User:HamzaK8/sandbox
Template:Featured list is only for Wikipedia:Featured lists.
The president of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States,[1] indirectly elected to a four-year term via the Electoral College.[2] The officeholder leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.[3] Since the office was established in 1789, 45 men have served in 46 presidencies. The first president, George Washington, won a unanimous vote of the Electoral College.[4] Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms and is therefore counted as the 22nd and 24th president of the United States, giving rise to the discrepancy between the number of presidencies and the number of individuals who have served as president.[5]
The presidency of William Henry Harrison, who died 31 days after taking office in 1841, was the shortest in American history.[6] Franklin D. Roosevelt served the longest, over twelve years, before dying early in his fourth term in 1945. He is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms.[7] Since the ratification of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1951, no person may be elected president more than twice, and no one who has served more than two years of a term to which someone else was elected may be elected more than once.[8]
Four presidents died in office of natural causes (William Henry Harrison, Zachary Taylor, Warren G. Harding, and Franklin D. Roosevelt), four were assassinated (Abraham Lincoln, James A. Garfield, William McKinley, and John F. Kennedy), and one resigned (Richard Nixon, facing impeachment and removal from office).[9] John Tyler was the first vice president to assume the presidency during a presidential term, and set the precedent that a vice president who does so becomes the fully functioning president with his own administration.[10]
Throughout most of its history, American politics has been dominated by political parties. The Constitution is silent on the issue of political parties, and at the time it came into force in 1789, no organized parties existed. Soon after the 1st Congress convened, political factions began rallying around dominant Washington administration officials, such as Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson.[11] Concerned about the capacity of political parties to destroy the fragile unity holding the nation together, Washington remained unaffiliated with any political faction or party throughout his eight-year presidency. He was, and remains, the only U.S. president never affiliated with a political party.[12]
The incumbent president is Joe Biden, who assumed office on January 20, 2021.[13]
Presidents
[edit]No.[a] | Portrait | Name
(Birth–Death) |
Term[14] | Party[b][15] | Election | Vice President[16] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | ![]() |
George Washington
(1732–1799) [17] |
April 30, 1789
– March 4, 1797 |
Unaffiliated | 1788–1789
1792-1793 |
Henry Lee III | |
2 | ![]() |
Thomas Jefferson
(1743–1826) [18] |
March 4, 1797
– March 4, 1809 |
National | 1796–1797
1800-1801 | ||
3 | ![]() |
Henry Lee III
(1756–1818) [19] |
March 4, 1813
– March 4, 1817 |
Constitutional | 1804-1805
1808-1809 |
Samuel Ashe | |
4 | ![]() |
Henry Dearborn
(1751–1829) [20] |
March 4, 1809
– May 17, 1817 |
National | 1808-1809
1812-1813 |
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney | |
5 | ![]() |
Andrew Jackson
(1767–1836) |
May 17, 1817
– September 5, 1836 |
Democratic | 1816-1817
1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 |
Andrew Pickens
James Barbour Vacant after October 12, 1823 William H. Crawford William Wirt | |
6 | ![]() |
John Quincy Adams
(1767–1848) [21] |
March 4, 1825
– March 4, 1829 |
Democratic-
National Republican |
1824 | John C. Calhoun[d] | |
7 | ![]() |
Andrew Jackson
(1767–1845) [24] |
March 4, 1829
– March 4, 1837 |
Democratic | 1828
1832 |
John C. Calhoun[e]
Vacant after December 28, 1832 Martin Van Buren | |
8 | ![]() |
Martin Van Buren
(1782–1862) [26] |
March 4, 1837
– March 4, 1841 |
Democratic | 1836 | Richard Mentor Johnson | |
9 | ![]() |
William Henry Harrison
(1773–1841) [27] |
March 4, 1841
– April 4, 1841[f] |
Whig | 1840 | John Tyler | |
10 | ![]() |
John Tyler
(1790–1862) [28] |
April 4, 1841[g]
– March 4, 1845 |
Whig[h]
Unaffiliated |
– | Vacant throughout
presidency | |
11 | ![]() |
James K. Polk
(1795–1849) [31] |
March 4, 1845
– March 4, 1849 |
Democratic | 1844 | George M. Dallas | |
12 | ![]() |
Zachary Taylor
(1784–1850) [32] |
March 4, 1849
– July 9, 1850[f] |
Whig | 1848 | Millard Fillmore | |
13 | ![]() |
Millard Fillmore
(1800–1874) [33] |
July 9, 1850[i]
– March 4, 1853 |
Whig | – | Vacant throughout
presidency | |
14 | ![]() |
Franklin Pierce
(1804–1869) [35] |
March 4, 1853
– March 4, 1857 |
Democratic | 1852 | William R. King[f]
Vacant after April 18, 1853 | |
15 | ![]() |
James Buchanan
(1791–1868) [36] |
March 4, 1857
– March 4, 1861 |
Democratic | 1856 | John C. Breckinridge | |
16 | ![]() |
Abraham Lincoln
(1809–1865) [37] |
March 4, 1861
– April 15, 1865[f] |
Republican
National Union[j] |
1860
1864 |
Hannibal Hamlin
Andrew Johnson | |
17 | ![]() |
Andrew Johnson
(1808–1875) [39] |
April 15, 1865[k]
– March 4, 1869 |
National Union[l]
Democratic |
– | Vacant throughout
presidency | |
18 | ![]() |
Ulysses S. Grant
(1822–1885) [40] |
March 4, 1869
– March 4, 1877 |
Republican | 1868
1872 |
Schuyler Colfax
Henry Wilson[f] Vacant after November 22, 1875 | |
19 | ![]() |
Rutherford B. Hayes
(1822–1893) [41] |
March 4, 1877
– March 4, 1881 |
Republican | 1876 | William A. Wheeler | |
20 | ![]() |
James A. Garfield
(1831–1881) [42] |
March 4, 1881
– September 19, 1881[f] |
Republican | 1880 | Chester A. Arthur | |
21 | ![]() |
Chester A. Arthur
(1829–1886) [43] |
September 19, 1881[m]
– March 4, 1885 |
Republican | – | Vacant throughout
presidency | |
22 | ![]() |
Grover Cleveland
(1837–1908) [45] |
March 4, 1885
– March 4, 1889 |
Democratic | 1884 | Thomas A. Hendricks[f]
Vacant after November 25, 1885 | |
23 | ![]() |
Benjamin Harrison
(1833–1901) [46] |
March 4, 1889
– March 4, 1893 |
Republican | 1888 | Levi P. Morton | |
24 | ![]() |
Grover Cleveland
(1837–1908) [45] |
March 4, 1893
– March 4, 1897 |
Democratic | 1892 | Adlai Stevenson I | |
25 | ![]() |
William McKinley
(1843–1901) [47] |
March 4, 1897
– September 14, 1901[f] |
Republican | 1896
1900 |
Garret Hobart[f]
Vacant after November 21, 1899 Theodore Roosevelt | |
26 | ![]() |
Theodore Roosevelt
(1858–1919) [48] |
September 14, 1901[n]
– March 4, 1909 |
Republican | –
1904 |
Vacant through
March 4, 1905 Charles W. Fairbanks | |
27 | ![]() |
William Howard Taft
(1857–1930) [50] |
March 4, 1909
– March 4, 1913 |
Republican | 1908 | James S. Sherman[f]
Vacant after October 30, 1912 | |
28 | ![]() |
Woodrow Wilson
(1856–1924) [51] |
March 4, 1913
– March 4, 1921 |
Democratic | 1912
1916 |
Thomas R. Marshall | |
29 | ![]() |
Warren G. Harding
(1865–1923) [52] |
March 4, 1921
– August 2, 1923[f] |
Republican | 1920 | Calvin Coolidge | |
30 | ![]() |
Calvin Coolidge
(1872–1933) [53] |
August 2, 1923[o]
– March 4, 1929 |
Republican | –
1924 |
Vacant through
March 4, 1925 Charles G. Dawes | |
31 | ![]() |
Herbert Hoover
(1874–1964) [55] |
March 4, 1929
– March 4, 1933 |
Republican | 1928 | Charles Curtis | |
32 | ![]() |
Franklin D. Roosevelt
(1882–1945) [56] |
March 4, 1933
– April 12, 1945[f] |
Democratic | 1932
1936 1940 1944 |
John Nance Garner
Henry A. Wallace Harry S. Truman | |
33 | ![]() |
Harry S. Truman
(1884–1972) [57] |
April 12, 1945[p]
– January 20, 1953 |
Democratic | –
1948 |
Vacant through
January 20, 1949 Alben W. Barkley | |
34 | ![]() |
Dwight D. Eisenhower
(1890–1969) [59] |
January 20, 1953
– January 20, 1961 |
Republican | 1952
1956 |
Richard Nixon | |
35 | ![]() |
John F. Kennedy
(1917–1963) [60] |
January 20, 1961
– November 22, 1963[f] |
Democratic | 1960 | Lyndon B. Johnson | |
36 | ![]() |
Lyndon B. Johnson
(1908–1973) [61] |
November 22, 1963[q]
– January 20, 1969 |
Democratic | –
1964 |
Vacant through
January 20, 1965 Hubert Humphrey | |
37 | ![]() |
Richard Nixon
(1913–1994) [63] |
January 20, 1969
– August 9, 1974[e] |
Republican | 1968
1972 |
Spiro Agnew[e]
Vacant: October 10 – December 6, 1973 Gerald Ford[r] | |
38 | ![]() |
Gerald Ford
(1913–2006) [64] |
August 9, 1974[s]
– January 20, 1977 |
Republican | – | Vacant through
December 19, 1974 Nelson Rockefeller[r] | |
39 | ![]() |
Jimmy Carter
(b. 1924) [65] |
January 20, 1977
– January 20, 1981 |
Democratic | 1976 | Walter Mondale | |
40 | ![]() |
Ronald Reagan
(1911–2004) [66] |
January 20, 1981
– January 20, 1989 |
Republican | 1980
1984 |
George H. W. Bush | |
41 | ![]() |
George H. W. Bush
(1924–2018) [67] |
January 20, 1989
– January 20, 1993 |
Republican | 1988 | Dan Quayle | |
42 | ![]() |
Bill Clinton
(b. 1946) [68] |
January 20, 1993
– January 20, 2001 |
Democratic | 1992
1996 |
Al Gore | |
43 | ![]() |
George W. Bush
(b. 1946) [69] |
January 20, 2001
– January 20, 2009 |
Republican | 2000
2004 |
Dick Cheney | |
44 | ![]() |
Barack Obama
(b. 1961) [70] |
January 20, 2009
– January 20, 2017 |
Democratic | 2008
2012 |
Joe Biden | |
45 | ![]() |
Donald Trump
(b. 1946) [71] |
January 20, 2017
– January 20, 2021 |
Republican | 2016 | Mike Pence | |
46 | ![]() |
Joe Biden
(b. 1942) [13] |
January 20, 2021
– Incumbent |
Democratic | 2020 | Kamala Harris |
List of prime ministers
[edit]The parties shown are those to which the prime ministers belonged at the time they held office, and the electoral divisions shown are those they represented while in office. Several prime ministers belonged to parties other than those given and represented other electorates before and after their time in office.
Political parties
[edit]Status
Background indicates caretaker prime minister
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) Constituency |
Election (Parliament) |
Term of office | Political party |
Ministry | Monarch | Governor-General | Ref. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||||||||
1 | John Watts (1749–1836) MP for Hunter, NSW |
1815 (6th) | 1 January 1901 |
24 September 1903 |
2 years, 266 days | Protectionist | Barton | Victoria | Lord Hopetoun | [72] | |
Edward VII | |||||||||||
Lord Tennyson | |||||||||||
2 | ![]() |
William Dummer Powell (1755–1834) MP for Ballaarat, Vic[t] |
24 September 1903 |
27 April 1904 |
216 days | Protectionist | 1st Deakin | [73] | |||
— (1st) | Lord Northcote | ||||||||||
3 | ![]() |
Aaron Burr (1756–1836) MP for Bland, NSW |
1818 (7th) | 27 April 1904 |
18 August 1904 |
113 days | Labor | Watson | [74] | ||
4 | ![]() |
George Reid (1845–1918) MP for East Sydney, NSW |
— (2nd) | 18 August 1904 |
5 July 1905 |
321 days | Free Trade | Reid | [75] | ||
(2) | ![]() |
Alfred Deakin (1856–1919) MP for Ballaarat, Vic[t] |
— (2nd) | 5 July 1905 |
13 November 1908 |
3 years, 131 days | Protectionist | 2nd Deakin | [73] | ||
1906 (3rd) | |||||||||||
Lord Dudley | |||||||||||
5 | ![]() |
Andrew Fisher (1862–1928) MP for Wide Bay, Qld |
— (3rd) | 13 November 1908 |
2 June 1909 |
201 days | Labor | 1st Fisher | [76] | ||
(2) | ![]() |
Alfred Deakin (1856–1919) MP for Ballaarat, Vic[t] |
— (3rd) | 2 June 1909 |
29 April 1910 |
331 days | Liberal | 3rd Deakin | [73] | ||
(5) | ![]() |
Andrew Fisher (1862–1928) MP for Wide Bay, Qld |
1910 (4th) | 29 April 1910 |
24 June 1913 |
3 years, 56 days | Labor | 2nd Fisher | [76] | ||
George V | |||||||||||
Lord Denman | |||||||||||
6 | ![]() |
Joseph Cook (1860–1947) MP for Parramatta, NSW |
1913 (5th) | 24 June 1913 |
17 September 1914 |
1 year, 85 days | Liberal | Cook | [77] | ||
Ronald Munro Ferguson | |||||||||||
(5) | ![]() |
Andrew Fisher (1862–1928) MP for Wide Bay, Qld |
1914 (6th) | 17 September 1914 |
27 October 1915 |
1 year, 40 days | Labor | 3rd Fisher | [76] | ||
![]() |
Billy Hughes (1862–1952) MP for West Sydney, NSW (until 1917) MP for Bendigo, Vic (1917–22) MP for North Sydney, NSW (from 1922) |
— (6th) | 27 October 1915 |
14 November 1916 |
7 years, 105 days | Labor | 1st Hughes | [78] | |||
7 | – (6th) | 14 November 1916 |
17 February 1917 |
National Labor | 2nd Hughes | ||||||
– (6th) | 17 February 1917 |
9 February 1923 |
Nationalist | 3rd Hughes | |||||||
1917 (7th) | 4th Hughes | ||||||||||
1919 (8th) | 5th Hughes | ||||||||||
Lord Forster | |||||||||||
8 | ![]() |
Stanley Bruce (1883–1967) MP for Flinders, Vic |
1922 (9th) | 9 February 1923 |
22 October 1929 |
6 years, 255 days | Nationalist (Coalition) |
1st Bruce | [79] | ||
Lord Stonehaven | |||||||||||
1925 (10th) | 2nd Bruce | ||||||||||
1928 (11th) | 3rd Bruce | ||||||||||
9 | ![]() |
James Scullin (1876–1953) MP for Yarra, Vic |
1929 (12th) | 22 October 1929 |
6 January 1932 |
2 years, 76 days | Labor | Scullin | [80] | ||
Sir Isaac Isaacs | |||||||||||
10 | ![]() |
Joseph Lyons (1879–1939) MP for Wilmot, Tas |
1931 (13th) | 6 January 1932 |
7 April 1939[u] |
7 years, 91 days | United Australia | 1st Lyons | [81] | ||
1934 (14th) | 2nd Lyons | ||||||||||
— (14th) | United Australia (Coalition) |
3rd Lyons | |||||||||
Edward VIII | |||||||||||
Lord Gowrie | |||||||||||
George VI | |||||||||||
1937 (15th) | 4th Lyons | ||||||||||
11 | ![]() |
Earle Page (1880–1961) MP for Cowper, NSW |
— (15th) | 7 April 1939 |
26 April 1939 |
19 days | Country (Coalition) |
Page (Caretaker) |
[82] | ||
12 | ![]() |
Robert Menzies (1894–1978) MP for Kooyong, Vic |
— (15th) | 26 April 1939 |
29 August 1941 |
2 years, 125 days | United Australia | 1st Menzies | [83] | ||
United Australia (Coalition) |
2nd Menzies | ||||||||||
1940 (16th) | 3rd Menzies | ||||||||||
13 | ![]() |
Arthur Fadden (1894–1973) MP for Darling Downs, Qld |
— (16th) | 29 August 1941 |
7 October 1941 |
39 days | Country (Coalition) |
Fadden | [84] | ||
14 | ![]() |
John Curtin (1885–1945) MP for Fremantle, WA |
— | 7 October 1941 |
5 July 1945[v] |
3 years, 271 days | Labor | 1st Curtin | [85] | ||
1943 (17th) | 2nd Curtin | ||||||||||
Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester | |||||||||||
15 | ![]() |
Frank Forde (1890–1983) MP for Capricornia, Qld |
— (17th) | 5 July 1945 |
13 July 1945 |
7 days | Labor | Forde (Caretaker) |
[86] | ||
16 | ![]() |
Ben Chifley (1885–1951) MP for Macquarie, NSW |
— (17th) | 13 July 1945 |
19 December 1949 |
4 years, 159 days | Labor | 1st Chifley | [87] | ||
1946 (18th) | 2nd Chifley | ||||||||||
Sir William McKell | |||||||||||
(12) | ![]() |
Robert Menzies (1894–1978) MP for Kooyong, Vic |
1949 (19th) | 19 December 1949 |
26 January 1966 |
16 years, 38 days | Liberal (Coalition) |
4th Menzies | [83] | ||
1951 (20th) | 5th Menzies | ||||||||||
Elizabeth II | |||||||||||
Sir William Slim | |||||||||||
1954 (21st) | 6th Menzies | ||||||||||
1955 (22nd) | 7th Menzies | ||||||||||
1958 (23rd) | 8th Menzies | ||||||||||
Lord Dunrossil | |||||||||||
Lord De L'Isle | |||||||||||
1961 (24th) | 9th Menzies | ||||||||||
1963 (25th) | 10th Menzies | ||||||||||
Lord Casey | |||||||||||
17 | ![]() |
Harold Holt (1908–1967) MP for Higgins, Vic |
— (25th) | 26 January 1966 |
17 December 1967[w] |
1 year, 327 days | Liberal (Coalition) |
1st Holt | [88] | ||
1966 (26th) | 2nd Holt | ||||||||||
18 | ![]() |
John McEwen (1900–1980) MP for Murray, Vic |
— (26th) | 19 December 1967 |
10 January 1968 |
22 days | Country (Coalition) |
McEwen (Caretaker) |
[89] | ||
19 | ![]() |
John Gorton (1911–2002) MP for Higgins, Vic[x] |
— (26th) | 10 January 1968 |
10 March 1971 |
3 years, 59 days | Liberal (Coalition) |
1st Gorton | [91] | ||
Sir Paul Hasluck | |||||||||||
1969 (27th) | 2nd Gorton | ||||||||||
20 | ![]() |
William McMahon (1908–1988) MP for Lowe, NSW |
— (27th) | 10 March 1971 |
5 December 1972 |
1 year, 270 days | Liberal (Coalition) |
McMahon | [92] | ||
21 | ![]() |
Gough Whitlam (1916–2014) MP for Werriwa, NSW |
1972 (28th) | 5 December 1972 |
11 November 1975 |
2 years, 341 days | Labor | 1st Whitlam | [93] | ||
— (28th) | 2nd Whitlam | ||||||||||
1974 (29th) | 3rd Whitlam | ||||||||||
Sir John Kerr | |||||||||||
22 | ![]() |
Malcolm Fraser (1930–2015) MP for Wannon, Vic |
— (29th) | 11 November 1975 |
11 March 1983 |
7 years, 120 days | Liberal (Coalition) |
1st Fraser | [94] | ||
1975 (30th) | 2nd Fraser | ||||||||||
Sir Zelman Cowen | |||||||||||
1977 (31st) | 3rd Fraser | ||||||||||
1980 (32nd) | 4th Fraser | ||||||||||
Sir Ninian Stephen | |||||||||||
23 | ![]() |
Bob Hawke (1929–2019) MP for Wills, Vic |
1983 (33rd) | 11 March 1983 |
20 December 1991 |
8 years, 284 days | Labor | 1st Hawke | [95] | ||
1984 (34th) | 2nd Hawke | ||||||||||
1987 (35th) | 3rd Hawke | ||||||||||
Bill Hayden | |||||||||||
1990 (36th) | 4th Hawke | ||||||||||
24 | ![]() |
Paul Keating (b. 1944) MP for Blaxland, NSW |
— (36th) | 20 December 1991 |
11 March 1996 |
4 years, 82 days | Labor | 1st Keating | [96] | ||
1993 (37th) | 2nd Keating | ||||||||||
Sir William Deane | |||||||||||
25 | ![]() |
John Howard (b. 1939) MP for Bennelong, NSW |
1996 (38th) | 11 March 1996 |
3 December 2007 |
11 years, 267 days | Liberal (Coalition) |
1st Howard | [97] | ||
1998 (39th) | 2nd Howard | ||||||||||
Peter Hollingworth | |||||||||||
2001 (40th) | 3rd Howard | ||||||||||
Michael Jeffery | |||||||||||
2004 (41st) | 4th Howard | ||||||||||
26 | ![]() |
Kevin Rudd (b. 1957) MP for Griffith, Qld |
2007 (42nd) | 3 December 2007 |
24 June 2010 |
2 years, 203 days | Labor | 1st Rudd | [98] | ||
Dame Quentin Bryce | |||||||||||
27 | ![]() |
Julia Gillard (b. 1961) MP for Lalor, Vic |
— (42nd) | 24 June 2010 |
27 June 2013 |
3 years, 3 days | Labor | 1st Gillard | [99] | ||
2010 (43rd) | 2nd Gillard | ||||||||||
(26) | ![]() |
Kevin Rudd (b. 1957) MP for Griffith, Qld |
— (43rd) | 27 June 2013 |
18 September 2013 |
83 days | Labor | 2nd Rudd | [98] | ||
28 | ![]() |
Tony Abbott (b. 1957) MP for Warringah, NSW |
2013 (44th) | 18 September 2013 |
15 September 2015 |
1 year, 362 days | Liberal (Coalition) |
Abbott | [100] | ||
Sir Peter Cosgrove | |||||||||||
29 | ![]() |
Malcolm Turnbull (b. 1954) MP for Wentworth, NSW |
— (44th) | 15 September 2015 |
24 August 2018 |
2 years, 343 days | Liberal (Coalition) |
1st Turnbull | [101] | ||
2016 (45th) | 2nd Turnbull | ||||||||||
30 | Scott Morrison (b. 1968) MP for Cook, NSW |
— (45th) | 24 August 2018 |
23 May 2022 |
3 years, 272 days | Liberal (Coalition) |
1st Morrison | [102] | |||
2019 (46th) | 2nd Morrison | ||||||||||
David Hurley | |||||||||||
31 | ![]() |
Anthony Albanese (b. 1963) MP for Grayndler, NSW |
2022 (47th) | 23 May 2022 |
Incumbent | 2 years, 83 days[y] | Labor | Albanese | [103] | ||
Charles III | |||||||||||
Samantha Mostyn |
Timeline
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/d101dh8wfgp1ztdhhs8vb60pfv7aobz.png)
Career-based timeline
[edit]This timeline shows most of the early life, the political career and death of each prime minister from 1901. The first prime minister was Edmund Barton in the early 20th century.[104]
Key
[edit]- Each dark coloured bar denotes the time spent as prime minister
- A light colour denotes time spent in Parliament before or after serving as prime minister
- A grey colour bar denotes the time the prime minister spent outside Parliament, either before or after their political career
Notable moments
[edit]- changed party: Cook (pre-office), Watson (post-office), Hughes (in office and post-office), Lyons (pre-office)
- died in office: Lyons, Curtin, Holt
- died shortly after leaving office: Chifley
- left Parliament on leaving office: Barton, Bruce, Menzies, Fraser, Hawke, Keating, Howard, Gillard, Turnbull
- long career after being prime minister: Cook, Hughes, Scullin, Page, Fadden, McMahon
- was prime minister after an interruption to their service in Parliament: Scullin, Curtin, Chifley
- lived for more than twenty years after leaving Parliament: Watson, Cook, Bruce, Forde, Gorton, Whitlam, Fraser, Hawke, Keating
- former prime minister still living: Keating, Howard, Rudd, Gillard, Abbott, Turnbull, Morrison
Timeline
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/joed88hs8xwef9pufjprnz9mzz17eid.png)
See also
[edit]- History of Australia
- List of prime ministers of Australia by birthplace
- List of prime ministers of Australia by time in office
- Politics of Australia
- Spouse of the prime minister of Australia
Notes
[edit]- ^ Presidents are numbered according to uninterrupted periods served by the same person. For example, George Washington served two consecutive terms and is counted as the first president (not the first and second). Upon the resignation of 37th president, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford became the 38th president even though he simply served out the remainder of Nixon's second term and was never elected to the presidency in his own right. Grover Cleveland was both the 22nd president and the 24th president because his two terms were not consecutive. A vice president who temporarily becomes acting president under the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution is not counted, because the president remains in office during such a period.
- ^ Reflects the president's political party at the start of their presidency. Changes during their time in office are noted. Also reflects the vice president's political party unless otherwise noted beside the individual's name.
- ^ Early during John Quincy Adams' term, the Democratic-Republican Party dissolved; his allies in Congress and at the state level were referred to as "Adams' Men" during the Adams presidency. When Andrew Jackson became president in 1829, this group became the "Anti-Jackson" opposition, and organized themselves as the National Republican Party.[22]
- ^ John Calhoun, formerly a Democratic-Republican, founded the Nullifier Party in 1828 to oppose the Tariff of 1828 and advance the cause of states' rights, but was brought on as Andrew Jackson's running mate in the 1828 presidential election in an effort to broaden the democratic coalition led by Jackson.[23]
- ^ a b c Resigned from office[25]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Cite error: The named reference
diedintraterm
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ John Tyler succeeded to the presidency upon the death of William Henry Harrison.[29]
- ^ John Tyler was elected vice president on the Whig Party ticket in 1840. His policy priorities as president soon proved to be opposed to most of the Whig agenda, and he was expelled from the party five months after assuming office.[30]
- ^ Millard Fillmore succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Zachary Taylor.[34]
- ^ When he ran for reelection in 1864, Republican Abraham Lincoln formed a bipartisan electoral alliance with War Democrats by selecting Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate, and running on the National Union Party ticket.[38]
- ^ Andrew Johnson succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Abraham Lincoln.[39]
- ^ While president, Andrew Johnson tried and failed to build a party of loyalists under the National Union banner. Near the end of his presidency, Johnson rejoined the Democratic Party.[39]
- ^ Chester A. Arthur succeeded to the presidency upon the death of James A. Garfield.[44]
- ^ Theodore Roosevelt succeeded to the presidency upon the death of William McKinley.[49]
- ^ Calvin Coolidge succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Warren G. Harding.[54]
- ^ Harry S. Truman succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt.[58]
- ^ Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded to the presidency upon the death of John F. Kennedy.[62]
- ^ a b Appointed as vice president under terms of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, Section 2[25]
- ^ Gerald Ford succeeded to the presidency upon the resignation of Richard Nixon.[64]
- ^ a b c Ballarat was spelt Ballaarat until the 1973 election.
- ^ Died in office
- ^ Died in office
- ^ Died in office
- ^ Gorton was a Senator until he resigned from the Senate on 1 February 1968; he was elected to the House of Representatives at the Higgins by-election on 24 February 1968.[90]
- ^ As of 14 August 2024
References
[edit]- ^ Rossiter (1962), p. 86.
- ^ Shugart (2004), pp. 633–636.
- ^ Epstein (2005), p. 318.
- ^ Matuz (2001), p. xxii.
- ^ Schaller & Williams (2003), p. 192.
- ^ McHugh & Mackowiak (2014), pp. 990–995.
- ^ Skau (1974), pp. 246–275.
- ^ Peabody & Gant (1999), p. 565.
- ^ Abbott (2005), pp. 627–644.
- ^ Dinnerstein (1962), pp. 447–451.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 197; Nardulli (1992), p. 179.
- ^ LOC (2); Jamison (2014).
- ^ a b whitehouse.gov (g).
- ^ LOC; whitehouse.gov.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 257–258.
- ^ LOC.
- ^ McDonald (2000).
- ^ Pencak (2000).
- ^ Peterson (2000).
- ^ Banning (2000).
- ^ Hargreaves (2000).
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 228; Goldman (1951), p. 159.
- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 892; Houpt (2010), pp. 26, 280.
- ^ Remini (2000).
- ^ a b Neale (2004), p. 22.
- ^ Cole (2000).
- ^ Gutzman (2000).
- ^ Shade (2000).
- ^ Abbott (2013), p. 23.
- ^ Cash (2018), pp. 34–36.
- ^ Rawley (2000).
- ^ Smith (2000).
- ^ Anbinder (2000).
- ^ Abbott (2005), p. 639.
- ^ Gara (2000).
- ^ Gienapp (2000).
- ^ McPherson (b) (2000).
- ^ McSeveney (1986), p. 139.
- ^ a b c Trefousse (2000).
- ^ McPherson (a) (2000).
- ^ Hoogenboom (2000).
- ^ Peskin (2000).
- ^ Reeves (2000).
- ^ Greenberger (2017), pp. 174–175.
- ^ a b Campbell (2000).
- ^ Spetter (2000).
- ^ Gould (a) (2000).
- ^ Harbaugh (2000).
- ^ Abbott (2005), pp. 639–640.
- ^ Gould (b) (2000).
- ^ Ambrosius (2000).
- ^ Hawley (2000).
- ^ McCoy (2000).
- ^ Senate.
- ^ Hoff (a) (2000).
- ^ Brinkley (2000).
- ^ Hamby (2000).
- ^ Abbott (2005), p. 636.
- ^ Ambrose (2000).
- ^ Parmet (2000).
- ^ Gardner (2000).
- ^ Abbott (2005), p. 633.
- ^ Hoff (b) (2000).
- ^ a b Greene (2013).
- ^ whitehouse.gov (a).
- ^ Schaller (2004).
- ^ whitehouse.gov (b).
- ^ whitehouse.gov (c).
- ^ whitehouse.gov (d).
- ^ whitehouse.gov (e).
- ^ whitehouse.gov (f).
- ^ Rutledge, Martha (1979). "Sir Edmund (Toby) Barton (1849–1920)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 7. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved October 21, 2008.
- ^ a b c Norris, R. (1981). "Deakin, Alfred (1856–1919)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved October 21, 2008.
- ^ Nairn, Bede (1990). "Watson, John Christian (1867–1941)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved October 21, 2008.
- ^ McMinn, W. G. (1988). "Sir George Houstoun Reid (1845–1918)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 11. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved October 21, 2008.
- ^ a b c Murphy, D. J. (1981). "Andrew Fisher (1862–1928)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 8. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved October 21, 2008.
- ^ Crowley, F. K. (1981). "Sir Joseph Cook (1860–1947)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 8. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved October 21, 2008.
- ^ Fitzhardinge, L. F. (1983). "William Morris (Billy) Hughes (1862–1952)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 9. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved October 21, 2008.
- ^ Radi, Heather (1979). "Bruce, Stanley Melbourne [Viscount Bruce] (1883–1967)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved October 21, 2008.
- ^ Robertson, J. R. (1988). "Scullin, James Henry (1876–1953)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved October 21, 2008.
- ^ Hart, P. R.; Lloyd, C. J. (1986). "Lyons, Joseph Aloysius (1879–1939)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved October 21, 2008.
- ^ Bridge, Carl. "Page, Sir Earle Christmas Grafton (1880–1961)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved October 21, 2008.
- ^ a b Martin, A. W. "Menzies, Sir Robert Gordon (Bob) (1894–1978)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved November 22, 2008.
- ^ Cribb, Margaret Bridson. "Fadden, Sir Arthur William (1894–1973)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved November 22, 2008.
- ^ Serle, Geoffrey, "Curtin, John (1885–1945)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved September 1, 2022
- ^ Lloyd, Neil; Saunders, Malcolm, "Forde, Francis Michael (Frank) (1890–1983)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved September 1, 2022
- ^ Waterson, D. B., "Chifley, Joseph Benedict (Ben) (1885–1951)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved September 1, 2022
- ^ Hancock, I. R., "Holt, Harold Edward (1908–1967)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved September 1, 2022
- ^ Lloyd, C. J., "McEwen, Sir John (1900–1980)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved September 1, 2022
- ^ Williams, Evan (March 11, 2020). "From the Archives, 1968: The day the PM became an MP". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved September 2, 2022.
- ^ "John Gorton | MOAD". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
- ^ Leeser, Julian, "McMahon, Sir William (Billy) (1908–1988)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved September 1, 2022
- ^ "Gough Whitlam | MOAD". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
- ^ "Malcolm Fraser | MOAD". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
- ^ "Bob Hawke | MOAD". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
- ^ "Paul Keating | MOAD". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
- ^ "John Howard | MOAD". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
- ^ a b "Kevin Rudd | MOAD". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
- ^ "Julia Gillard | MOAD". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
- ^ "Tony Abbott | MOAD". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
- ^ "Malcolm Turnbull | MOAD". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
- ^ "Scott Morrison | MOAD". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
- ^ "Anthony Albanese | MOAD". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
- ^ Rutledge, Martha (1979). "Sir Edmund (Toby) Barton (1849–1920)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 7. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved October 21, 2008.
External links
[edit]- Official website of the Prime Minister of Australia
- Museum of Australian Democracy Prime Minister Information
See also
[edit]- Acting President of the United States
- Founding Fathers of the United States
- List of vice presidents of the United States
- President of the Continental Congress
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]Works cited
[edit]General
- Guide to U.S. Elections. SAGE Publications. 2010. ISBN 978-1-60426-536-1.
- "Chronological List of Presidents, First Ladies, and Vice Presidents of the United States". Library of Congress. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
- "Presidents". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
Expert studies
- Abbott, Philip (2005). "Accidental Presidents: Death, Assassination, Resignation, and Democratic Succession". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 35 (4). Wiley: 627–645. doi:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2005.00269.x. ISSN 0360-4918. JSTOR 27552721.
- Abbott, Philip (2013). "The First Bad President?: John Tyler". Bad Presidents. The Evolving American Presidency Series. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 23–42. doi:10.1057/9781137306593_2. ISBN 978-1-349-45513-3.
- Cash, Jordan T. (2018). "The Isolated Presidency: John Tyler and Unilateral Presidential Power". American Political Thought. 7: 26–56. doi:10.1086/695644. S2CID 158133180 – via ResearchGate.
- Dinnerstein, Leonard (1962). "The Accession of John Tyler to the Presidency". Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 70 (4). Virginia Historical Society: 447–458. JSTOR 4246893.
- Epstein, Richard A. (2005). "Executive Power, the Commander in Chief, and the Militia Clause". Hofstra Law Review. 34 (2). ISSN 0091-4029.
- Goldman, Ralph Morris (1951). Party Chairmen and Party Faction, 1789–1900: A Theory of Executive Responsibility and Conflict Resolution. University of Chicago Press. OCLC 1243718246.
- Houpt, David W. (2010). "Securing a Legacy". The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. Vol. 118, no. 1. Virginia Historical Society. ProQuest 195929787.
- Matuz, Roger (2001). Complete American Presidents Sourcebook. UXL. ISBN 978-0-7876-4842-8. LCCN 00056794. OL 24722725M.
- McHugh, Jane; Mackowiak, Philip A. (2014). "Death in the White House: President William Henry Harrison's Atypical Pneumonia". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 59 (7). Oxford University Press: 990–995. doi:10.1093/cid/ciu470. JSTOR 24032403. PMID 24962997.
- McSeveney, Samuel T. (1986). "Re-electing Lincoln: The Union Party Campaign and the Military Vote in Connecticut". Civil War History. 32 (2). Kent State University Press: 139–158. doi:10.1353/cwh.1986.0032. S2CID 144623179.
- Nardulli, Peter F., ed. (1992). The Constitution and American Political Development: An Institutional Perspective. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-01787-2.
- Neale, Thomas H. (2004). "Presidential and Vice Presidential Succession: Overview and Current Legislation" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved November 14, 2023.
- Peabody, Bruce G.; Gant, Scott E. (1999). "The Twice and Future President: Constitutional Interstices and the Twenty-Second Amendment". Minnesota Law Review. 83 (565). ISSN 0026-5535.
- Rossiter, Clinton (1962). "Powers of the United States President and Congress". Pakistan Horizon. 15 (2). Pakistan Institute of International Affairs: 85–92. JSTOR 41392704.
- Schaller, Thomas F.; Williams, Thomas W. (2003). "'The Contemporary Presidency': Postpresidential Influence in the Postmodern Era". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 33 (1). Center for Congressional and Presidential Studies: 188–200. JSTOR 27552468.
- Shugart, Matthew S. (2004). "Elections': The American Process of Selecting a President: A Comparative Perspective". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 34 (3). Center for Congressional and Presidential Studies: 632–655. doi:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2004.00216.x. JSTOR 27552617.
- Skau, George H. (1974). "Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Expansion of Presidential Power". Current History. 66 (394). University of California Press: 246–275. doi:10.1525/curh.1974.66.394.246. JSTOR 45313079. S2CID 248394036.
Presidential biographies
- Ambrose, Stephen E. (2000) [1999]. "Eisenhower, Dwight David". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0700094. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- Ambrosius, Lloyd E. (2000) [1999]. "Wilson, Woodrow". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600726. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- Ammon, Harry (2000) [1999]. "Monroe, James". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300338. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- Anbinder, Tyler (2000) [1999]. "Fillmore, Millard". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400374. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- Banning, Lance (2000) [1999]. "Madison, James". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300303. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- Brinkley, Alan (2000) [1999]. "Roosevelt, Franklin Delano". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600567. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- Campbell, Ballard C. (2000) [1999]. "Cleveland, Grover". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500144. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- Cole, Donald B. (2000) [1999]. "Van Buren, Martin". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300507. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- Gara, Larry (2000) [1999]. "Pierce, Franklin". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400788. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- Gardner, Lloyd (2000) [1999]. "Johnson, Lyndon Baines". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0700147. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- Gienapp, William E. (2000) [1999]. "Buchanan, James". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400170. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- Gould, Lewis L. (2000) [1999]. "McKinley, William". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500507. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- Gould, Lewis L. (2000) [1999]. "Taft, William Howard". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600642. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- Greenberger, Scott S. (2017). The Unexpected President: The Life and Times of Chester A. Arthur. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-82390-9.
- Greene, John Robert (2013). "Ford, Gerald R., Jr". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1501345. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- Gutzman, K. R. Constantine (2000) [1999]. "Harrison, William Henry". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300211. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- Hamby, Alonzo L. (2000) [1999]. "Truman, Harry S." American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0700307. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- Harbaugh, William H. (2000) [1999]. "Roosevelt, Theodore". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600569. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- Hargreaves, Mary W. M. (2000) [1999]. "Adams, John Quincy". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300002. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- Hawley, Ellis W. (2000) [1999]. "Harding, Warren Gamaliel". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600253. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- Hoff, Joan (2000) [1999]. "Hoover, Herbert Clark". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600287. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- Hoff, Joan (2000) [1999]. "Nixon, Richard Milhous". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0700684. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- Hoogenboom, Ari (2000) [1999]. "Hayes, Rutherford Birchard". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500331. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- McCoy, Donald R. (2000) [1999]. "Coolidge, Calvin". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600109. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- McDonald, Forrest (2000) [1999]. "Washington, George". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0200332. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- McPherson, James M. (2000) [1999]. "Grant, Ulysses S." American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500291. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- McPherson, James M. (2000) [1999]. "Lincoln, Abraham". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400631. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- Parmet, Herbert S. (2000) [1999]. "Kennedy, John Fitzgerald". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0700152. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- Pencak, William (2000) [1999]. "Adams, John". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0100007. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- Peskin, Allan (2000) [1999]. "Garfield, James Abram". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500264. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- Peterson, Merrill D. (2000). "Jefferson, Thomas". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0200196. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- Rawley, James A. (2000) [1999]. "Polk, James Knox". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400795. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- Reeves, Thomas C. (2000) [1999]. "Arthur, Chester Alan". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500033. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- Remini, Robert V. (2000) [1999]. "Jackson, Andrew". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300238. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- Schaller, Michael (2004). "Reagan, Ronald Wilson". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0700791. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- Shade, William G. (2000) [1999]. "Tyler, John". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0401004. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- Smith, Elbert B. (2000) [1999]. "Taylor, Zachary". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400978. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- Spetter, Allan Burton (2000) [1999]. "Harrison, Benjamin". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500320. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- Trefousse, Hans L. (2000) [1999]. "Johnson, Andrew". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400566. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- "James Carter". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- "George H. W. Bush". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- "William J. Clinton". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- "George W. Bush". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- "Barack Obama". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- "Donald Trump". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- "Joe Biden". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
Online sources
- Jamison, Dennis (December 31, 2014). "George Washington' Views on Political Parties in America". The Washington Times. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
- "Creating the United States: Formation of Political Parties". Library of Congress. Retrieved July 31, 2022.
- "President's Swearing-in Ceremony". United States Senate. Retrieved July 31, 2022.
External links
[edit]Media related to President of the United States at Wikimedia Commons
Quotations related to List of presidents of the United States at Wikiquote