: tërë, tanë
  • Proto-Armenian:
    • >? Old Armenian: թոյն (tʻoyn, “poison”)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Lithuanian: tvìnti (“to rise, swell”)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Lithuanian: tvãnas (“flood”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Proto-Iranian:
      • Persian: توان (tavân, “power, ability”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      • Sanskrit: स्वतवस् (svátavas, “valiant, inherently powerful”)

References

• Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1080