Standard Cross-Cultural Sample

The Standard Cross-Cultural Sample (SCCS) is a sample of 186 cultures used by scholars engaged in cross-cultural studies.

Origin

Cross-cultural research entails a particular statistical problem, known as Phylogenetic autocorrelation: tests of functional relationships (for example, a test of the hypothesis that societies with pronounced male dominance are more warlike) can be confounded because the samples of cultures are not independent. Traits can be associated not only because they are functionally related, but because they were transmitted together either through cross-cultural borrowing or through descent from a common cultural ancestor.

George Peter Murdock attempted to tackle the problem of autocorrelation by developing a sample of cultures relatively independent from each other—i.e., with relatively weak phylogenetic and cultural diffusion relationships. Murdock began with the twelve hundred or so peoples in his Ethnographic Atlas (Murdock, 1967), dividing them into roughly 200 "sampling provinces" of closely related cultures. Murdock and Douglas R. White chose one particularly well-documented culture from each sampling province to create the SCCS (Murdock and White, 1969). The number of cultures is large and varied enough to provide a sound basis for statistical analysis; the sample includes 186 cultures, ranging from contemporary hunter gatherers (e.g., the Mbuti), to early historic states (e.g., the Romans), to contemporary industrial peoples (e.g., the Russians) (Silverman & Messinger 1997; Mace & Pagel 1994).

Scholars engaging in statistical cross-cultural analysis are encouraged to use the set of cultures in the SCCS, since each new study adds to the number of coded variables capable of being used with already existing variables. By focusing scholarly attention on this sample of 186 cultures, the data have steadily improved in scope and quality. The open access electronic journal World Cultures, founded by White, published by William Divale, and now edited by J. Patrick Gray, functions as the repository of the SCCS, archiving the now nearly 2000 coded variables and publishing a number of papers on cross-cultural methodology. The journal moved in 2006 to the University of California eScholarship Repository.

Murdock also founded the Human Relations Area Files (HRAF) at Yale University in the 1940s. HRAF now maintains all the underlying ethnographic documents used by Murdock and White to code the cultures in the SCCS, in addition to the sources for most of the more-contemporary HRAF entries. The SCCS is selectable as a sample restriction on HRAF search engine for HRAF member organizations. Summaries for each culture are available to the public on the eHRAF World Cultures website.

The dataset is available to view on the Database of Places, Language, Culture, and Environment (D-PLACE).

Cultures in the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample

Africa	Nama (Hottentot) Kung (San) Thonga Lozi Mbundu Suku Bemba Nyakyusa (Ngonde) Hadza Luguru Kikuyu Ganda Mbuti (Pygmies) Nkundo (Mongo) Banen Tiv Igbo Fon Ashanti (Twi) Mende Bambara Tallensi Massa Azande Otoro Nuba Shilluk Mao Maasai
Circum-Mediterranean	Wolof Songhai Wodaabe Fulani Hausa Fur Kaffa Konso Somali Amhara Bogo Kenuzi Nubian Teda Tuareg Riffian Egyptians (Fellah) Hebrews Babylonians Rwala Bedouin Turks Gheg (Albanians) Romans Basques Irish Sami (Lapps) Russians Abkhaz Armenians Georgia Kurd
East Eurasia	Yurak (Samoyed) Basseri West Punjabi Gond Toda Santal Uttar Pradesh Burusho Kazak Khalka Mongols Lolo Lepcha Garo Lakher Burmese Lamet Vietnamese Rhade (Rade) Khmer Siamese Semang Nicobarese Andamanese Vedda Tanala Negeri Sembilan Atayal Chinese Manchu Koreans Japanese Ainu Gilyak Yukaghir
Insular Pacific	Javanese (Miao) Balinese Iban Badjau Toraja Tobelorese Alorese Tiwi Aranda Orokaiva Kimam Kapauku Kwoma Manus New Ireland Trobrianders Siuai Tikopia Pentecost Mbau Fijians Ajie Maori Marquesans Western Samoans Gilbertese Marshallese Chuukese Yapese Palauans Ifugao
North America	Ingalik Aleut Copper Eskimo Montagnais Mi'kmaq Saulteaux (Ojibwa) Slave Kaska (Nahane) Eyak Haida Bellacoola Twana Yurok Pomo Yokuts Paiute (Northern) Klamath Kutenai Gros Ventres Hidatsa Pawnee Omaha (Dhegiha) Huron Creek Natchez Comanche Chiricahua Zuni Havasupai Papago Huichol Aztec Popoluca
South America	Quiché Miskito (Mosquito) Bribri (Talamanca) Cuna Goajiro Haitians Calinago Warrau (Warao) Yanomamo Carib Saramacca Munduruku Cubeo (Tucano) Cayapa Jivaro Amahuaca Inca Aymara Siriono Nambicuara Trumai Timbira Tupinamba Botocudo Shavante Aweikoma Cayua (Guarani) Lengua Abipon Mapuche Tehuelche Yaghan

See also

• Human Relations Area Files

References

• Divale, William. (2000). Pre-Coded Variables for the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample from World Cultures. Volumes I & II. York College, CUNY, Spring 2000.
• Divale, William, Daria Khaltourina and Andrey Korotayev. (2002). A Corrected Version of the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample Database. World Cultures 13(1): 62–98.
• Hoy, Andrew R. (1994). "The Relationship Between Male Dominance and Militarism: Quantitative Tests of Several Theories." World Cultures. 8(2): 40–57
• Mace, Ruth; Pagel, Mark (1994), "The Comparative Method in Anthropology", Current Anthropology, 35 (5): 549–564, doi:10.1086/204317, S2CID 146297584.
• Murdock, George P. (1967). Ethnographic Atlas: A Summary. Pittsburgh: The University of Pittsburgh Press.
• Murdock, George Peter and Douglas R. White. (1969). "Standard Cross-Cultural Sample." Ethnology. 8(4):329–369.(2006 On-line edition) [1]
• Naroll, R. (1965). "Galton's problem: The logic of cross cultural analysis." Social Research. 32: 428–51.
• Silverman, Philip; Messinger, Jacquelyn (1997), The Standard Cross-Cultural Sample, California State University, Bakersfield: Unpublished Manuscript.
• White, Douglas R. (1986) Focused Ethnographic Bibliography for the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample World Cultures 2(1):1–126. (Reprinted 1989 Behavior Science Research 23:1–145 and 2000 by William Divale)
• White, Douglas R. (2007) Standard Cross-Cultural Sample Free Distribution Site (UC Irvine)
• White, Douglas R. and George P. Murdock. (2006). Pinpointing Sheets for the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample

Further reading

• Variables in SCCS
• Ethnographies used to code variables in SCCS
• Resource page for SCCS
• SCCS inventory and UC Irvine library citations

External links

• eHRAF World Cultures website results filtered for SCSS entries

Pinpointing specifications for each culture

• Public Domain Release 1: Exact Pinpointing for societies SCCS 1–18
• Public Domain Release 2: Exact Pinpointing for societies SCCS 19–36
• Public Domain Release 3: Exact Pinpointing for societies SCCS 37–59
• Public Domain Release 4: Exact Pinpointing for societies SCCS 55–65
• Public Domain Release 5: Exact Pinpointing for societies SCCS 66–80
• Public Domain Release 6: Exact Pinpointing for societies SCCS 81–113
• Public Domain Release 7: Exact Pinpointing for societies SCCS 114–141
• Public Domain Release 8: Exact Pinpointing for societies SCCS 142–162
• Public Domain Release 9: Exact Pinpointing for societies SCCS 163–186