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U+98A8, 風
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-98A8

[U+98A7]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+98A9]
U+2FB5, ⾵
KANGXI RADICAL WIND

[U+2FB4]
Kangxi Radicals
[U+2FB6]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

(Kangxi radical 182, +0, 9 strokes, cangjie input 竹弓竹中戈 (HNHLI) or 竹弓一中戈 (HNMLI), four-corner 77210, composition 𠘨)

Derived characters

Descendants

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1411, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 43756
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1930, character 20
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4480, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+98A8

Chinese

trad.
simp.
alternative forms

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Ancient script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts

Phono-semantic compound (形聲形声, OC *plum, *plums) : phonetic (OC *bom) + semantic (insects). Ancient Chinese people thought that insects appear with wind. (Insects refer to any kind of animal, such as tigers (大蟲)).

In the oracle bone script, the character (OC *bums, “male fenghuang”) was phonetically borrowed to represent (OC *plum, *plums). The right part of the bronze inscription of the character consists of phonetic (OC *bom) at the top, and three parts depicting the fur on the tail of the male fenghuang at the bottom. Subsequent forms of are based on the right part of its bronze inscription, with two of the three threads of "fur" removed for simplification. The in the Chu script and Qin script of was likely a result of further simplification of the "fur". Shuowen misinterpreted the character by associating it with insects. (Li, 2012)

Etymology

Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *buŋ (wind) (STEDT). Velar nasal final , restored later in Middle Chinese (Schuessler, 2007), is preserved in cognates like Proto-Central Naga *m-puŋ, Jingpho mabung, nbung, Drung nvmbeung.

Pronunciations 1, 2, and 3 are all cognates; with both 2 and 3 evolving from *prəm-s, exoactive (with causative suffix -s) of *prəm (Schuessler, 2007). It is unclear how Old Chinese *prəm is related to Tibetan རླུང (rlung) and Proto-Tai *C̬.lɯmᴬ.

Korean 바람 (baram) may have been borrowed from Chinese (Zhao, 2007). The Chinese word has a wide range of extended meanings, and interestingly many of these have exact parallels in the Korean item. Compare Chinese 風流 and 風騷 with Korean 바람둥이 (baramdung'i).

Cognate with:

  • 飛廉 (OC *pɯl ɡ·rem, “wind god”)
  • 蜚蠊 (OC *pɯlʔ/bɯls ɡ·rem, “cockroach”) (note the preservation of the -r- infix in Old Chinese through disyllabification, also (OC *b·ruːm), (OC *b·uːm))
  • (OC *plum, “mad, insane”)
  • (OC *plums, “to mock, to advise”)
  • (OC *bom, *boms, “sail”)

The development from Old Chinese to Middle Chinese was irregular, driven by dissimilation of the initial and coda bilabial consonants.

Pronunciation 1


Note:
  • hoang - vernacular;
  • hong - literary;
  • png/puiⁿ - in 風時雨风时雨 and some other compounds.
Note:
  • huang1 - vernacular;
  • hong1 - literary.
    • (Leizhou)
      • Leizhou Pinyin: huang1 / hong1
      • Sinological IPA: /huaŋ³⁵/, /hɔŋ³⁵/
Note:
  • huang1 - vernacular;
  • hong1 - literary.

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location
Mandarin Beijing /fəŋ⁵⁵/
Harbin /fəŋ⁴⁴/
Tianjin /fəŋ²¹/
Jinan /fəŋ²¹³/
Qingdao /fəŋ²¹³/
Zhengzhou /fəŋ²⁴/
Xi'an /fəŋ²¹/
Xining /fə̃⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /fəŋ⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /fə̃n³¹/
Ürümqi /fɤŋ⁴⁴/
Wuhan /foŋ⁵⁵/
Chengdu /foŋ⁵⁵/
Guiyang /foŋ⁵⁵/
Kunming /foŋ⁴⁴/
Nanjing /fən³¹/
Hefei /fəŋ²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /fəŋ¹¹/
Pingyao /xuŋ¹³/
Hohhot /fə̃ŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /foŋ⁵³/
Suzhou /foŋ⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /foŋ³³/
Wenzhou /hoŋ³³/
Hui Shexian /fʌ̃³¹/
Tunxi /fan¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /xoŋ³³/
Xiangtan /ɸən³³/
Gan Nanchang /fuŋ⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /fuŋ⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /fuŋ²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /foŋ⁵³/
Nanning /fuŋ⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /fuŋ⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /hɔŋ⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /huŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /xɔŋ⁵⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /hoŋ³³/
/huaŋ³³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /foŋ²³/
/huaŋ²³/

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/2
Initial () (1)
Final () (2)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () III
Fanqie
Baxter pjuwng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/pɨuŋ/
Pan
Wuyun
/piuŋ/
Shao
Rongfen
/piuŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/puwŋ/
Li
Rong
/piuŋ/
Wang
Li
/pĭuŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren
/pi̯uŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
fēng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
fung1
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
fēng
Middle
Chinese
‹ pjuwng ›
Old
Chinese
/*prəm/
English wind (n.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/2
No. 2921
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
3
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*plum/

Definitions

  1. wind (Classifier: m;  m)
      ―  fēng  ―  wind and rain; hardships
      ―  kuángfēng  ―  gale
    外面外面  ―  wàimiàn fēng hěn dà  ―  It's very windy outside.
  2. to air-dry
  3. (in compounds) air-dried
      ―  fēng  ―  air-dried chicken
  4. general mood; custom
      ―  fēng  ―  customs
      ―  wāifēng  ―  unhealthy trend
  5. demeanour
      ―  fēngfàn  ―  manner
      ―  fēng  ―  elegance
  6. cultivation; moralisation
      ―  fēngjiào  ―  cultivation
  7. style; manner
      ―  fēng  ―  style
      ―  wénfēng  ―  writing style
  8. (in compounds) scene; scenery
      ―  fēngjǐng  ―  scenery
      ―  fēngguāng  ―  scenery
      ―  fēng  ―  scenery
  9. news; information
      ―  fēngshēng  ―  news
    報信报信  ―  tōngfēngbàoxìn  ―  to secretly pass on information to others
    而動而动  ―  wénfēng'érdòng  ―  to act at once on hearing the news
  10. love; affection; to become sexually attracted; to copulate
      ―  fēngyuè  ―  romance
      ―  fēngqíng  ―  amorous feelings
    馬牛不相及马牛不相及  ―  fēng mǎ niú bù xiàngjí  ―  irrelevant
  11. dissolute; promiscuous
      ―  fēngliú  ―  dissolute
      ―  fēngsāo  ―  flirtatious behaviour
  12. ungrounded; baseless
      ―  fēngyánfēng  ―  slanderous gossip
  13. one of the three sections of Shijing, consisting of ballads
  14. (in general) folk song; ballad
      ―  cǎifēng  ―  to collect folk songs
  15. (obsolete) Alternative form of (fēng, mad; insane)
      ―  fēngbìng  ―  psychiatric illness
  16. (traditional Chinese medicine) one of the "Six Excesses" (六淫) that cause diseases in traditional Chinese medicine
      ―  fēnghán  ―  wind chill
    湿  ―  fēngshī  ―  rheumatic
  17. (traditional Chinese medicine) a type of diseases that are typically acute
      ―  tòngfēng  ―  gout
      ―  zhòngfēng  ―  stroke
  18. (Cantonese) rumour
  19. (Cantonese) Short for 颱風台风 (“typhoon”). (Classifier: c;  c)
  20. (Hokkien) minty
  21. (Philippine Hokkien) spicy
  22. (Magong Hokkien) fuel gas; gas
  23. a surname. Feng; Fung
Synonyms
  • (spicy):
  • (typhoon):

Compounds

Descendants

Sino-Xenic ():
  • Japanese: (ふう) ()
  • Korean: 풍(風) (pung)
  • Vietnamese: phong ()

Others:

Pronunciation 2



Rime
Character
Reading # 2/2
Initial () (1)
Final () (2)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () III
Fanqie
Baxter pjuwngH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/pɨuŋH/
Pan
Wuyun
/piuŋH/
Shao
Rongfen
/piuŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/puwŋH/
Li
Rong
/piuŋH/
Wang
Li
/pĭuŋH/
Bernard
Karlgren
/pi̯uŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
fèng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
fung3
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
fèng
Middle
Chinese
‹ pjuwngH ›
Old
Chinese
/*prəm-s/
English blow; criticize

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 2/2
No. 2929
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
3
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*plums/
Notes

Definitions

  1. (obsolete) to blow; to fan
  2. (obsolete) to influence; to reform a misguided person through persuasion
      ―  fèngmín  ―  to cultivate the masses

Compounds

Pronunciation 3



Rime
Character
Reading # 2/2
Initial () (1)
Final () (2)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () III
Fanqie
Baxter pjuwngH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/pɨuŋH/
Pan
Wuyun
/piuŋH/
Shao
Rongfen
/piuŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/puwŋH/
Li
Rong
/piuŋH/
Wang
Li
/pĭuŋH/
Bernard
Karlgren
/pi̯uŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
fèng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
fung3
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
fèng
Middle
Chinese
‹ pjuwngH ›
Old
Chinese
/*prəm-s/
English blow; criticize

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 2/2
No. 2929
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
3
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*plums/
Notes

Definitions

  1. Alternative form of (fěng, to criticize; to mock; to ridicule; to satire)
  2. Alternative form of (fěng, to advise in mild tone and indirect manner)
      ―  fěngquàn  ―  to advise
      ―  fěng  ―  to advise in mild tone

Compounds

References

Japanese

Kanji

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. wind
  2. custom, influence
  3. transmission
  4. satire
  5. gossip
  6. Alternative spelling of (): recite
  7. appearance, form, style
  8. taste, charm
  9. poetry, folk song
  10. illness, sickness
  11. drooping

Readings

Compounds

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
かぜ
Grade: 2
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *kansai. For the vowel alternation, see WT:AJPX#Standalone forms and combining forms.

Pronunciation

Noun

(かぜ) (kaze

  1. wind (movement of air)
    (すず)しい(かぜ)()
    Suzushii kaze ga fuku.
    A cool wind blows.
  2. airs
  3. a style
Derived terms

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term

Grade: 2
kun'yomi

Shift from Old Japanese (​ti), modern chi, found in some compounds.[1]

Affix

() (te

  1. element in compounds related to wind
Derived terms

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
ふう
Grade: 2
on'yomi

/puː//fuː/

From Middle Chinese (MC pjuwng).

In Old Japanese, this kanji was used to transcribe the 借音 (shakuon) kana of ⟨pu⟩ and ⟨bu⟩ in the Nihon Shoki (720 CE).

Pronunciation

Affix

(ふう) (

  1. element in compounds related to wind
Derived terms

Noun

(ふう) (

  1. a style
    中国(ちゅうごく)(ふう)
    Chūgoku-
    China-style
    そんな(ふう)()ってくれてありがとう
    Sonna ni ittekurete arigatō.
    Thank you for telling me that.
    (literally, “Thank you for telling me that in that way.”)

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
ふり
Grade: 2
irregular
For pronunciation and definitions of – see the following entry.
[noun] swing
[noun] (after a verb) false pretense; pretending
[noun] (comedy) setup line before punch line
[counter] swings; shakes
[counter] counter for swords; blades; etc.
[suffix] after an interval of; the first time in
[suffix] way of doing
(This term, , is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. 2.0 2.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese (MC pjuwng).

Pronunciation

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

(eumhun 바람 (baram pung))

  1. hanja form? of (wind)
  2. hanja form? of (look; style)

Compounds

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

Han character

: Hán Nôm readings: phong, phông

  1. chữ Hán form of phong (wind; manner; style).
  2. chữ Hán form of Phong (a male given name).

Compounds