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Victor Ambros

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with Victor Ambrus.

Victor Ambros
Ambros in 2017
Born (1953-12-01) December 1, 1953 (age 70)[1]
Hanover, New Hampshire, U.S.
Alma materMassachusetts Institute of Technology (BS, PhD)
Known forDiscovery of microRNA
Awards
Scientific career
FieldsBiology
InstitutionsM.I.T. Center for Cancer Research (1975–1976)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1976–1979)
Harvard University (1985–1992)
Dartmouth College (1992–2001)
Dartmouth Medical School (2001–2007)
University of Massachusetts Medical School (2008–)
ThesisThe protein covalently linked to the 5'-end of poliovirus RNA (1979)
Doctoral advisorDavid Baltimore
Websiteumassmed.edu/ambroslab/

Victor R. Ambros (born December 1, 1953) is an American developmental biologist and Nobel Laureate who discovered the first known microRNA (miRNA). He is a professor at the University of Massachusetts Medical School. He completed both his undergraduate and doctoral studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Ambros received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2024 for his research on microRNA.[2]

Biography

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Early life and education

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Ambros was born in New Hampshire. His father, Longin, was a Polish war refugee.[3] Victor grew up on a small dairy farm in Hartland, Vermont, in a family of eight children and attended Woodstock Union High School.[4]

From the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Ambros received a Bachelor of Science with a major in biology in 1975 and a Doctor of Philosophy in biology in 1979.[5][6][7] His doctoral supervisor was David Baltimore, a 1975 Nobel laureate in Physiology or Medicine.[8] Ambros continued his research at MIT as the first postdoctoral fellow in the lab of future Nobel laureate H. Robert Horvitz.[9]

Career

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Ambros became a faculty member at Harvard University in 1984. However, Harvard denied tenure to Ambros shortly after he discovered what is now known as microRNA.[10] About this, Baltimore later said in 2008: "They lost a potential Nobel laureate because they simply didn’t see in him the potential that he had ... It’s the nature of a seminal discovery that it’s seminal in retrospect. You can’t know ahead of time."[10]

Ambros joined the faculty of Dartmouth College in 1992.[9] He joined the faculty at the University of Massachusetts Medical School in 2008, and currently holds the title of Silverman Professor of Natural Sciences in the program in Molecular Medicine, endowed by his former Dartmouth student, Howard Scott Silverman.[2][9][11]

Research

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In 1993, Ambros and his co-workers Rosalind Lee and Rhonda Feinbaum[12] reported in the journal Cell[13] that they had discovered single-stranded non-protein-coding regulatory RNA molecules in the organism C. elegans. Previous research, including work by Ambros and Horvitz,[14][15] had revealed that a gene known as lin-4 was important for normal larval development of C. elegans, a nematode often studied as a model organism. Specifically, lin-4 was responsible for the progressive repression of the protein LIN-14 during larval development of the worm; mutant worms deficient in lin-4 function had persistently high levels of LIN-14 and displayed developmental timing defects.[15]

Ambros and colleagues found that lin-4, unexpectedly, did not encode a regulatory protein. Instead, it gave rise to some small RNA molecules, 22 and 61 nucleotides in length, which Ambros called lin-4S (short) and lin-4L (long). Sequence analysis showed that lin-4S was part of lin-4L: lin-4L was predicted to form a stem-loop structure, with lin-4S contained in one of the arms, the 5' arm. Furthermore, Ambros, together with Gary Ruvkun (Harvard), discovered that lin-4S was partially complementary to several sequences in the 3' untranslated region of the messenger RNA encoding the LIN-14 protein.[16] Ambros and colleagues hypothesized and later determined that lin-4 could regulate LIN-14 through binding of lin-4S to these sequences in the lin-14 transcript in a type of antisense RNA mechanism.[17]

In 2000, another C. elegans small RNA regulatory molecule, let-7, was characterized by the Ruvkun lab [18] and found to be conserved in many species, including vertebrates.[19] These discoveries, among others, confirmed that Ambros had in fact discovered a class of small RNAs with conserved functions, now known as microRNA.[20]

Ambros was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 2007.[21] He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2011.[22] In 2024 he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine with Gary Ruvkun "for the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation".[2]

Awards

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Ambros received Gruber Prize in Genetics alongside Gary Ruvkun in 2014.

References

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  1. ^ "Who are Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun, winners of 2024 Nobel Prize in Medicine?". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on October 7, 2024. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d "Press release: The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2024". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on October 8, 2024. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
  3. ^ "Obituary for Longin B. Ambros at Windsor". www.knightfuneralhomes.com. Archived from the original on October 7, 2024. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
  4. ^ Gitschier, Jane (March 5, 2010). "In the Tradition of Science: An Interview with Victor Ambros". PLOS Genetics. 6 (3): e1000853. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000853. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 2832673. PMID 20221254.
  5. ^ "Victor R. Ambros, Ph.D." (PDF). UMass Chan Medical School. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 2, 2020. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  6. ^ "Victor Ambros '75, PhD '79 and Gary Ruvkun share Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine". MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. October 7, 2024. Archived from the original on October 8, 2024. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  7. ^ Ambros, Victor Robert. The protein covalently linked to the 5' end of poliovirus RNA (PhD thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. hdl:1721.1/45675. ProQuest 303013951.
  8. ^ "Victor R Ambros PhD". UMass Chan Medical School. Archived from the original on October 8, 2024. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  9. ^ a b c Office of Communications (October 7, 2024). "Former Dartmouth Professor Wins Nobel Prize". Dartmouth. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  10. ^ a b Cooney, Elizabeth (September 14, 2008). "UMass scientist Ambros wins Lasker Award". Telegram & Gazette. Archived from the original on October 7, 2024. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
  11. ^ Schwan, Henry. "'Long overdue': UMass Chan celebrates as researcher Victor Ambros wins Nobel Prize". The Worcester Telegram & Gazette. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  12. ^ Sedwick, Caitlin (May 13, 2013). "Victor Ambros: The broad scope of microRNAs". Journal of Cell Biology. 201 (4): 492–493. doi:10.1083/jcb.2014pi. PMC 3653358. PMID 23671307.
  13. ^ Lee, R. C.; Feinbaum, R. L.; Ambros, V. (1993). "The C. Elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14". Cell. 75 (5): 843–854. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90529-Y. PMID 8252621.
  14. ^ Chalfie, M.; Horvitz, H. R.; Sulston, J. E. (1981). "Mutations that lead to reiterations in the cell lineages of C. Elegans". Cell. 24 (1): 59–69. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(81)90501-8. PMID 7237544. S2CID 33933388.
  15. ^ a b Ambros, V. (1989). "A hierarchy of regulatory genes controls a larva-to-adult developmental switch in C. Elegans". Cell. 57 (1): 49–57. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(89)90171-2. PMID 2702689. S2CID 13103224.
  16. ^ Wightman, B.; Ha, I.; Ruvkun, G. (1993). "Posttranscriptional regulation of the heterochronic gene lin-14 by lin-4 mediates temporal pattern formation in C. Elegans". Cell. 75 (5): 855–862. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90530-4. PMID 8252622.
  17. ^ Lee, Rosalind C.; Feinbaum, Rhonda L.; Ambros, Victor (December 1993). "The C. elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14". Cell. 75 (5): 843–854. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90529-Y. PMID 8252621.
  18. ^ Reinhart, B. J.; Slack, F. J.; Basson, M.; Pasquinelli, A. E.; Bettinger, J. C.; Rougvie, A. E.; Horvitz, H. R.; Ruvkun, G. (2000). "The 21-nucleotide let-7 RNA regulates developmental timing in Caenorhabditis elegans". Nature. 403 (6772): 901–906. Bibcode:2000Natur.403..901R. doi:10.1038/35002607. PMID 10706289. S2CID 4384503.
  19. ^ Pasquinelli, A. E.; Reinhart, B. J.; Slack, F.; Martindale, M. Q.; Kuroda, M. I.; Maller, B.; Hayward, D. C.; Ball, E. E.; Degnan, B.; Müller, B.; Spring, P.; Srinivasan, J. R.; Fishman, A.; Finnerty, M.; Corbo, J.; Levine, J.; Leahy, M.; Davidson, P.; Ruvkun, E. (2000). "Conservation of the sequence and temporal expression of let-7 heterochronic regulatory RNA". Nature. 408 (6808): 86–89. Bibcode:2000Natur.408...86P. doi:10.1038/35040556. PMID 11081512. S2CID 4401732.
  20. ^ Bartel, David P. (March 2018). "Metazoan MicroRNAs". Cell. 173 (1): 20–51. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.03.006. PMC 6091663. PMID 29570994.
  21. ^ a b "Victor R. Ambros – NAS". National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Learn more about Victor Ambros". UMass Chan Medical School. October 7, 2024. Archived from the original on October 8, 2024. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  23. ^ "Newcomb Cleveland Prize Recipients". AAAS – The World's Largest General Scientific Society. July 5, 2013. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  24. ^ "Rosenstiel Award Winners". Brandeis University. Archived from the original on August 4, 2017. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
  25. ^ "Victor Ambros - Gairdner Foundation Award Winner". Gairdner Awards for Biomedical Research. October 7, 2024. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  26. ^ MGH Executive Committee on Research. "Warren Triennial Prize". Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  27. ^ "Victor R. Ambros, PhD | Dickson Prize in Medicine | University of Pittsburgh". The Dickson Prize in Medicine. Archived from the original on August 1, 2024. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  28. ^ Fessenden, Jim (November 10, 2014). "Victor Ambros awarded 2015 $3M Breakthrough Prize for co-discovery of microRNAs". UMass med NOW. University of Massachusetts Medical School. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved September 6, 2015.
  29. ^ "Victor Ambros awarded 2016 March of Dimes prize for co-discovery of MicroRNAs". University of Massachusetts Medical School. May 3, 2016. Archived from the original on July 22, 2024. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
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