User:ArredondoC-alejandro/sandbox

Autores globales

Logo	Institution	Country	Number of laureates
	Le_Soldat_fanfaron Plaute_marmite plaute_marchand [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] https://pot-pourri.fltr.ucl.ac.be/files/Aclassftp/textes/Terentius/phormio_fr.txt https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Comedies_of_Publius_Terentius_Afer_(1870)/Andria http://agoraclass.fltr.ucl.ac.be/concordances/tacite_annalesI/lecture/default.htm http://agoraclass.fltr.ucl.ac.be/concordances/tacite_histoiresI/lecture/default.htm http://agoraclass.fltr.ucl.ac.be/concordances/tacite_germanie/lecture/default.htm https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Annales_(Tacite)/Livre_I http://agoraclass.fltr.ucl.ac.be/concordances/Tite_live01/lecture/default.htm http://agoraclass.fltr.ucl.ac.be/concordances/AeneisI/lecture/default.htm http://agoraclass.fltr.ucl.ac.be/concordances/vitruve_de_architect_01/lecture/default.htm http://agoraclass.fltr.ucl.ac.be/concordances/virg_bucoliques/lecture/1.htm	14 (1904,1906,1915,1915,1917,1928,1933,1935,1937,1947,1948,1950,1951,1973,1977,1983,2016,2020) Lord Rayleigh j.Thomson H. Bragg L.Bragg G.Barkla W.Richardson Paul Dirac J.Chadwick P.Thomson V.Appleton S.Blackett F.Powell D.Cockcroft D.Josephson F.Mott S.Chandrasekhar M. Haldane R.Penrose
	Harvard University	United States	11 (1946,1952,1975,1977,1977,1979,1981,1993,2004,2005,2012) W.Bridgman j.Thomson H. Bragg L.Bragg G.Barkla W.Richardson Paul Dirac J.Chadwick P.Thomson V.Appleton
	University of Chicago	United States	10 (1939,1957,1957,1959,1968,1980,1988,1990,1998,2009)
	Princeton University	United States	10 (1927,1937,1956,1961,1965,1972,1979,2004,2017,2019) C.A. Pissarides L. Hurwicz R.Coase W.A. Lewis
	ETH Zurich	United States	7 (1901,1912,1920,1921,1952,1986,1987) William Vickrey Milton Friedman Kenneth Arrow Simon Kuznets C.A. Pissarides L. Hurwicz R.Coase W.A. Lewis
	Humboldt University of Berlin	Germany	7 (1907,1909,1911,1914,1925,1926,1954) C.A. Pissarides L. Hurwicz R.Coase W.A. Lewis
	University of Paris	France	5 (1903,1903,1929,1966,1970) C.A. Pissarides L. Hurwicz R.Coase W.A. Lewis
	Massachusetts Institute of Technology	United States	5 (1990,1997,1998,2001,2001) Lawrence Klein Robert C. Merton Robert Mundell Joseph Stiglitz
	Kyoto Imperial University	Japan	3 (1949,1965,1973) Edmund S. Phelps Douglas Diamond Philip H. Dybvig
	University of Leiden	Netherlands	3 (1902,1902,1910) Douglass North Daniel Kahneman
	University of Munich	Germany	3 (2000, 2013) Daniel McFadden Lars Peter Hansen
	Technical University of Berlin	Germany	3 (1963,1971,1986) Daniel McFadden Lars Peter Hansen
	University of Geneva	Switzerland	2 (2000, 2013) Daniel McFadden Lars Peter Hansen

Italic text

Laureates

Year	Picture	Laureate	Country	Language(s)	Age awarded	Citation	Genre(s)	Alma mater
1901		Sully Prudhomme (1839–1907)	France	French	62	"in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect"	poetry, essay	Lycée Condorcet
1902		Theodor Mommsen (1817–1903)	Germany	German	85	"the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work A History of Rome"	history, law	University of Kiel
1903		Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson (1832–1910)	Norway	Norwegian	71	"as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit"	poetry, novel, drama	University of Oslo
1904		Frédéric Mistral (1830–1914)	France	Provençal	74	"in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist"	poetry, philology	Aix-Marseille University
		José Echegaray (1832–1916)	Spain	Spanish	72	"in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama"	drama
1905		Henryk Sienkiewicz (1846–1916)	Poland (Russian Empire)	Polish	59	"because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer"	novel
1906		Giosuè Carducci (1835–1907)	Italy	Italian	71	"not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces"	poetry	Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa
1907		Rudyard Kipling (1865–1936)	United Kingdom	English	41	"in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration that characterize the creations of this world-famous author"	novel, short story, poetry	United Services College
1908		Rudolf Christoph Eucken (1846–1926)	Germany	German	62	"in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life"	philosophy	Göttingen University
1909		Selma Lagerlöf (1858–1940)	Sweden	Swedish	51	"in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings"	novel, short story	Stockholm University
1910		Paul von Heyse (1830–1914)	Germany	German	80	"as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories"	poetry, drama, novel, short story	University of Jena
1911		Maurice Maeterlinck (1862–1949)	Belgium	French	49	"in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations"	drama, poetry, essay	University of Ghent
1912		Gerhart Hauptmann (1862–1946)	Germany	German	50	"primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art"	drama, novel	Royal Art School in Breslau
1913		Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941)	British India (British Empire)	Bengali and English	52	"because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West"	poetry, novel, drama, short story, essay, translation	St. Xavier's Collegiate School
1914	Not awarded
1915		Romain Rolland (1866–1944)	France	French	49	"as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings"	novel	Sorbonne University
1916		Verner von Heidenstam (1859–1940)	Sweden	Swedish	56	"in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature"	poetry, novel	Karlberg Military Academy.
1917		Karl Adolph Gjellerup (1857–1919)	Denmark	Danish and German	60	"for his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals"	poetry
		Henrik Pontoppidan (1857–1943)	Denmark	Danish	60	"for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark"	novel
1918	Not awarded
1919		Carl Spitteler (1845–1924)	Switzerland	German	74	"in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring"	poetry
1920		Knut Hamsun (1859–1952)	Norway	Norwegian	61	"for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil"	novel
1921		Anatole France (1844–1924)	France	French	77	"in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament"	novel, poetry
1922		Jacinto Benavente (1866–1954)	Spain	Spanish	56	"for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama"	drama
1923		William Butler Yeats (1865–1939)	Ireland	English	58	"for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation"	poetry
1924		Władysław Reymont (1867–1925)	Poland	Polish	57	"for his great national epic, The Peasants"	novel
1925		George Bernard Shaw (1856–1950)	United Kingdom Ireland	English	69	"for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty"	drama, essay
1926		Grazia Deledda (1871–1936)	Italy	Italian	55	"for her idealistically inspired writings, which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general"	poetry, novel
1927		Henri Bergson (1859–1941)	France	French	68	"in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented"	philosophy
1928		Sigrid Undset (1882–1949)	Norway Denmark	Norwegian	46	"principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages"	novel
1929		Thomas Mann (1875–1955)	Germany	German	54	"principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature"	novel, short story, essay
1930		Sinclair Lewis (1885–1951)	United States	English	45	"for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters"	novel, short story, drama
1931		Erik Axel Karlfeldt (1864–1931)	Sweden	Swedish	67	"The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt"	poetry
1932		John Galsworthy (1867–1933)	United Kingdom	English	65	"for his distinguished art of narration, which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga"	novel
1933		Ivan Bunin (1870–1953)	Stateless (born in Russian Empire)	Russian	63	"for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing"	short story, poetry, novel
1934		Luigi Pirandello (1867–1936)	Italy	Italian	67	"for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art"	drama, novel, short story
1935	Not awarded
1936		Eugene O'Neill (1888–1953)	United States	English	48	"for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy"	drama
1937		Roger Martin du Gard (1881–1958)	France	French	56	"for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel cycle Les Thibault"	novel
1938		Pearl Buck (1892–1973)	United States	English	46	"for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces"	novel, biography
1939		Frans Eemil Sillanpää (1888–1964)	Finland	Finnish	51	"for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature"	novel
1940	Not awarded
1941	Not awarded
1942	Not awarded
1943	Not awarded
1944		Johannes Vilhelm Jensen (1873–1950)	Denmark	Danish	71	"for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style"	novel, short story
1945		Gabriela Mistral (1889–1957)	Chile	Spanish	56	"for her lyric poetry, which inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world"	poetry
1946		Hermann Hesse (1877–1962)	Germany Switzerland	German	69	"for his inspired writings, which while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style"	novel, poetry
1947		André Gide (1869–1951)	France	French	78	"for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight"	novel, essay, drama, memoir
1948		Thomas Stearns Eliot (1888–1965)	United Kingdom (born in the United States)	English	60	"for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry"	poetry, essay, drama
1949		William Faulkner (1897–1962)	United States	English	52	"for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel"	novel, short story
1950		Bertrand Russell (1872–1970)	United Kingdom	English	78	"in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought"	philosophy, essay
1951		Pär Lagerkvist (1891–1974)	Sweden	Swedish	60	"for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind"	poetry, novel, short story, drama
1952		François Mauriac (1885–1970)	France	French	67	"for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life"	novel, short story
1953		Winston Churchill (1874–1965)	United Kingdom	English	79	"for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values"	history, essay, memoir
1954		Ernest Hemingway (1899–1961)	United States	English	55	"for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style"	novel, short story, screenplay
1955		Halldór Laxness (1902–1998)	Iceland	Icelandic	53	"for his vivid epic power, which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland"	novel, short story, drama, poetry
1956		Juan Ramón Jiménez (1881–1958)	Spain	Spanish	75	"for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity"	poetry, novel
1957		Albert Camus (1913–1960)	France (born in Algeria)	French	44	"for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times"	novel, short story, drama, philosophy, essay
1958		Boris Pasternak (1890–1960)	Soviet Union	Russian	70	"for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition"	novel, poetry, translation
1959		Salvatore Quasimodo (1901–1968)	Italy	Italian	58	"for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times"	poetry
1960		Saint-John Perse (1887–1975)	France (born in Guadeloupe)	French	73	"for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry, which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time"	poetry
1961		Ivo Andrić (1892–1975)	Yugoslavia (born in Austria-Hungary)	Serbo-Croatian	69	"for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country"	novel, short story
1962		John Steinbeck (1902–1968)	United States	English	60	"for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception"	novel, short story, screenplay
1963		Giorgos Seferis (1900–1971)	Greece (born in the Ottoman Empire)	Greek	63	"for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture"	poetry, essay, memoir
1964		Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980)	France	French	59	"for his work, which rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age"	philosophy, novel, drama, essay, short story, screenplay
1965		Mikhail Sholokhov (1905–1984)	Soviet Union	Russian	60	"for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people"	novel
1966		Shmuel Yosef Agnon (1888–1970)	Israel (born in Austria-Hungary)	Hebrew	79	"for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people"	novel, short story
		Nelly Sachs (1891–1970)	Germany Sweden	German	75	"for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength"	poetry, drama
1967		Miguel Ángel Asturias (1899–1974)	Guatemala	Spanish	68	"for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America"	novel, poetry
1968		Yasunari Kawabata (1899–1972)	Japan	Japanese	69	"for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind"	novel, short story
1969		Samuel Beckett (1906–1989)	Ireland	French and English	63	"for his writing, which – in new forms for the novel and drama – in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation"	novel, drama, poetry
1970		Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (1918–2008)	Soviet Union	Russian	52	"for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature"	novel, essay, short story
1971		Pablo Neruda (1904–1973)	Chile	Spanish	67	"for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams"	poetry
1972		Heinrich Böll (1917–1985)	West Germany	German	55	"for his writing, which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature"	novel, short story
1973		Patrick White (1912–1990)	Australia (born in the United Kingdom)	English	61	"for an epic and psychological narrative art, which has introduced a new continent into literature"	novel, short story, drama
1974		Eyvind Johnson (1900–1976)	Sweden	Swedish	74	"for a narrative art, farseeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom"	novel
		Harry Martinson (1904–1978)	Sweden	Swedish	70	"for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos"	poetry, novel, drama
1975		Eugenio Montale (1896–1981)	Italy	Italian	79	"for his distinctive poetry, which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions"	poetry
1976		Saul Bellow (1915–2005)	United States (born in Canada)	English	61	"for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work"	novel, short story
1977		Vicente Aleixandre (1898–1984)	Spain	Spanish	79	"for a creative poetic writing, which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars"	poetry
1978		Isaac Bashevis Singer (1902–1991)	United States Poland	Yiddish	76	"for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life"	novel, short story, memoir
1979		Odysseas Elytis (1911–1996)	Greece	Greek	68	"for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness"	poetry, essay
1980		Czesław Miłosz (1911–2004)	Poland (born in Russian Empire)	Polish	69	"who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts"	poetry, essay
1981		Elias Canetti (1905–1994)	United Kingdom Bulgaria	German	76	"for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power"	novel, drama, memoirs, essay
1982		Gabriel García Márquez (1927–2014)	Colombia	Spanish	55	"for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts"	novel, short story, screenplay
1983		William Golding (1911–1993)	United Kingdom	English	72	"for his novels, which with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today"	novel, poetry, drama
1984		Jaroslav Seifert (1901–1986)	Czechoslovakia (born in Austria-Hungary)	Czech	83	"for his poetry, which endowed with freshness, and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man"	poetry
1985		Claude Simon (1913–2005)	France (born in French Madagascar)	French	72	"who in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition"	novel, essay
1986		Wole Soyinka (b. 1934)	Nigeria	English	52	"who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence"	drama, novel, poetry, screenplay
1987		Joseph Brodsky (1940–1996)	United States Soviet Union	Russian and English	47	"for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity"	poetry, essay
1988		Naguib Mahfouz (1911–2006)	Egypt	Arabic	77	"who, through works rich in nuance – now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous – has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind"	novel, short story
1989		Camilo José Cela (1916–2002)	Spain	Spanish	73	"for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability"	novel, short story, essay, poetry
1990		Octavio Paz (1914–1998)	Mexico	Spanish	76	"for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity"	poetry, essay
1991		Nadine Gordimer (1923–2014)	South Africa	English	68	"who through her magnificent epic writing has – in the words of Alfred Nobel – been of very great benefit to humanity"	novel, short story, essay, drama
1992		Derek Walcott (1930–2017)	Saint Lucia	English	62	"for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment"	poetry, drama
1993		Toni Morrison (1931–2019)	United States	English	62	"who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality"	novel, essay
1994		Kenzaburō Ōe (1935–2023)	Japan	Japanese	59	"who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today"	novel, short story, essay
1995		Seamus Heaney (1939–2013)	Ireland	English	56	"for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past"	poetry, drama, translation, essay
1996		Wisława Szymborska (1923–2012)	Poland	Polish	73	"for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality"	poetry, essay, translation
1997		Dario Fo (1926–2016)	Italy	Italian	71	"who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden"	drama, song lyrics
1998		José Saramago (1922–2010)	Portugal	Portuguese	76	"who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality"	novel, drama, poetry
1999		Günter Grass (1927–2015)	Germany (born in Free City of Danzig)	German	72	"whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history"	novel, drama, poetry, essay
2000		Gao Xingjian (b. 1940)	France China	Chinese	60	"for an oeuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama"	novel, drama, essay
2001		Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul (1932–2018)	United Kingdom Trinidad and Tobago	English	69	"for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories"	novel, essay
2002		Imre Kertész (1929–2016)	Hungary	Hungarian	73	"for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history"	novel
2003		John Maxwell Coetzee (b. 1940)	South Africa	English	63	"who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider"	novel, essay, translation
2004		Elfriede Jelinek (b. 1946)	Austria	German	58	"for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power"	novel, drama
2005		Harold Pinter (1930–2008)	United Kingdom	English	75	"who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms"	drama, screenplay, poetry
2006		Orhan Pamuk (b. 1952)	Turkey	Turkish	54	"who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures"	novel, screenplay, autobiography, essay
2007		Doris Lessing (1919–2013)	United Kingdom (born in Iran)	English	88	"that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny"	novel, short story, memoir/autobiography, drama, poetry, essay
2008		Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio (b. 1940)	France Mauritius	French	68	"author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization"	novel, short story, essay, translation
2009		Herta Müller (b. 1953)	Germany Romania	German	56	"who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed"	novel, short story, poetry, essay
2010		Mario Vargas Llosa (b. 1936)	Peru Spain	Spanish	74	"for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat"	novel, short story, essay, drama, memoir
2011		Tomas Tranströmer (1931–2015)	Sweden	Swedish	80	"because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality"	poetry, translation
2012		Mo Yan (b. 1955)	China	Chinese	57	"who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary"	novel, short story
2013		Alice Munro (b. 1931)	Canada	English	82	"master of the contemporary short story"	short story
2014		Patrick Modiano (b. 1945)	France	French	69	"for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered the life-world of the Occupation"	novel, screenplay
2015		Svetlana Alexievich (b. 1948)	Belarus (born in the Soviet Union)	Russian	67	"for her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time"	history, essay
2016		Bob Dylan (b. 1941)	United States	English	75	"for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition"	poetry, song lyrics
2017		Kazuo Ishiguro (b. 1954)	United Kingdom (born in Japan)	English	63	"who, in novels of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world"	novel, screenplay, short story
2018		Olga Tokarczuk (b. 1962)	Poland	Polish	56	"for a narrative imagination that with encyclopedic passion represents the crossing of boundaries as a form of life"	novel, short story, poetry, essay, screenplay
2019		Peter Handke (b. 1942)	Austria	German	77	"for an influential work that with linguistic ingenuity has explored the periphery and the specificity of human experience"	novel, short story, drama, essay, translation, screenplay
2020		Louise Glück (1943–2023)	United States	English	77	"for her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal"	poetry, essay
2021		Abdulrazak Gurnah (b. 1948)	Tanzania United Kingdom (born in the Sultanate of Zanzibar)	English	72	"for his uncompromising and compassionate penetration of the effects of colonialism and the fate of the refugee in the gulf between cultures and continents"	novel, short story, essay
2022		Annie Ernaux (b. 1940)	France	French	82	"for the courage and clinical acuity with which she uncovers the roots, estrangements and collective restraints of personal memory"	memoir, novel
2023		Jon Fosse (b. 1959)	Norway	Norwegian (Nynorsk)	64	"for his innovative plays and prose which give voice to the unsayable"	drama, novel, poetry, essay

0 List of Economic Nobel laureates by Institution PhD (alma mater)

Logo	Institution	Country	Number of laureates
	Harvard University	United States	13 (1970,1981,1987,2001,2002,2005,2007,2007,2011,2011,2019,2019,2020) Paul Samuelson James Tobin Robert Solow Michael Spence Vernon L. Smith Thomas C. Schelling Roger Myerson Eric S. Maskin Thomas J. Sargent Christopher A. Sims Abhijit Banerjee Michael Kremer Robert B. Wilson
	Massachusetts Institute of Technology	United States	13 (1980,1997,1999,2001,2001,2005,2008,2010,2013,2014,2018,2019,2022) Lawrence Klein Robert C. Merton Robert Mundell Joseph Stiglitz George Akerlof Robert J. Aumann Paul Krugman Peter A. Diamond Robert J. Shiller Jean Tirole William Nordhaus Esther Duflo Ben Bernanke
	University of Chicago	United States	10 (1978,1982,1986,1990,1992.1995,1997,2013,2018,2023) Herbert A. Simon George Stigler James M. Buchanan Harry Markowitz Gary Becker Robert Lucas, Jr. Myron Scholes Eugene F. Fama Paul Romer Claudia Goldin
	Princeton University	United States	6 (1994,2000,2012,2016,2021,2021) John Forbes Nash James Heckman Lloyd S. Shapley Oliver Hart David Card Joshua Angrist
	University of Cambridge	United Kingdom	5 (1977,1984,1996,1998,2015) James Meade Richard Stone James Mirrlees Amartya Sen Angus Deaton
	Stanford University	United States	4 (1994,2012,2016,2020) Paul Milgrom Bengt Holmström Alvin E. Roth John Harsanyi
	Columbia University	United States	4 (1971,1972,1976,1996) William Vickrey Milton Friedman Kenneth Arrow Simon Kuznets
	London School of Economics	United Kingdom	4 (1979,1992,2007,2010) C.A. Pissarides L. Hurwicz R.Coase W.A. Lewis
	Yale University	United States	3 (2006,2022,2022) Edmund S. Phelps Douglas Diamond Philip H. Dybvig
	University of California, Berkeley	United States	2 (1993, 2002) Douglass North Daniel Kahneman
	University of Minnesota	United States	2 (2000, 2013) Daniel McFadden Lars Peter Hansen

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2List of pHYSICS Nobel laureates by Institution PhD (alma mater)

Logo	Institution	Country	Number of laureates
	University of Cambridge	United Kingdom	14 (1904,1906,1915,1915,1917,1928,1933,1935,1937,1947,1948,1950,1951,1973,1977,1983,2016,2020) C.A. Pissarides L. Hurwicz R.Coase W.A. Lewis C.A. Pissarides L. Hurwicz R.Coase W.A. Lewis C.A. Pissarides L. Hurwicz R.Coase W.A. Lewis C.A. Pissarides L. Hurwicz R.Coase W.A. Lewis M. Haldane R.Penrose
	Harvard University	United States	11 (1946,1952,1975,1977,1977,1979,1981,1993,2004,2005,2012) C.A. Pissarides L. Hurwicz R.Coase W.A. Lewis C.A. Pissarides L. Hurwicz R.Coase W.A. Lewis M. Haldane R.Penrose R.Penrose
	University of Chicago	United States	10 (1939,1957,1957,1959,1968,1980,1988,1990,1998,2009) C.A. Pissarides L. Hurwicz R.Coase W.A. Lewis C.A. Pissarides L. Hurwicz R.Coase W.A. Lewis Daniel Chee Tsui George E. Smith
	Princeton University	United States	10 (1927,1937,1956,1961,1965,1972,1979,2004,2017,2019) C.A. Pissarides L. Hurwicz John Bardeen W.A. Lewis L. Hurwicz John Bardeen W.A. Lewis L. Hurwicz John Bardeen J. Peebles
	ETH Zurich	United States	7 (1901,1912,1920,1921,1952,1986,1987) Wilhelm Röntgen Nils Gustaf Dalén Charles Édouard Guillaume Albert Einstein Felix Bloch Heinrich Rohrer Karl Alexander Müller
	University of Paris	France	5 (1979,1992,2007,2010) C.A. Pissarides L. Hurwicz R.Coase W.A. Lewis C.A. Pissarides C.A. Pissarides
	Massachusetts Institute of Technology	United States	5 (1980,1997,1999,2001,2001,2005,2008,2010,2013,2014,2018,2019,2022) Henry Way Kendall William Daniel Phillips Robert B. Laughlin Eric Allin Cornell Carl Edwin Wieman Robert J. Aumann Paul Krugman Peter A. Diamond Robert J. Shiller Jean Tirole William Nordhaus Esther Duflo Ben Bernanke
	University of Leiden	Netherlands	3 (1993, 2002) Douglass North Daniel Kahneman
	Humboldt University of Berlin	Germany	3 (1907,1909,1954) Albert Abraham Michelson Karl Ferdinand Braun Walther Bothe
	University of Munich	Germany	3 (2000, 2013) Daniel McFadden Lars Peter Hansen
	Technical University of Berlin	Germany	3 (2000, 2013) Daniel McFadden Lars Peter Hansen
	Kyoto Imperial University	Japan	2 (1949,) Shin'ichirō Tomonaga Hideki Yukawa
	University of Geneva	Switzerland	2 (2000, 2013) Daniel McFadden Lars Peter Hansen

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Laureates

Year	Image	Laureate[A]	Country[B]	Rationale[C]	PhD (or equivalent) alma mater	Ref
1901		Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923)	German Empire	"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him"	ETH Zurich
1902		Hendrik Lorentz (1853–1928)	Netherlands	"in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena"	University of Leiden
		Pieter Zeeman (1865–1943)			University of Leiden
1903		Henri Becquerel (1852–1908)	France	"for his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity"	University of Paris
		Pierre Curie (1859–1906)		"for their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel"	University of Paris
		Marie Curie (1867–1934)			ESPCI Paris
1904		Lord Rayleigh (1842–1919)	United Kingdom	"for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies"	University of Cambridge
1905		Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard (1862–1947)	German Empire	"for his work on cathode rays"	University of Heidelberg
1906		Joseph John Thomson (1856–1940)	United Kingdom	"for his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases"	University of Cambridge
1907		Albert Abraham Michelson (1852–1931)	United States	"for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid"	Humboldt University of Berlin
1908		Gabriel Lippmann (1845–1921)	France	"for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference"	École Normale Supérieure
1909		Guglielmo Marconi (1874–1937)	Kingdom of Italy	"for their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy"	University of Bologna
		Karl Ferdinand Braun (1850–1918)	German Empire		Humboldt University of Berlin
1910		Johannes Diderik van der Waals (1837–1923)	Netherlands	"for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids"	University of Leiden
1911		Wilhelm Wien (1864–1928)	German Empire	"for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat"	University of Berlin
1912		Nils Gustaf Dalén (1869–1937)	Sweden	"for his invention of automatic valves designed to be used in combination with gas accumulators in lighthouses and buoys"	ETH Zurich
1913		Heike Kamerlingh-Onnes (1853–1926)	Netherlands	"for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium"	University of Groningen
1914		Max von Laue (1879–1960)	German Empire	"For his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals", an important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy.	University of Berlin
1915		William Henry Bragg (1862–1942)	United Kingdom	"'For their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays', an important step in the development of X-ray crystallography"	University of Cambridge
		William Lawrence Bragg (1890–1971)	United Kingdom		University of Cambridge
1916	Not awarded due to World War I
1917		Charles Glover Barkla (1877–1944)	United Kingdom	"'For his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements', another important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy"	University of Cambridge
1918		Max Planck (1858–1947)	German Empire	"for the services he rendered to the advancement of physics by his discovery of energy quanta"	University of Munich
1919		Johannes Stark (1874–1957)	Germany	"for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields"	University of Munich
1920		Charles Édouard Guillaume (1861–1938)	Switzerland	"for the service he has rendered to precision measurements in physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel-steel alloys"	ETH Zurich
1921		Albert Einstein (1879–1955)	Germany Switzerland	"for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect"	ETH Zurich
1922		Niels Bohr (1885–1962)	Denmark	"for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them"	University of Copenhagen
1923		Robert Andrews Millikan (1868–1953)	United States	"for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect"	Columbia University
1924		Manne Siegbahn (1886–1978)	Sweden	"for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy"	University of Stockholm
1925		James Franck (1882–1964)	Germany	"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom"	University of Berlin
		Gustav Hertz (1887–1975)			Technical University of Berlin]]
1926		Jean Baptiste Perrin (1870–1942)	France	"for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium"	University of Berlin
1927		Arthur Holly Compton (1892–1962)	United States	"for his discovery of the effect named after him"	Princeton University
		Charles Thomson Rees Wilson (1869–1959)	United Kingdom	"for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour"	Sidney Sussex College]]
1928		Owen Willans Richardson (1879–1959)	United Kingdom	"for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him"	University of Cambridge
1929		Louis Victor Pierre Raymond, 7th Duc de Broglie (1892–1987)	France	"for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons"	University of Paris
1930		Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (1888–1970)	India	"for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him"	University of Calcutta
1931	Not awarded
1932		Werner Heisenberg (1901–1976)	Germany	"for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen"	University of Munich
1933		Erwin Schrödinger (1887–1961)	Austria	"for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory"	University of Zürich
		Paul Dirac (1902–1984)	United Kingdom		University of Cambridge
1934	Not awarded
1935		James Chadwick (1891–1974)	United Kingdom	"for the discovery of the neutron"	University of Cambridge
1936		Victor Francis Hess (1883–1964)	Austria	"for his discovery of cosmic radiation"	University of Vienna
		Carl David Anderson (1905–1991)	United States	"for his discovery of the positron"	California Institute of Technology
1937		Clinton Joseph Davisson (1881–1958)	United States	"for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals"	Princeton University
		George Paget Thomson (1892–1975)	United Kingdom		University of Cambridge
1938		Enrico Fermi (1901–1954)	Kingdom of Italy	"for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons"	Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa
1939		Ernest Lawrence (1901–1958)	United States	"for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements"	University of Chicago
1940	Not awarded due to World War II
1941	Not awarded due to World War II
1942	Not awarded due to World War II
1943		Otto Stern (1888–1969)	United States	"for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton"	University of Frankfurt
1944		Isidor Isaac Rabi (1898–1988)	United States	"for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei"	Columbia University
1945		Wolfgang Pauli (1900–1958)	Austria	"for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli principle"	Ludwig-Maximilians University
1946		Percy Williams Bridgman (1882–1961)	United States	"for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made there within the field of high pressure physics"	Harvard University
1947		Edward Victor Appleton (1892–1965)	United Kingdom	"for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer"	University of Cambridge
1948		Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett (1897–1974)	United Kingdom	University of Cambridge	"for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation"
1949		Hideki Yukawa (1907–1981)	Japan	"for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces"	Kyoto Imperial University
1950		Cecil Frank Powell (1903–1969)	United Kingdom	"for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method"	University of Cambridge
1951		John Douglas Cockcroft (1897–1967)	United Kingdom	"for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles"	University of Cambridge
		Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton (1903–1995)	Ireland		University of Dublin
1952		Felix Bloch (1905–1983)	United States	"for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"	ETH Zürich
		Edward Mills Purcell (1912–1997)			Harvard University
1953		Frits Zernike (1888–1966)	Netherlands	"for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope"	University of Amsterdam
1954		Max Born (1882–1970)	West Germany	"for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction"	University of Göttingen
		Walther Bothe (1891–1957)		"for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith"	Humboldt University of Berlin
1955		Willis Eugene Lamb (1913–2008)	United States	"for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum"	University of California, Berkeley
		Polykarp Kusch (1911–1993)	United States	"for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron"	University of Illinois
1956		John Bardeen (1908–1991)	United States	"for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect"	Princeton University
		Walter Houser Brattain (1902–1987)			University of Minnesota
		William Bradford Shockley (1910–1989)			Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1957		Tsung-Dao Lee (b. 1926)	Republic of China	"for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles"	University of Chicago
		Chen-Ning Yang (b. 1922)			University of Chicago
1958		Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov (1904–1990)	Soviet Union	"for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect"	Voronezh State University
		Ilya Frank (1908–1990)			Moscow State University
		Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm (1895–1971)			Moscow State University
1959		Emilio Gino Segrè (1905–1989)	United States	"for their discovery of the antiproton"	Sapienza University of Rome
		Owen Chamberlain (1920–2006)			University of Chicago
1960		Donald Arthur Glaser (1926–2013)	United States	"for the invention of the bubble chamber"	California Institute of Technology
1961		Robert Hofstadter (1915–1990)	United States	"for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons"	Princeton University
		Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer (1929–2011)	West Germany	"for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name"	Technical University of Munich
1962		Lev Davidovich Landau (1908–1968)	Soviet Union	"for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium"	Leningrad Physico-Technical Institute
1963		Eugene Paul Wigner (1902–1995)	United States	"for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"	Technical University of Berlin
		Maria Goeppert-Mayer (1906–1972)	United States	"for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure"	University of Göttingen]]
		J. Hans D. Jensen (1907–1973)	West Germany		University of Hamburg
1964		Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov (1922–2001)	Soviet Union	"for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser–laser principle"	Moscow Engineering Physics Institute
		Alexander Prokhorov (1916–2002)			Moscow Engineering Physics Institute
		Charles Hard Townes (1915–2015)	United States		California Institute of Technology
1965		Richard Phillips Feynman (1918–1988)	United States	"for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics (QED), with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"	Princeton University
		Julian Schwinger (1918–1994)			Columbia University
		Shin'ichirō Tomonaga (1906–1979)	Japan		Kyoto Imperial University
1966		Alfred Kastler (1902–1984)	France	"for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms"	[[École Normale Supérieure, University of Paris
1967		Hans Albrecht Bethe (1906–2005)	United States	"for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars"	University of Frankfurt
1968		Luis Walter Alvarez (1911–1988)	United States	"for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis"	University of Chicago
1969		Murray Gell-Mann (1929–2019)	United States	"for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions"	Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1970		Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén (1908–1995)	Sweden	"for fundamental work and discoveries in magneto-hydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics"	University of Uppsala
		Louis Néel (1904–2000)	France	"for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics"	University of Paris
1971		Dennis Gabor (1900–1979)	United Kingdom	"for his invention and development of the holographic method"	Technical University of Berlin
1972		John Bardeen (1908–1991)	United States	"for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"	Princeton University
		Leon Neil Cooper (b. 1930)			Columbia University
		John Robert Schrieffer (1931–2019)			Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1973		Leo Esaki (b. 1925)	Japan	"for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively"	Tokyo Imperial University
		Ivar Giaever (b. 1929)	United States		Norwegian University of Science and Technology
		Brian David Josephson (b. 1940)	United Kingdom	"for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effect"	University of Cambridge
1974		Martin Ryle (1918–1984)	United Kingdom	"for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars"	University of Oxford
		Antony Hewish (1924–2021)
1975		Aage Bohr (1922–2009)	Denmark	"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"	University of Copenhagen
		Ben Roy Mottelson (1926–2022)			Harvard University
		Leo James Rainwater (1917–1986)	United States		Columbia University
1976		Samuel Chao Chung Ting (b. 1936)	United States	"for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind"	University of Michigan
		Burton Richter (1931–2018)			Stanford University
1977		Philip Warren Anderson (1923–2020)	United States	"for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems"	Harvard University
		Nevill Francis Mott (1905–1996)	United Kingdom		University of Cambridge
		John Hasbrouck Van Vleck (1899–1980)	United States		Harvard University
1978		Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa (1894–1984)	Soviet Union	"for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics"	Moscow State University
		Arno Allan Penzias (b. 1933)	United States	"for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation"	Columbia University
		Robert Woodrow Wilson (b. 1936)			California Institute of Technology
1979		Sheldon Glashow (b. 1932)	United States	"for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"	Harvard University
		Abdus Salam (1926–1996)	Pakistan		St. John's College
		Steven Weinberg (1933–2021)	United States		Princeton University
1980		James Watson Cronin (1931–2016)	United States	"for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons"	University of Chicago
		Val Logsdon Fitch (1923–2015)			Columbia University
1981		Nicolaas Bloembergen (1920–2017)	United States	"for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy"	Harvard University
		Arthur Leonard Schawlow (1921–1999)			Stanford University
		Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn (1918–2007)	Sweden	"for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy"	University of Stockholm
1982		Kenneth G. Wilson (1936–2013)	United States	"for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions"	California Institute of Technology
1983		Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1910–1995)		"for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars"	Trinity College, Cambridge
		William Alfred Fowler (1911–1995)	United States	"for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe"	California Institute of Technology
1984		Carlo Rubbia (b. 1934)	Italy	"for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction"	Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa
		Simon van der Meer (1925–2011)	Netherlands		Delft University of Technology
1985		Klaus von Klitzing (b. 1943)	West Germany	"for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect"	University of Würzburg
1986		Ernst Ruska (1906–1988)	West Germany	"for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope"	Technical University of Berlin
		Gerd Binnig (b. 1947)	West Germany	"for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope"	Goethe University Frankfurt
		Heinrich Rohrer (1933–2013)	Switzerland		ETH Zurich
1987		Johannes Georg Bednorz (b. 1950)	West Germany	"for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials"	University of Münster
		Karl Alexander Müller (1927–2023)	Switzerland		ETH Zürich
1988		Leon Max Lederman (1922–2018)	United States	"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"	Columbia University
		Melvin Schwartz (1932–2006)			Columbia University
		Jack Steinberger (1921–2020)			University of Chicago
1989		Norman Foster Ramsey (1915–2011)	United States	"for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks"	Columbia University
		Hans Georg Dehmelt (1922–2017)		"for the development of the ion trap technique"	University of Göttingen
		Wolfgang Paul (1913–1993)	West Germany		Technical University of Munich
1990		Jerome I. Friedman (b. 1930)	United States	"for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"	University of Chicago
		Henry Way Kendall (1926–1999)			MIT
		Richard E. Taylor (1929–2018)	Canada		Stanford University
1991		Pierre-Gilles de Gennes (1932–2007)	France	"for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers"	École Normale Supérieure
1992		Georges Charpak (1924–2010)	France	"for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber"	École des Mines
1993		Russell Alan Hulse (b. 1950)	United States	"for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation"	Cornell University
		Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. (b. 1941)			Harvard University
1994		Bertram Brockhouse (1918–2003)	Canada	"for the development of neutron spectroscopy" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter"	University of Toronto
		Clifford Glenwood Shull (1915–2001)	United States	"for the development of the neutron diffraction technique" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter"	New York University
1995		Martin Lewis Perl (1927–2014)	United States	"for the discovery of the tau lepton" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics"	Columbia University
		Frederick Reines (1918–1998)		"for the detection of the neutrino" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics"	New York University
1996		David Morris Lee (b. 1931)	United States	"for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"	Yale University
		Douglas D. Osheroff (b. 1945)			Cornell University
		Robert Coleman Richardson (1937–2013)			Duke University
1997		Steven Chu (b. 1948)	United States	"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light."	University of California, Berkeley
		Claude Cohen-Tannoudji (b. 1933)	France		École normale supérieure
		William Daniel Phillips (b. 1948)	United States		MIT
1998		Robert B. Laughlin (b. 1950)	United States	"for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations"	MIT
		Horst Ludwig Störmer (b. 1949)	Germany		Goethe University Frankfurt
		Daniel Chee Tsui (b. 1939)	United States		University of Chicago
1999		Gerard 't Hooft (b. 1946)	Netherlands	"for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics"	Utrecht University
		Martinus J. G. Veltman (1931–2021)			Utrecht University
2000		Zhores Ivanovich Alferov (1930–2019)	Russia	"for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and optoelectronics"	Saint Petersburg State Electrotechnical University
		Herbert Kroemer (b. 1928)	Germany		University of Göttingen
		Jack St. Clair Kilby (1923–2005)	United States	"for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit"	University of Wisconsin–Madison
2001		Eric Allin Cornell (b. 1961)	United States	"for the achievement of Bose–Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates"	MIT
		Carl Edwin Wieman (b. 1951)			MIT
		Wolfgang Ketterle (b. 1957)	Germany		Heidelberg University
2002		Raymond Davis Jr. (1914–2006)	United States	"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos"	Yale University
		Masatoshi Koshiba (1926–2020)	Japan		University of Tokyo
		Riccardo Giacconi (1931–2018)	United States	"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources"	University of Milan
2003		Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov (1928–2017)	Russia United States	"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"	Moscow State University
		Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg (1916–2009)	Russia		Moscow State University
		Anthony James Leggett (b. 1938)	United Kingdom United States		[University of Oxford]]
2004		David J. Gross (b. 1941)	United States	"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"	Hebrew University of Jerusalem
		Hugh David Politzer (b. 1949)			Harvard University
		Frank Wilczek (b. 1951)			Princeton University
2005		Roy J. Glauber (1925–2018)	United States	"for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence"	Harvard University
		John L. Hall (b. 1934)		"for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique"	Carnegie Institute of Technology
		Theodor W. Hänsch (b. 1941)	Germany		University of Heidelberg
2006		John C. Mather (b. 1946)	United States	"for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation"	University of California, Berkeley
		George F. Smoot (b. 1945)			Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2007		Albert Fert (b. 1938)	France	"for the discovery of giant magnetoresistance"	École normale supérieure
		Peter Grünberg (1939–2018)	Germany		Technische Universität Darmstadt
2008		Makoto Kobayashi (b. 1944)	Japan	"for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature"	Nagoya University
		Toshihide Maskawa (1940–2021)			Nagoya University
		Yoichiro Nambu (1921–2015)	United States	"for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics"	Tokyo Imperial University
2009		Charles K. Kao (1933–2018)	Hong Kong United Kingdom	"for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication"	University of London
		Willard S. Boyle (1924–2011)	United States	"for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor"	McGill University
		George E. Smith (b. 1930)			University of Chicago
2010		Andre Geim (b. 1958)	United Kingdom	"for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene"	Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
		Konstantin Novoselov (b. 1974)			Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
2011		Saul Perlmutter (b. 1959)	United States	"for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae"	University of California, Berkeley
		Brian P. Schmidt (b. 1967)	Australia		Australian National University
		Adam G. Riess (b. 1969)	United States		Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2012		Serge Haroche (b. 1944)	France	"for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems."	École normale supérieure
		David J. Wineland (b. 1944)	United States		Harvard University
2013		François Englert (b. 1932)	Belgium	"for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider"	Free University of Brussels
		Peter Higgs (b. 1929)	United Kingdom		University of London
2014		Isamu Akasaki (1929–2021)	Japan	"for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources"	Nagoya University
		Hiroshi Amano (b. 1960)			Nagoya University
		Shuji Nakamura (b. 1954)	Japan United States		University of Tokushima
2015		Takaaki Kajita (b. 1959)	Japan	"for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass"	University of Tokyo
		Arthur B. McDonald (b. 1943)	Canada		California Institute of Technology
2016		David J. Thouless (1934–2019)	United Kingdom	"for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter"	Cornell University
		F. Duncan M. Haldane (b. 1951)	United Kingdom		University of Cambridge
		John M. Kosterlitz (b. 1943)	United States		University of Oxford
2017		Rainer Weiss (b. 1932)	United States	"for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves"	Massachusetts Institute of Technology
		Kip Thorne (b. 1940)	United States		Princeton University
		Barry Barish (b. 1936)			University of California, Berkeley
2018		Arthur Ashkin (1922–2020)	United States	"for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics", in particular "for the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems"	Cornell University
		Gérard Mourou (b. 1944)	France	"for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics", in particular "for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses"	Pierre and Marie Curie University
		Donna Strickland (b. 1959)	Canada		University of Rochester
2019		James Peebles (b. 1935)	United States	"for theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology"	Princeton University
		Michel Mayor (b. 1942)	Switzerland	"for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star"	University of Geneva
		Didier Queloz (b. 1966)	SwitzerlandUnited Kingdom		University of Geneva
2020		Roger Penrose (b. 1931)	United Kingdom	"for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity"	St John's College, Cambridge
		Reinhard Genzel (b. 1952)	Germany	"for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy"	University of Bonn
		Andrea Ghez (b. 1965)	United States		California Institute of Technology
2021		Syukuro Manabe (b. 1931)	United States	"for the physical modelling of Earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming"	University of Tokyo
		Klaus Hasselmann (b. 1931)	Germany		University of Göttingen
		Giorgio Parisi (b. 1948)	Italy	"for the discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales"	Sapienza University
2022		Alain Aspect (b. 1947)	France	"for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science"	Université d'Orsay
		John Clauser (b. 1942)	United States		Columbia University
		Anton Zeilinger (b. 1945)	Austria		University of Vienna
2023		Anne L'Huillier (b. 1958)	Sweden	"for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter"	Pierre and Marie Curie University
		Ferenc Krausz (b. 1962)	Germany		Vienna University of Technology
		Pierre Agostini (b. 1941)	France		Aix-Marseille University

Number of Nobel laureates in Physics by country

Main article: List of Nobel laureates by country § Nobel Prizes by category/country of birth

Country	Number of Nobel laureates
United States	64
European Union	100
Germany	33
United Kingdom	30
Japan	11
France	10
Russia	10
Sweden	6
Switzerland	5
Canada	4
Italy	4
Netherlands	3
Hungary	3
Republic of China	2
Denmark	1
China	1
Austria	1
Australia	1
Norway	1
Poland	1
Ireland	1
Pakistan	1
Belgium	1
India	1

Laureates

Year	Image	Laureate[A]	Country[B]	Rationale[C]	Ref
1901		Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff (1852–1911)	Netherlands	"[for his] discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions"
1902		Hermann Emil Fischer (1852–1919)	Germany	"[for] his work on sugar and purine syntheses"
1903		Svante August Arrhenius (1859–1927)	Sweden	"[for] his electrolytic theory of dissociation"
1904		Sir William Ramsay (1852–1916)	United Kingdom	"[for his] discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system"
1905		Adolf von Baeyer (1835–1917)	Germany	"[for] the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds"
1906		Henri Moissan (1852–1907)	France	"[for his] investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for [the] electric furnace called after him"
1907		Eduard Buchner (1860–1917)	Germany	"for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation"
1908		Ernest Rutherford (1871–1937)	United Kingdom New Zealand	"for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances"
1909		Wilhelm Ostwald (1853–1932)	Germany	"[for] his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction"
1910		Otto Wallach (1847–1931)	Germany	"[for] his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds"
1911		Marie Curie, née Skłodowska (1867–1934)	Poland (Russian Empire) France	"[for] the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element"
1912		Victor Grignard (1871–1935)	France	"for the discovery of the [...] Grignard reagent"
		Paul Sabatier (1854–1941)	France	"for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals"
1913		Alfred Werner (1866–1919)	Switzerland	"[for] his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules [...] especially in inorganic chemistry"
1914		Theodore William Richards (1868–1928)	United States	"[for] his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements"
1915		Richard Martin Willstätter (1872–1942)	Germany	"for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll"
1916	Not awarded
1917
1918		Fritz Haber (1868–1934)	Germany	"for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements"
1919	Not awarded
1920		Walther Hermann Nernst (1864–1941)	Germany	"[for] his work in thermochemistry"
1921		Frederick Soddy (1877–1956)	United Kingdom	"for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes"
1922		Francis William Aston (1877–1945)	United Kingdom	"for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule"
1923		Fritz Pregl (1869–1930)	Austria Kingdom of Yugoslavia	"for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances"
1924	Not awarded
1925		Richard Adolf Zsigmondy (1865–1929)	Germany Hungary	"for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used"
1926		The (Theodor) Svedberg (1884–1971)	Sweden	"for his work on disperse systems"
1927		Heinrich Otto Wieland (1877–1957)	Germany	"for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances"
1928		Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus (1876–1959)	Germany	"[for] his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins"
1929		Arthur Harden (1865–1940)	United Kingdom	"for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes"
		Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin (1873–1964)	Sweden Germany
1930		Hans Fischer (1881–1945)	Germany	"for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin"
1931		Carl Bosch (1874–1940)	Germany	"[for] their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods"
		Friedrich Bergius (1884–1949)	Germany
1932		Irving Langmuir (1881–1957)	United States	"for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry"
1933	Not awarded
1934		Harold Clayton Urey (1893–1981)	United States	"for his discovery of heavy hydrogen"
1935		Frédéric Joliot (1900–1958)	France	"[for] their synthesis of new radioactive elements"
		Irène Joliot-Curie (1897–1956)	France
1936		Peter Debye (1884–1966)	Netherlands	"[for his work on] molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases"
1937		Walter Norman Haworth (1883–1950)	United Kingdom	"for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C"
		Paul Karrer (1889–1971)	Switzerland	"for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2"
1938		Richard Kuhn (1900–1967)	Germany	"for his work on carotenoids and vitamins"
1939		Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt (1903–1995)	Germany	"for his work on sex hormones"
		Leopold Ružička (1887–1976)	Kingdom of Yugoslavia Switzerland	"for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes"
1940	Not awarded
1941
1942
1943		George de Hevesy (1885–1966)	Hungary	"for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes"
1944		Otto Hahn (1879–1968)	Germany	"for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei"
1945		Artturi Ilmari Virtanen (1895–1973)	Finland	"for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method"
1946		James Batcheller Sumner (1887–1955)	United States	"for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized"
		John Howard Northrop (1891–1987)	United States	"for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form"
		Wendell Meredith Stanley (1904–1971)	United States
1947		Sir Robert Robinson (1886–1975)	United Kingdom	"for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids"
1948		Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius (1902–1971)	Sweden	"for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins"
1949		William Francis Giauque (1895–1982)	United States	"for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures"
1950		Otto Paul Hermann Diels (1876–1954)	West Germany	"for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis"
		Kurt Alder (1902–1958)	West Germany
1951		Edwin Mattison McMillan (1907–1991)	United States	"for their discoveries in the chemistry of transuranium elements"
		Glenn Theodore Seaborg (1912–1999)	United States
1952		Archer John Porter Martin (1910–2002)	United Kingdom	"for their invention of partition chromatography"
		Richard Laurence Millington Synge (1914–1994)	United Kingdom
1953		Hermann Staudinger (1881–1965)	West Germany	"for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry"
1954		Linus Pauling (1901–1994)	United States	"for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances"
1955		Vincent du Vigneaud (1901–1978)	United States	"for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone"
1956		Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood (1897–1967)	United Kingdom	"for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions"
		Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov (1896–1986)	Soviet Union
1957		Lord (Alexander R.) Todd (1907–1997)	United Kingdom	"for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes"
1958		Frederick Sanger (1918–2013)	United Kingdom	"for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin"
1959		Jaroslav Heyrovský (1890–1967)	Czechoslovakia	"for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis"
1960		Willard Frank Libby (1908–1980)	United States	"for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science"
1961		Melvin Calvin (1911–1997)	United States	"for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants"
1962		Max Ferdinand Perutz (1914–2002)	United Kingdom	"for their studies of the structures of globular proteins"
		John Cowdery Kendrew (1917–1997)	United Kingdom
1963		Karl Ziegler (1898–1973)	West Germany	"for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers"
		Giulio Natta (1903–1979)	Italy
1964		Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910–1994)	United Kingdom	"for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances"
1965		Robert Burns Woodward (1917–1979)	United States	"for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis"
1966		Robert S. Mulliken (1896–1986)	United States	"for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method"
1967		Manfred Eigen (1927–2019)	West Germany	"for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy"
		Ronald George Wreyford Norrish (1897–1978)	United Kingdom
		George Porter (1920–2002)	United Kingdom
1968		Lars Onsager (1903–1976)	United States Norway	"for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes"
1969		Derek H. R. Barton (1918–1998)	United Kingdom	"for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry"
		Odd Hassel (1897–1981)	Norway
1970		Luis F. Leloir (1906–1987)	Argentina	"for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates"
1971		Gerhard Herzberg (1904–1999)	Canada West Germany	"for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals"
1972		Christian B. Anfinsen (1916–1995)	United States	"for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation"
		Stanford Moore (1913–1982)	United States	"for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule"
		William H. Stein (1911–1980)	United States
1973		Ernst Otto Fischer (1918–2007)	West Germany	"for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds"
		Geoffrey Wilkinson (1921–1996)	United Kingdom
1974		Paul J. Flory (1910–1985)	United States	"for his fundamental work, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules"
1975		John Warcup Cornforth (1917–2013)	Australia United Kingdom	"for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions"
		Vladimir Prelog (1906–1998)	Yugoslavia Switzerland	"for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions"
1976		William N. Lipscomb (1919–2011)	United States	"for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding"
1977		Ilya Prigogine (1917–2003)	Belgium	"for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures"
1978		Peter D. Mitchell (1920–1992)	United Kingdom	"for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory"
1979		Herbert C. Brown (1912–2004)	United States	"for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis"
		Georg Wittig (1897–1987)	West Germany
1980		Paul Berg (1926–2023)	United States	"for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA"
		Walter Gilbert (b. 1932)	United States	"for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"
		Frederick Sanger (1918–2013)	United Kingdom
1981		Kenichi Fukui (1918–1998)	Japan	"for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions"
		Roald Hoffmann (b. 1937)	United States Poland
1982		Aaron Klug (1926–2018)	United Kingdom	"for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes"
1983		Henry Taube (1915–2005)	United States	"for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes"
1984		Robert Bruce Merrifield (1921–2006)	United States	"for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix"
1985		Herbert A. Hauptman (1917–2011)	United States	"for their outstanding achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures"
		Jerome Karle (1918–2013)	United States
1986		Dudley R. Herschbach (b. 1932)	United States	"for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes"
		Yuan T. Lee (b. 1936)	United States Republic of China
		John C. Polanyi (b. 1929)	Canada Hungary
1987		Donald J. Cram (1919–2001)	United States	"for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity"
		Jean-Marie Lehn (b. 1939)	France
		Charles J. Pedersen (1904–1989)	United States
1988		Johann Deisenhofer (b. 1943)	West Germany	"for their determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre"
		Robert Huber (b. 1937)	West Germany
		Hartmut Michel (b. 1948)	West Germany
1989		Sidney Altman (1939–2022)	Canada United States	"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"
		Thomas Cech (b. 1947)	United States
1990		Elias James Corey (b. 1928)	United States	"for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis"
1991		Richard R. Ernst (1933–2021)	Switzerland	"for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy"
1992		Rudolph A. Marcus (b. 1923)	United States Canada	"for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems"
1993		Kary B. Mullis (1944–2019)	United States	"for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method"
		Michael Smith (1932–2000)	Canada	"for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies"
1994		George A. Olah (1927–2017)	United States Hungary	"for his contribution to carbocation chemistry"
1995		Paul J. Crutzen (1933–2021)	Netherlands	"for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone"
		Mario J. Molina (1943–2020)	Mexico
		Frank Sherwood Rowland (1927–2012)	United States
1996		Robert F. Curl Jr. (1933–2022)	United States	"for their discovery of fullerenes"
		Sir Harold W. Kroto (1939–2016)	United Kingdom
		Richard E. Smalley (1943–2005)	United States
1997		Paul D. Boyer (1918–2018)	United States	"for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)"
		John E. Walker (b. 1941)	United Kingdom
		Jens C. Skou (1918–2018)	Denmark	"for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase"
1998		Walter Kohn (1923–2016)	United States	"for his development of the density-functional theory"
		John A. Pople (1925–2004)	United Kingdom	"for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry"
1999		Ahmed Zewail (1946–2016)	United States Egypt	"for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy"
2000		Alan J. Heeger (b. 1936)	United States	"for their discovery and development of conductive polymers"
		Alan G. MacDiarmid (1927–2007)	United States New Zealand
		Hideki Shirakawa (b. 1936)	Japan
2001		William S. Knowles (1917–2012)	United States	"for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions"
		Ryōji Noyori (b. 1938)	Japan
		K. Barry Sharpless (b. 1941)	United States	"for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions"
2002		John B. Fenn (1917–2010)	United States	"for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules"
		Koichi Tanaka (b. 1959)	Japan
		Kurt Wüthrich (b. 1938)	Switzerland	"for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution"
2003		Peter Agre (b. 1949)	United States	"for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for the discovery of water channels"
		Roderick MacKinnon (b. 1956)	United States	"for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels"
2004		Aaron Ciechanover (b. 1947)	Israel	"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation"
		Avram Hershko (b. 1937)	Israel
		Irwin Rose (1926–2015)	United States
2005		Yves Chauvin (1930–2015)	France	"for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis"
		Robert H. Grubbs (1942–2021)	United States
		Richard R. Schrock (b. 1945)	United States
2006		Roger D. Kornberg (b. 1947)	United States	"for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription"
2007		Gerhard Ertl (b. 1936)	Germany	"for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces"
2008		Osamu Shimomura (1928–2018)	Japan	"for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP"
		Martin Chalfie (b. 1947)	United States
		Roger Y. Tsien (1952–2016)	United States
2009		Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (b. 1952)	United States India United Kingdom	"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome"
		Thomas A. Steitz (1940–2018)	United States
		Ada E. Yonath (b. 1939)	Israel
2010		Richard F. Heck (1931–2015)	United States	"for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis"
		Ei-ichi Negishi (1935–2021)	Japan
		Akira Suzuki (b. 1930)	Japan
2011		Dan Shechtman (b. 1941)	Israel United States	"for the discovery of quasicrystals"
2012		Robert Lefkowitz (b. 1943)	United States	"for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors"
		Brian Kobilka (b. 1955)	United States
2013		Martin Karplus (b. 1930)	United States Austria	"for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems"
		Michael Levitt (b. 1947)	United States United Kingdom Israel
		Arieh Warshel (b. 1940)	United States Israel
2014		Eric Betzig (b. 1960)	United States	"for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy"
		Stefan W. Hell (b. 1962)	Germany Romania
		William E. Moerner (b. 1953)	United States
2015		Tomas Lindahl (b. 1938)	Sweden United Kingdom	"for mechanistic studies of DNA repair"
		Paul L. Modrich (b. 1946)	United States
		Aziz Sancar (b. 1946)	United States Turkey
2016		Jean-Pierre Sauvage (b. 1944)	France	"for the design and synthesis of molecular machines"
		Fraser Stoddart (b. 1942)	United Kingdom United States
		Ben Feringa (b. 1951)	Netherlands
2017		Jacques Dubochet (b. 1942)	Switzerland	"for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution"
		Joachim Frank (b. 1940)	Germany United States
		Richard Henderson (b. 1945)	United Kingdom
2018		Frances Arnold (b. 1956)	United States	"for the directed evolution of enzymes"
		George Smith (b. 1941)	United States	"for the phage display of peptides and antibodies"
		Sir Gregory Winter (b. 1951)	United Kingdom
2019		John B. Goodenough (1922–2023)	United States	"for the development of lithium ion batteries"
		M. Stanley Whittingham (b. 1941)	United Kingdom United States
		Akira Yoshino (b. 1948)	Japan
2020		Emmanuelle Charpentier (b. 1968)	France	"for the development of a method for genome editing"
		Jennifer Doudna (b. 1964)	United States
2021		Benjamin List (b. 1968)	Germany	"for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis"
		David W.C. MacMillan (b. 1968)	United Kingdom United States
2022		Carolyn Bertozzi (b. 1966)	United States	"for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry"
		Morten Meldal (b. 1954)	Denmark
		K. Barry Sharpless (b. 1941)	United States
2023		Moungi G. Bawendi (b. 1961)	United States	"for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots"
		Louis E. Brus (b. 1943)	United States
		Alexey Ekimov (b. 1945)	Russia

1

Country/ region	Agency	Logo	Website	Budget (in millions of US $)	Reference	Foundation
United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States	National Aeronautics and Space Administration		NASA	22,629		1958

2

Country/ region	Agency	Logo	Website	Budget (in millions of US $)	Reference	Foundation
	National Aeronautics and Space Administration		NASA	22,629		1958
China	China National Space Administration		[7]	11,000		22 April 1993
Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark European Union Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom	European Space Agency		[8]	7,430		30 May 1975
Germany	German Aerospace Center		[9]	4,233		1969
Russia	Russian Federal Space Agency		[10]	3,272		1931
France	French Space Agency		CNES	3,024		19 December 1961
India	Indian Space Research Organisation		[11]	1,900		2020
Italy	Italian Space Agency		[12]	1,800		2016
Japan	Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency		[13]	1,699		2017
South Korea	Korea Aerospace Research Institute		[14]	583		2016
United Kingdom	UK Space Agency		[15]	500		2017
Iran	Iranian Space Agency and Iranian Space Research Center		[16]	393		2018-19
Algeria	Algerian Space Agency		[17]	360		2015
Canada	Canadian Space Agency		[18]	246		2018
Belgium	Interfederal Space Agency of Belgium		[19]	224		2018
Spain	Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial		[20]	211		2018
Switzerland	Swiss Space Office		[21]	177		2019
Netherlands	Netherlands Space Office		[22]	110
Sweden	Swedish National Space Agency		[23]	100		2011
Norway	Norwegian Space Agency		[24]	97		2014
Ukraine	State Space Agency of Ukraine		[25]	80
Austria	Austrian Space Agency		[26]	75		2018
Poland	Polish Space Agency		[27]	61.5	[ref]	2019-2021
Israel	Israel Space Agency		[28]	14.5		2019
Brazil	Brazilian Space Agency		AEB	47		2018
Argentina	Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales		CONAE	45		2019
Pakistan	Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission		SUPARCO	45		2018-19
Philippines	Philippine Space Agency		[29]	38		2019
Nigeria	National Space Research and Development Agency		[30]	32.3		2019
South Africa	South African National Space Agency		SANSA	11.8		2014-15
Mexico	Mexican Space Agency		AEM	8.34
Australia	Australian Space Agency		ASA	32		2019
Turkey	Turkish Space Agency		[31]	4.3		2018
World	All space agencies (Total of listed budgets)	About 60,482

This is a list of major stock exchanges. Those futures exchanges that also offer trading in securities besides trading in futures contracts are listed both here and in the list of futures exchanges.

There are sixteen stock exchanges in the world that have a market capitalization of over US$1 trillion each. They are sometimes referred to as the "$1 Trillion Club". These exchanges accounted for 87% of global market capitalization in 2015. Some exchanges do include companies from outside the country where the exchange is located.

Major stock exchanges

Major stock exchange groups (the current top 25 by market capitalization) of issued shares of listed companies.

Rank	Year	Stock exchange	Short name	Region	Market place	Market cap (USD bn)	Monthly trade volume (USD bn)	Time zone	Δ	DST	Open (local)	Close (local)	Lunch (local)	Open (UTC)	Close (UTC)
1	2019	New York Stock Exchange	NYSE	United States		[32]	22,923	1,452	EST/EDT	−5	Mar–Nov	09:30	16:00	No	14:30	21:00
2	2019	Nasdaq	NASDAQ	United States		[33]	10,857	1,262	EST/EDT	−5	Mar–Nov	09:30	16:00	No	14:30	21:00
3	2019	Japan Exchange Group	JPX	Japan		[34]	5,679	481	JST	+9		09:00	15:00	11:30–12:30	00:00	06:00
4	2019	London Stock Exchange	LSE	United Kingdom		[35]	4,590	219	GMT/BST	+0	Mar–Oct	08:00	16:30	No	08:00	16:30
5	2019	Shanghai Stock Exchange	SSE	China		[36]	4,026	536	CST	+8		09:30	15:00	11:30–13:00	01:30	07:00
6	2019	Hong Kong Stock Exchange	SEHK	Hong Kong		[37]	3,936	182	HKT	+8		09:30	*16:00/16:08-16:10	12:00–13:00	01:30	*08:00/08:08-08:10
7	2019	Euronext		European Union/EEA		[38]	3,927	174	CET/CEST	+1	Mar–Oct	09:00	17:30	No	08:00	16:30
8	2019	Shenzhen Stock Exchange	SZSE	China		[39]	2,504	763	CST	+8		09:30	15:00	11:30–13:00	01:30	07:00
9	2019	TMX Group	TSX	Canada		[40]	2,095	97	EST/EDT	−5	Mar–Nov	09:30	16:00	No	14:30	21:00
10	2019	Bombay Stock Exchange	BSE	India		[41]	2,056	210	IST	+5.30		09:15	15:30	No	03:45	10:00
11	2019	National Stock Exchange	NSE	India		[42]	2,030	196	IST	+5.30		09:15	15:30	No	03:45	10:00
12	2019	Australian Securities Exchange	ASX	Australia		[43]	1,328		AEST/AEDT	+10	Oct–Apr	10:00	16:00	No	00:00	06:00
13	2019	Deutsche Börse		Germany		[44]	1,864	140	CET/CEST	+1	Mar–Oct	08:00 (Eurex) 08:00 (floor) 09:00 (Xetra)	22:00 (Eurex) 20:00 (floor) 17:30 (Xetra)	No	07:00	21:00
14	2019	SIX Swiss Exchange		Switzerland		[45]	1,523	77	CET/CEST	+1	Mar–Oct	09:00	17:30	No	08:00	16:30
15	2019	Korea Exchange	KRX	South Korea		[46]	1,463	277	KST	+9		09:00	15:30	No	00:00	06:30
16	2019	Nasdaq Nordic Exchanges				1,372	72
	2019	Copenhagen Stock Exchange	formerly CSE	Denmark				[47]	CET//CEST	+1	Mar–Oct	09:00	17:00	No	8:00	16:00
	2019	Stockholm Stock Exchange		Sweden || [48] || CET/CEST	+1			Mar–Oct	09:00	17:30	No	8:00	16:30
	2019	Helsinki Stock Exchange	formerly OMXH	Finland || [49] || EET/EEST	+2			Mar–Oct	10:00	18:30	No	8:00	16:30
	2019	Tallinn Stock Exchange		Estonia				[50]	EET/EEST	+2	Mar–Oct	10:00	16:00	No	8:00	14:00
	2019	Riga Stock Exchange		Latvia				[51]	EET/EEST	+2	Mar–Oct	10:00	16:00	No	8:00	14:00
	2019	Vilnius Stock Exchange	VSE	Lithuania				[52]		EET/EEST	+2	Mar–Oct	10:00	16:00	No	8:00	14:00
	2019	Iceland Stock Exchange	ICEX	Iceland				[53]	GMT	+0		09:30	15:30	No	9:30	15:30
	2019	Armenia Securities Exchange	AMX	Armenia				[54]	AMT	+4		10:00	15:00	No	7:00	11:00
17	2019	Taiwan Stock Exchange	TWSE	Taiwan		[55]	966	75	NST (Taiwan)	+8		09:00	13:30	No	01:00	05:30
18	2019	B3		Brazil		[56]	938	62	BRT/BRST	−3	Oct–Feb	09:00	18:00	No	12:00	21:00
19	2019	JSE		South Africa		[57]	894	29	SAST	+2		09:00	17:00	No	07:00	15:00
20	2019	Bolsas y Mercados Españoles	BME	Spain		[58]	764	36	CET/CEST	+1	Mar–Oct	9:00	17:30	No	8:00	16:30
21	2018	Singapore Exchange	SGX	Singapore		[59]	787
22	2018	Moscow Exchange	MISX / MOEX	Russia		[60]	619
23	2018	Stock Exchange of Thailand	SET	Thailand		[61]	549
24	2018	Indonesia Stock Exchange	IDX	Indonesia		[62]	521
25	2018	Bursa Malaysia		Malaysia		[63]	456

• Note: "Δ" to UTC, as well as "Open (UTC)" and "Close (UTC)" columns contain valid data only for standard time in a given time zone. During daylight saving time period, the UTC times will be one hour less and Δs one hour more.
  • Applicable for non-closing auction session shares only.

Commodity exchanges

• Chicago Board of Trade
• Chicago Mercantile Exchange
• United States Mercantile Exchange
• United States International Monetary Financial Futures and Options Exchange
• United States Metal Exchange
• New York Mercantile Exchange
• United States Commodity Exchange
• PEG Commodity Exchange
• HAUFEX Derivatives Financial Exchange
• STER CAUFEX Derivatives Financial Exchange

See full article: List of commodities exchanges

OBRAS UNIVERSALES

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Africa

• List of African stock exchanges

Americas

• List of stock exchanges in the Americas

Asia

• List of Asian stock exchanges

Europe

• List of European stock exchanges

Oceania

• List of stock exchanges in Oceania

See also

• List of countries without a stock exchange
• List of futures exchanges
• List of stock exchange trading hours
• Federation of Euro-Asian Stock Exchanges

External links

• Official website of World Federation of Exchanges
• Official website of best stock broker in India

* Category:Lists by country