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House of Tudor

[edit]

The Tudors descended matrilineally from John Beaufort, one of the illegitimate children of John of Gaunt (third surviving son of Edward III), by Gaunt's long-term mistress Katherine Swynford. Those descended from English monarchs only through an illegitimate child would normally have no claim on the throne, but the situation was complicated when Gaunt and Swynford eventually married in 1396 (25 years after John Beaufort's birth). In view of the marriage, the church retroactively declared the Beauforts legitimate via a papal bull the same year (also enshrined in an Act of Parliament in 1397). A subsequent proclamation by John of Gaunt's legitimate son, King Henry IV, also recognised the Beauforts' legitimacy, but declared them ineligible ever to inherit the throne. Nevertheless, the Beauforts remained closely allied with Gaunt's other descendants, the Royal House of Lancaster.

John Beaufort's granddaughter Lady Margaret Beaufort was married to Edmund Tudor. Tudor was the son of Welsh courtier Owain Tudur (anglicised to Owen Tudor) and Catherine of Valois, the widowed queen consort of the Lancastrian King Henry V. Edmund Tudor and his siblings were either illegitimate, or the product of a secret marriage, and owed their fortunes to the goodwill of their legitimate half-brother King Henry VI. When the House of Lancaster fell from power, the Tudors followed. By the late 15th century, the Tudors were the last hope for the Lancaster supporters. Edmund Tudor's son became king as Henry VII after defeating Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, ending the Wars of the Roses. King Henry married Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV, thereby uniting the Lancastrian and York lineages.

With Henry VIII's break from the Roman Catholic Church, the monarch became the Supreme Head of the Church of England and of the Church of Ireland. Elizabeth I's title became the Supreme Governor of the Church of England.

Name
Reign
Portrait Arms Birth Marriage(s)
Issue
Death Claim
Henry VII
22 August 1485

21 April 1509
Henry VII, by Michel Sittow, 1505 28 January 1457
Pembroke Castle

Son of Edmund Tudor
and Lady Margaret Beaufort
Elizabeth of York
Westminster Abbey
18 January 1486
eight children
21 April 1509
Richmond Palace
Aged 52
Great-great-great-grandson of Edward III
(right of conquest)
Henry VIII
21 April 1509

28 January 1547
Henry VIII, by Hans Holbein, c.1536 28 June 1491
Greenwich Palace

Son of Henry VII
and Elizabeth of York
Catherine of Aragon
Greenwich
11 June 1509
one daughter
28 January 1547
Whitehall Palace
Aged 55
Son of Henry VII
(primogeniture)
Anne Boleyn
Westminster Palace
25 January 1533[1]
one daughter
Jane Seymour
Whitehall Palace
30 May 1536
one son
Anne of Cleves
Greenwich Palace
6 January 1540
Catherine Howard
Hampton Court Palace
28 July 1540
Catherine Parr
Hampton Court Palace
12 July 1543
Edward VI
28 January 1547

6 July 1553
Edward VI, by Hans Eworth 12 October 1537
Hampton Court Palace

Son of Henry VIII
and Jane Seymour
Unmarried 6 July 1553
Greenwich Palace
Aged 15
Son of Henry VIII
(primogeniture)

Disputed claimant

Edward VI named Lady Jane Grey as his heir presumptive, overruling the order of succession laid down by Parliament in the Third Succession Act. Four days after his death on 6 July 1553, Jane was proclaimed queen—the first of three Tudor women to be proclaimed queen regnant. Nine days after the proclamation, on 19 July, the Privy Council switched allegiance and proclaimed Edward VI's Catholic half-sister Mary. Jane was executed in 1554, aged 16. Many historians do not consider her to have been a legitimate monarch.

Name
Reign
Portrait Arms Birth Marriage(s)
Issue
Death Claim
Jane
10 July 1553

19 July 1553
Title disputed
October 1537
Bradgate Park

Daughter of Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk
and Lady Frances Brandon
Lord Guildford Dudley
The Strand
21 May 1553
No children[2]
12 February 1554
Tower of London
Aged 16 (beheaded)
Great-granddaughter of Henry VII
(Devise for the succession)

Name
Reign
Portrait Arms Birth Marriage(s)
Issue
Death Claim
Mary I
19 July 1553

17 November 1558
Mary I, by Antonius Mor, 1554 18 February 1516
Greenwich Palace

Daughter of Henry VIII
and Catherine of Aragon
Philip II of Spain
Winchester Cathedral
25 July 1554
No children
17 November 1558
St James's Palace
Aged 42
Daughter of Henry VIII
(Third Succession Act)
Philip[3]
25 July 1554 –
17 November 1558
(jure uxoris)
King Philip of England 21 May 1527
Valladolid, Spain

Son of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
and Isabella of Portugal
(2) Mary I of England
Winchester Cathedral
25 July 1554
No children
three other marriages
and seven children
13 September 1598
El Escorial, Spain
Aged 71
Husband of Mary I
(Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain)
Coat of arms of Mary I
Coat of arms of Mary I

Under the terms of the marriage treaty between Philip I of Naples (Philip II of Spain from 15 January 1556) and Queen Mary I, Philip was to enjoy Mary's titles and honours for as long as their marriage should last. All official documents, including Acts of Parliament, were to be dated with both their names, and Parliament was to be called under the joint authority of the couple. An Act of Parliament gave him the title of king and stated that he "shall aid her Highness … in the happy administration of her Grace's realms and dominions"[4] (although elsewhere the Act stated that Mary was to be "sole queen"). Nonetheless, Philip was to co-reign with his wife.[5] As the new King of England could not read English, it was ordered that a note of all matters of state should be made in Latin or Spanish.[5][6][7] Coins were minted showing the heads of both Mary and Philip, and the coat of arms of England (right) was impaled with Philip's to denote their joint reign.[8][9] Acts which made it high treason to deny Philip's royal authority were passed in England[10] and Ireland.[11] In 1555, Pope Paul IV issued a papal bull recognising Philip and Mary as rightful King and Queen of Ireland.

Name
Reign
Portrait Arms Birth Marriage(s)
Issue
Death Claim
Elizabeth I
17 November 1558

24 March 1603
Elizabeth I, by Darnley 7 September 1533
Greenwich Palace

Daughter of Henry VIII
and Anne Boleyn
Unmarried 24 March 1603
Richmond Palace
Aged 69
Daughter of Henry VIII
(Third Succession Act)


House of Stuart (restored)

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Following the restoration of the Monarchy, England came under the rule of Charles II whose reign was relatively peaceful domestically, given the tumultuous time of the Interregnum years. Tensions still existed between Catholics and Protestants however, and with the ascension of his brother, the openly Catholic James II, England again was sent into a period of political turmoil. James II was ousted by Parliament less than three years after ascending to the throne, and the throne was offered jointly to his daughter Mary and her husband (also his first cousin once removed) William during the Glorious Revolution. While James and his descendants would continue to claim the throne, all Catholics (such as James and his son Charles) were barred from the throne by the Act of Settlement 1701, enacted by Queen Anne, another of James's Protestant daughters. After the Acts of Union 1707, England as a sovereign state ceased to exist, replaced by the new Kingdom of Great Britain.

Name
Reign
Portrait Arms Birth Marriage(s)
Issue
Death Claim
Charles II
29 May 1660

6 February 1685[12]
Recognised by Royalists in 1649
29 May 1630
St James's Palace

Son of Charles I
and Henrietta Maria of France
Catherine of Braganza
Portsmouth
21 May 1662
No children
6 February 1685
Whitehall Palace
Aged 54
Son of Charles I (cognatic primogeniture; English Restoration)
James II
6 February 1685

23 December 1688 (deposed)
14 October 1633
St James's Palace

Son of Charles I
and Henrietta Maria of France
(1) Anne Hyde
The Strand
3 September 1660
eight children

(2) Mary of Modena
Dover
21 November 1673
seven children

16 September 1701
Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye
Aged 67
Son of Charles I (cognatic primogeniture)
Mary II
13 February 1689

28 December 1694
30 April 1662
St James's Palace

Daughter of James II
and Anne Hyde
St James's Palace
4 November 1677
No children
28 December 1694
Kensington Palace
Aged 32
Grandchildren of Charles I (offered the crown by Parliament)
William III
William of Orange
13 February 1689

8 March 1702
4 November 1650
The Hague

Son of William II, Prince of Orange, and Mary, Princess Royal[13]
8 March 1702
Kensington Palace
Aged 51 after breaking his collarbone from falling off his horse
Anne
8 March 1702

1 May 1707[14]

Queen of Great Britain and Ireland
(1 May 1707
1 August 1714)
6 February 1665
St James's Palace

Daughter of James II
and Anne Hyde
George of Denmark
St James's Palace
28 July 1683
5 children
1 August 1714
Kensington Palace
Aged 49
Daughter of James II (cognatic primogeniture; Bill of Rights 1689)
Monarchs after 1707 See List of British monarchs

House of Hanover (1714–1901)

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The Hanoverian succession came about as a result of the Act of Settlement 1701, passed by the Parliament of England, which excluded "Papists" (that is, Roman Catholics) from the succession. In return for access to the English plantations in North America and the West Indies, the Hanoverian succession and the Union were ratified by the Parliament of Scotland in 1707.

After the death of Queen Anne with no living children, George I, the son of Sophia of Hanover, granddaughter of James VI of Scotland and I of England through his daughter Elizabeth of Bohemia, was the closest heir to the throne who was not a Roman Catholic.[15]

Name
Reign
Portrait Arms Birth
Parentage
Marriage(s)
Issue
Death Succession right Ref
George I
George Louis
1 August 1714

11 June 1727
28 May 1660
Leineschloss

Son of Ernest Augustus, Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Sophia of Hanover
Sophia Dorothea of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Celle
21 November 1682

2 children
11 June 1727
Osnabrück
aged 67
Great-grandson of James VI and I, Act of Settlement, eldest son of Sophia of Hanover [16]
George II
George Augustus
11 June 1727

25 October 1760
30 October 1683
Herrenhausen

Son of George I and Sophia Dorothea of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Celle
Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach
22 August 1705

8 children
25 October 1760
Kensington Palace
aged 76
Son of George I [17]
George III
George William Frederick
25 October 1760

29 January 1820
4 June 1738
Norfolk House

Son of Frederick, Prince of Wales and Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha
Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
St James's Palace
8 September 1761

15 children
29 January 1820
Windsor Castle
aged 81
Grandson of George II [18]
  1. ^ Edward Hall and Raphael Holinshed both record an earlier secret wedding between Henry and Anne, which was conducted in Dover on 15 November 1532.
  2. ^ "Lady Jane Grey: Marriage". Retrieved 25 October 2007.
  3. ^ Philip was not meant to be a mere consort; rather, the status of Mary I's husband was envisioned as that of a co-monarch during her reign. See Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain. However the extent of his authority and his status are ambiguous. The Act says that Philip shall have the title of king and "shall aid her Highness … in the happy administration of her Grace's realms and dominions," but elsewhere says that Mary shall be the sole Queen.
  4. ^ "Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain (1554)".
  5. ^ a b Louis Adrian Montrose, The subject of Elizabeth: authority, gender, and representation, University of Chicago Press, 2006
  6. ^ A. F. Pollard, The History of England – From the Accession of Edward VI. to the Death of Elizabeth (1547–1603), READ BOOKS, 2007
  7. ^ Wim de Groot, The Seventh Window: The King's Window Donated by Philip II and Mary Tudor to Sint Janskerk in Gouda (1557), Uitgeverij Verloren, 2005
  8. ^ Richard Marks, Ann Payne, British Museum, British Library; British heraldry from its origins to c. 1800; British Museum Publications Ltd., 1978
  9. ^ American Numismatic Association, The Numismatist, American Numismatic Association, 1971
  10. ^ Treason Act 1554
  11. ^ Robert Dudley Edwards, Ireland in the age of the Tudors: the destruction of Hiberno-Norman civilisation, Taylor & Francis, 1977
  12. ^ "Oliver Cromwell (1649-1658 AD)".
  13. ^ "WILLIAM III - Archontology.org". Retrieved 25 October 2007.
  14. ^ "Anne (England) - Archontology.org". Retrieved 25 October 2007.
  15. ^ For a family tree showing King George I's relationship to Queen Anne, see George I of Great Britain § Family tree
  16. ^ "George I". Official website of the British Monarchy. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
  17. ^ "George II". Official website of the British Monarchy. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
  18. ^ "George III". Official website of the British Monarchy. Retrieved 3 August 2010.