Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þiudiskaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *þeudō +‎ *-iskaz.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈθiu̯.ðis.kɑz/

Adjective

*þiudiskaz

of the people, popular
of the tribe

Inflection

Declension of *þiudiskaz (a-stem)

Strong declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*þiudiskaz	*þiudiskai	*þiudiskō	*þiudiskôz	*þiudiską, -atō	*þiudiskō
Accusative	*þiudiskanǭ	*þiudiskanz	*þiudiskǭ	*þiudiskōz	*þiudiską, -atō	*þiudiskō
Genitive	*þiudiskas, -is	*þiudiskaizǫ̂	*þiudiskaizōz	*þiudiskaizǫ̂	*þiudiskas, -is	*þiudiskaizǫ̂
Dative	*þiudiskammai	*þiudiskaimaz	*þiudiskaizōi	*þiudiskaimaz	*þiudiskammai	*þiudiskaimaz
Instrumental	*þiudiskanō	*þiudiskaimiz	*þiudiskaizō	*þiudiskaimiz	*þiudiskanō	*þiudiskaimiz

Weak declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*þiudiskô	*þiudiskaniz	*þiudiskǭ	*þiudiskōniz	*þiudiskô	*þiudiskōnō
Accusative	*þiudiskanų	*þiudiskanunz	*þiudiskōnų	*þiudiskōnunz	*þiudiskô	*þiudiskōnō
Genitive	*þiudiskiniz	*þiudiskanǫ̂	*þiudiskōniz	*þiudiskōnǫ̂	*þiudiskiniz	*þiudiskanǫ̂
Dative	*þiudiskini	*þiudiskammaz	*þiudiskōni	*þiudiskōmaz	*þiudiskini	*þiudiskammaz
Instrumental	*þiudiskinē	*þiudiskammiz	*þiudiskōnē	*þiudiskōmiz	*þiudiskinē	*þiudiskammiz

Descendants

In the late Middle Ages, the word acquired a specialized sense referring to vernacular Germanic languages on the continent, specifically, Dutch, German, and Low German, which were not strongly distinguished from each other at the time, as opposed to the Latin of the scholarly elite and the Church. Because of the Holy Roman Empire's preeminence, the word narrowed in meaning to refer solely to German in most languages, with English Dutch and archaic Dutch Diets (“Middle Dutch”) being notable exceptions.

Proto-West Germanic: *þiudisk
- Old English: þēodisc, þīodisċ
  - Middle English: thedisch, þedisch, þeodisc
  - → English: thedish, theodish (learned)
- Old Frisian: thiōsk
  - West Frisian: Tsjutsk (“German”) (obsolete)
- Old Saxon: thiudisk
  - Middle Low German: düdesch
    - Low German:
      - German Low German:
        Altmärkisch: dütsch
        Bremisch: dütsch
        Dithmarsisch: dütsch
        Hamburgisch: dütsch, düütsch
        Eastphalian: duitsch
        Westphalian:
        Münsterländisch: dütsk; Dütsk
        Osnabrückisch: düütsk
        Lippisch: duitsk
        Paderbornisch: duitsk
        Ravensbergisch: duütsk
        Sauerländer-Märkisch: duͤdsk
        Sauerländisch: duitsk
        Westmünsterländisch: düüts, düütsk
    - Plautdietsch: dietsch
    - → Saterland Frisian: düütsk
- Old Dutch: *thiudisc
  - Middle Dutch: dietsch, duutsch
    - Dutch: Diets (“Middle Dutch”)
    - Dutch: Duits (“German”), (obsolete) Duitsch, Duytsch
      - Afrikaans: Duits
      - Negerhollands: dutsch
      - →? Japanese: ドイツ (Doitsu)
        → English: Doitsu
        → Korean: 독일 (dogil)
    - Limburgish: Dutsj
    - → Middle English: Duch, Duche, Deuche, Dusche, Dewche, Dowche, duch, duche, deuche, dusche
      - English: Dutch
      - Scots: Dutch
    - → West Frisian: Dútsk
- Old High German: diutisk, diutisc
  - Middle High German: diutsc
    - Alemannic German: tüütsch, dütsch, düütsch, Dütsch, Ditsch, Dytsch
      Swabian: deitsch, daitsch
      Walser: töitsch, titsch, tittschu, titzsch
    - Bavarian: daitsch, deitsch, taitsch
      Cimbrian: tòiz, tauč, taütsch, taütsch
      Gottscheerish: taitš
      Mòcheno: taitsch
    - Central Franconian: dütsch, döksch, deitsch
      Hunsrik: Deitsch, taytx
      Kölsch: duetsch
    - East Central German: deitsch
      Silesian East Central German: deitsch, doitsch (Glätzisch)
      Upper Saxon German: Deitsch, deidsch
    - German: deutsch; Deutsch
      - → English: Deutsch
      - → Mandarin: 德意志 (Déyìzhì)
        → Cantonese: 德意志 (dak1 ji3 zi3)
    - Luxembourgish: däitsch; Däitsch
    - Rhine Franconian: daitsch, deitsch
      Pennsylvania German: deitsch; Deitsch
    - Vilamovian: daojć
    - Yiddish: דײַטש (daytsh), טײַטש (taytsh)
- Latin: theodiscus, theotiscus, thiotiscus
  - French: thiois, tudesque
  - Friulian: todesc
  - Italian: tedesco
  - Ladin: tudësch
  - Portuguese: tedesco
  - Romanian: tudesc
  - Romansch: tudestg
  - Sardinian: tedescu
  - Sicilian: tudiscu
  - Spanish: tudesco
  - Venetan: todesco
Old Norse: þýzkr, þýskr, þýðskr, þýðiskr
- Icelandic: þýskur
- Faroese: týskur
- Norwegian Nynorsk: tysk, tydsk
- Old Swedish: þȳþisker, þȳzker
  - Swedish: tysk
    - → Elfdalian: tysk
- Old Danish: thȳthæsk, thȳzk
  - Danish: tysk
    - Norwegian Bokmål: tysk
  - Scanian: týzker
- Gutnish: töiskar
- → Northern Sami: Duiska (from a Germanic, probably North Germanic, language)
- ⇒ Old Norse: þýðverskr, þýðerskr, þýðeskr
  - Icelandic: þýðverskur
Gothic: *𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 (*þiudisks) (in 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 (þiudiskō, adverb))
→ Medieval Latin: theodiscus, theotiscus, thiotiscus (see there for further descendants)