User:पाटलिपुत्र/sandbox
- Özden Fırat, Begüm (2015). Encounters with the Ottoman miniature: contemporary readings of an imperial art. London New York: I.B. Tauris. p. 236, note 7. ISBN 978-1780763910.
- O'Kane, Bernard (2003). Early Persian painting: Kalila and Dimna manuscripts of the late fourteenth century. London: Tauris [u.a.] p. x. ISBN 978-1860648526.
- Soucek, Pricilla (1998). "Timurid women: a cultural perspective". Women in the medieval Islamic world : power, patronage, and piety. New York : St. Martin's Press. pp. 218–220. ISBN 978-0-312-21057-1.
Prehistoric cultures of China | |
|---|---|
| Northeastern China | |
| Upper Yellow River | |
| Middle Yellow River | |
| Lower Yellow River | |
| Middle and Upper Yangtze | |
| Lower Yangtze and Huai | |
| Southern China | |
| Tibet | |
| Xinjiang | |
| Taiwan | |
| Other | |
[[Category:Archaeological sites in China]]
Xixia dynasty
[edit]Xixia Artifacts (Gary Todd, Ningxia Provincial Museum)
Shajing
[edit]Indicate Shajing culture culture in Saka map
Continental Asia 200 CE
[edit]Template:Continental Asia in 200 CE
 | This is the sandbox page for User:पाटलिपुत्र (diff). |
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The example shown below is for the following, structurally similar, template: {{Continental Asia in 200 BCE}}.
Usage
[edit]{{Continental Asia in 200 BCE}}{{Continental Asia in 200 BCE|Parameter 1|Parameter 2|Parameter 3|Parameter 4|Parameter 5}}
Other templates of the same family (Continental Asia in 200 BCE, Continental Asia in 400 CE, Continental Asia in 1000 CE, South Asia in 600 CE etc...) follow the same format:
Parameters
[edit]Use with the following format in Wikipedia articles (all parameters are optional):
|1=: defines the position of the map on a page:|1=center,|1=left,|1=right|2=defines an alternative caption for the map, for example:|2=Asian polities in 500 BCE|3=defines additional objects to place on the map, for example:- A text with hyperlink:
{{Annotation|227|50|<span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">''City of Heaven''</span>|text-aligns=center|font-weights=bold|font-styles=normal|font-sizes=6|colors=#000000}} - A rectangle:
{{Annotation|175|134|[[File:Long Rectangle (plain).png|40px]]}} - A date mask:
{{Annotation|0|0|[[File:Continental Asia date mask.png|300px]]}} - An object defined through geographic coordinates
{{location map~|Continental Asia|lat=37.164722|N|long=69.408611|E|label=|position=|label_size=|mark=Basic red dot.png|marksize=4}}
- A text with hyperlink:
|4=defines an alternative background map, which has to have the same size as the original.|5=if set to|5=none, will remove the border of the map, for use in infoboxes for example.
Example
[edit]The basic map would simply require the code {{Continental Asia in 200 BCE}}, but the code for the same map with an alignement to the right, with a different caption, with an added rectangle for "YUEZHI" and a geo-located dot for the city of Ai-Khanoum, with a specially-made map overlay showing Xiongnu territory (this map), and without a border, looks like:
.png){kind=small}
{{Continental Asia in 200 BCE
|right
|The [[Yuezhi]], with [[Xiongnu]] territory and main polities of Asia in 200 BCE
|{{Annotation|185|70|[[File:Long Rectangle (plain).png|35px]]}} {{location map~ |Continental Asia |lat=37.164722|N |long=69.408611|E |label=|position=|label_size=|mark=Basic red dot.png|marksize=4}}
|Map of the Xiongnu, circa 150 BCE.png
|none
}}
References
- ^ Friedman, Renée; Van Neer, Wim; Linseele, Veerle (2011). "The elite Predynastic cemetery at Hierakonpolis: 2009-2010 update".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Friedman, Renée; Van Neer, Wim; Linseele, Veerle (2011). "THE ELITE PREDYNASTIC CEMETERY AT HIERAKONPOLIS: 2009–2010 UPDATE". EGYPT AT ITS ORIGINS 3 Proceedings of the Third International Conference “Origin of the State. Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt”, London, 27th July – 1st August 2008. Leuven, Paris, Walpole, MA: ORIENTALIA LOVANIENSIA ANALECTA 205. pp. 159–161.
The Tomb 16 complex. Discovered in 1998–1999 by the team of B. Adams (2002a, 2004: 47–52), Tomb 16 is a large tomb of the Naqada IC–IIA period into which a bricklined tomb of the Naqada IIIA2 period had later been inserted in what now appears to be an act of respectful renovation rather than usurpation (Hendrickx 2008: fig. 5). (...) In all probability, the two famous ceramic masks also originate from this tomb (Fig. 2). Some fragments were found in the tomb fill, although the majority were collected in surface and subsurface levels to the west and especially to the south, where the beard to the smaller mask was recovered in 2010. Other finds from the tomb and its fill include carnelian ring beads, two biconical gold beads, ivory comb fragments, rock crystal blades, three transverse arrowheads and one tanged arrowhead.
- ^ Coatsworth, John; Cole, Juan; Hanagan, Michael P.; Perdue, Peter C.; Tilly, Charles; Tilly, Louise (16 March 2015). Global Connections: Volume 1, To 1500: Politics, Exchange, and Social Life in World History. Cambridge University Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-1-316-29777-3.
- ^ Atlas of World History. Oxford University Press. 2002. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-19-521921-0.
- ^ Fauve, Jeroen (2021). The European Handbook of Central Asian Studies. p. 403. ISBN 978-3-8382-1518-1.
- ^ O'Brien, Patrick K.; et al., eds. (2007) [2002]. Concise Atlas of World History (Revised ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-19-521921-0.
- ^ Fauve, Jeroen (2021). The European Handbook of Central Asian Studies. Ibidem Press. p. 403. ISBN 978-3-8382-1518-1.
- ^ Haywood, John (1997). Atlas of World History. New York: Barnes & Noble Books. p. Map 24. ISBN 978-0-7607-0687-9.
- ^ Török, Tibor (July 2023). "Integrating Linguistic, Archaeological and Genetic Perspectives Unfold the Origin of Ugrians". Genes. 14 (7): Figure 1. doi:10.3390/genes14071345. ISSN 2073-4425. PMC 10379071. PMID 37510249.
Photos:
- Astvatsankal Monastery (Gavit and muqarnas vault with oculus)
- Horomos Mausoleum of Aruits (composite)
- Harichavank
- Gochavank gavit
- Ivane color
A colophon from 1292 mention Amir Hasan I and Mongol rule: {{quote|This book was written in the Armenian calendar year 741 (= 1292), under the rule of the oppresser, of strange appearance and ruthless, which is called Tatar, of the impious race of Cathay, who invaded the whole world because of our sins. And they are so ruthless and cruel that brother kills brother and father kills son, but God's punishment will come.
And this year, because of our sins, divine wrath fell upon Christians, since the cursed people of Muhammad arose from Egypt, came and took possession of the impregnable Horomklay, patriarchal seat, by means of war machines and took prisoner the Catholikos Stephanos and every consecrated object, and destroyed that land and exterminated all the Christians with the sword and slavery, up to Teodosiopoli and, apart from Ani, destroyed the whole country.
This book was written in the region called Vayoc Jor, in the hermitage called Alaw, under the protection of the Mother of Jesus and of Saint George and of other saints, under the priestly guidance of the province of Stepannos, benevolent and philanthropist, and under the government of the sons of the glorious prince of princes Pros, Papak' and Amir Hasan.
And I, the vardapet Mateos, by order and with the support of Amir Hasan, I built the premises of this monastery inhabited by monks, I built the church and zamatun. But this year an indelible pain came, since the prince of princes (isxanac isxan) Amir Hasan passed to Christ with death, and the whole world fell into mourning and sadness, Armenians, Georgians, Abkhaz and Romeans. And he, although he was called "prince of the princes", was actually inseparable from the kings, all from the good news and the fame of him, so much so that both the distant people sobbed and groaned than those nearby. But he left as lieutenant his son, who he is called Eacci, endowed with all the virtues of his father, who is the Lord May Jesus be preserved for a long time in honor and glory, amen [...]|Colophon of Xalbakeank.[1]
._AH_564-589_(1169-1193_CE)_%C3%86_Dirham_(30.1mm,_13.28_g,_6h)._Without_mint-name._Dated_AH_586_(AD_1190-91)._Sultan_sitting_facing,_cross-legged,_on_high-backed_throne_(obverse).jpg)
The Tesinsky culture was a culture of the Minusinsks basin, from the 1st century BCE to the 1st century CE.[3] The Tesinsky culture was at the junction between the Tagar culture and the culture of the Xiongnu and the Xianbei, and artistic evolutions can be traced to that period.[4]
References
[edit]- ^ VANLINT, THEO MAARTEN (2010). "THE MONGOLS IN MEDIEVAL ARMENIAN POETRY" (PDF). Gaznavet: 515–516.
- ^ Lyons & Jackson 1982, pp. 6–7.
- ^ "Hall 31. Tesinsky culture exhibit". State Hermitage Museum.
- ^ Байбердина (Талягина), М. А. (24 September 2019). "ИЗОБРАЖЕНИЯ ТЕСИНСКОГО ВРЕМЕНИ В МИНУСИНСКОЙ КОТЛОВИНЕ В КОНТЕКСТЕ АРХЕОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО МАТЕРИАЛА". Теория и практика археологических исследований (in Russian). 27 (3): 20–34. doi:10.14258/tpai(2019)3(27).-02. ISSN 2712-8202.
- Peerless images : Persian painting and its sources
- "Mais, al-Jāḥiẓ fait allusion ici aux étrangers de façon générale et non pas aux Turcs. Il est encore moins évident que le gouverneur soit un Turc quand on lit comment Ibn Butlān décrivait les esclaves turques au XIe siècle :
«À la peau claire, les femmes turques sont pleines de grâce et d’animation. Elles ont de petits yeux mais séduisants. Elles sont costaudes et elles ont tendance d’être petites de taille. Il n’y a que très peu de grandes femmes entre elles.» p.350
- List of Syrian gospels, with images
- List of Maqamats
- Images of Seljuks
- Oriental Armour of the Near and Middle East from the Eighth to the Fifteenth Centuries as Shown in Works of Art", by Michael Gorelik
- British Library: Persian maniscripts online
- Naṣr Allāh. Kalīlah va Dimnah.
- Erdenechuluun, Purevzhavyn; Erdenebaatar, Diimaazhavyn (2011). Tengeriin ild The Sword of Heaven. Ulan-Bator, Mongolia: TSonzhin boldog dakh' Chingis khaany mor't tsogtsolbor muzei.
- Rawson, China and the Steppe
- IDENTITY AND ARTIFACTS ON THE NORTH CENTRAL AND NORTHEASTERN FRONTIER DURING THE PERIOD OF STATE EXPANSION IN THE LATE SECOND AND THE EARLY FIRST MILLENNIUM BCE (Cambridge)
- The Emergence and Expansion of Bronzes in the Northern Zone of China (Springer Link)
<imagemap>File:JoshuaReynoldsParty.jpg|Image map example of [[The Club (dining club)|The Club]]. Clicking on a person in the picture causes the browser to load the appropriate article.|350px|thumb rect 0 0 300 200 [[File:Map_of_the_Uyghur_Khaganate.png|Map of the Uyghur Khaganate]] </imagemap> <!--<imagemap>File:Map Asia physical (continental).png|300px|--> c.
- Cosmo, Nicola Di (2008). Northern Frontier in Pre-Imperial China (Cambridge History of Ancient China). Cambridge University Press.
- JG Slab Grave
- European statuette in China (photograph)
- Meicun, Lin; Liu, Xiang (October 2017). "The origins of metallurgy in China". Antiquity. 91 (359): e6. doi:10.15184/aqy.2017.177. ISSN 0003-598X.
- Lin, Meicun (2016). "Seima-Turbino Culture and the Proto-Silk Road". Chinese Cultural Relics. 3 (001–002): 241. ISSN 2330-5169.
- JG Deer stones and horses https://www.flickr.com/photos/jag_jaf_travel/6010837464
- Barber, E. J. W. (2000). The mummies of Ürümchi. New York : W.W. Norton & Co. p. 75, Plate 10B. ISBN 978-0-393-32019-0.
- Shang and Zhou Europoid statuettes [1]
- "Cultural Interaction between China and Central Asia during the Bronze Age" (PDF). Proceedings of the British Academy. 121: 1–39. 2003.
- The Archaeology of China
- Zhang, Fan; Ning, Chao; Scott, Ashley (11 November 2021). "The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies". Nature. 599 (7884): 256–261. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04052-7.
Such mummies have now been found throughout the Tarim Basin, among which the earliest are those found in the lowest layers of the cemeteries at Gumugou (2135–1939 bc), Xiaohe (1884–1736 bc) and Beifang (1785–1664 bc) (Fig. 1, Extended Data Fig. 1 and Extended Data Table 1). These and related Bronze Age sites are grouped within the Xiaohe archaeological horizon on the basis of their shared material culture (...) The EMBA individuals from the eastern Tarim sites of Xiaohe and Gumugou (Tarim_EMBA1) form a tight cluster close to pre-Bronze Age central steppe and Siberian individuals who share a high level of ancient North Eurasian (ANE) ancestry
- PREPRINT: Wang, Mengge; Huang, Yuguo; Liu, Kaijun (29 August 2023). "Ancient farmer and steppe pastoralist-related founding lineages contributed to the complex landscape of episodes in the diversification of Chinese paternal lineages" (PDF). BioRxiv preprint. doi:10.1101/2023.08.28.555114.
We identified four major ancient technological innovations and population movements that shaped the landscape of Chinese paternal lineages.(...) Fourth, western Eurasian derived J, G and R lineages initially spread with Yamnaya steppe pastoralists and other proto Indo-European people and further widely dispersed via the trans-Eurasian cultural communication along the Eurasian Steppe and the ancient Silk Road, remaining genetic trajectories in northwestern Chinese.
- Ancient China and its Eurasian Neighbors (Cambridge)
- The Archaeology of China (Cambridge)
- Discovery of stone sculpture
- First appearance of stone funerary monuments
- Yang, Jianhua; Shao, Huiqiu; Pan, Ling (2020). "The Northern Zone of China and the Eurasian Steppe in the Early Iron Age". The Metal Road of the Eastern Eurasian Steppe: The Formation of the Xiongnu Confederation and the Silk Road. Springer. p. Fig. 5.43. ISBN 978-981-329-155-3.
- Google, early Scythian statue in China: 成都博物馆东汉胡人形象石 [2]
- https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%AF%A8%E5%A2%93%E7%BE%A4 沂南汉墓 北寨墓群
- Majiayuan arrow ref [3]
- Jingling terracotta statues
- Huangdi tomb?
- Xirong
- Cypriot vase [4]
Cocoon pottery Rong and Di unfluences in Chong, Alan (1 January 2011). Terracotta Warriors: The First Emperor and His Legacy. Asian Civilisations Museum. p. 70.
- Morini, Carlo Alberto (2022). Terracotta Army Warriors Transparency : Is Due to Chemical Composition of the Clay (Kaolinite Mineral translucent properties react as a physic phenomena : reflection, diffraction under a certain light intensity (Report). doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.29794.40641.
- Subeshi Yanghai barrel https://books.google.com/books?id=4IedEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA183 [5]
- China, from Kingdom to unification.
- Golden woman of Taksai (Fig.5) Figure 6: Golden man of Baigetobe Andreeva, Petya V. (23 February 2023). "Glittering Bodies: The Politics of Mortuary Self-Fashioning in Eurasian Nomadic Cultures (700 BCE – 200 BCE)". Fashion Theory. 27 (2): 175–204. doi:10.1080/1362704X.2021.1991133.
- Khayutina, Maria (2013). Qin: the eternal emperor and his terracotta warriors (1. Aufl ed.). Zürich: Neue Zürcher Zeitung. p. cat. no. 314. ISBN 978-3-03823-838-6.
- Rawson, Jessica (April 2017). "China and the steppe: reception and resistance". Antiquity. 91 (356): 386. doi:10.15184/aqy.2016.276.
- Sino-Western Cultural Exchange as Seen through the Archaeology of the First Emperor’s Necropolis Qingbo, Duan (January 2023). "Sino-Western Cultural Exchange as Seen through the Archaeology of the First Emperor's Necropolis" (PDF). Journal of Chinese History. 7 (1): 26 Fig.1, 27. doi:10.1017/jch.2022.25.
- Scythian Han statuette Khayutina, Maria (Autumn 2013). "From wooden attendants to terracotta warriors" (PDF). Bernisches Historisches Museum Newsletter. 65: 2, Fig. 4.
- Northern Frontier in Pre-Imperial China (Cambridge History of Ancient China) https://www.academia.edu/5191670/Northern_Frontier_in_Pre_Imperial_China_Cambridge_History_of_Ancient_China_?email_work_card=view-paper
Sources:
- Establishment of a Khanate on the Yenesei river in 840 CE (would be the Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate), by defeated the Uyghur Khanate. With the Mongol invasions, were displaved from Siberia to today's Kyrgystan. Conversion to Sunni Islam in the 16th–17th century. 1700s: fell under the weak control of the Kokand Khanate. Vassal state of the Russian Empire from 1868. [6]
- From 840, creation of the Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate, between the Yenesei and Orkhon river, agains the Uyghur Khanate. Central Asia's most powerful state ("Great Kyrgyz") between 840 and 925. Destruction of the original Yenesei Kyrgyz Khanate by the Mongol invasions from 1218. Resettled in the Tian Shan and Xianjiang areas. The Kyrgiz were Conquered by the Four Oirat in 16th century. Became independent from Oirat rule in 1510, and established a Kyrgiz Khanate in 1514 ("In 1510, the Kyrgyz threw off Oirat rule and established a Kyrgyz Khanate in 1514."). Invasion by the "Kalmyks" (?) in 1683–1685... this would be the Dzungar Khanate rather. Followed Kyrgyz dispersion in Xinjiang and Central Asia. Returned to the Tian Shan region after the defeat of the Dzungar Khanate by the Qing Empire in 1758. Lived there under Chinese rule. Kyrgyz diplomatic ties with Russia in 1775. 1830s: a Kyrgyz tribe backed by the Khanate of Kokand conquered all the other Kyrgyz tribe, establishing Uzbek Kokand rule. Entrenchement of Islam as a consequence. 1854: one Kyrgyz trive appeals for Russia protection, so that the Russians built a fort at Pishpek. 1867: placement under Russian protection, againt Kokand. 1870: Kyrgyz revolt against Kokand, Russian invasion and destruction of Kokand. Followed by Kyrgyz jihad against Russian domination, but submission to Russian rule in 1876... Russification and influx of colonists ensued. [7]
- Independence from Mongol rule in 1510. Defeat against the Kalmuks (Dzungar Khanate) in the 17th century, Qing dynasty (18th century), and Uzbeks (Kokand Khanate) 18–19th century (intermittently 1710–1876). Four major wars against the Uzbeks in 1845–1873. Russian protection and invasion in 1876. [8]
- Establishment of the Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate (6–13th century). Destruction of the Uyghur Empire in 840 CE. Defeat by the Khitan Khanate in the 10th century and the Mongol in the 13th, and resettlement in the Tian Shan region. Fell under Chagatai rule. Independence (from the Golden Horde??) in 1510. Invasion by the Dzungar Khanate in 1685. Subjects of the Qing after the defeat of the Dzungars to the Qing in 1758. Then domination by the Kokand Khanate and resistance... [9]
- Independence from the Chagatai in 1510, but conquered by the Dzungars in the 1680s.[10]
- Same [11]
- "Kyrgyz beks" for History of Civilization in Central Asia [12], but also "Kyrgyz Khans": "In particular, there are episodes in the epic Manas concerning the celebration of funerals of the Kyrgyz khan" (p.118) "allies of the Kyrgyz khans in their struggle against foreign conquerors" (p.113)
- Kyrgyz confederacies [13][14]
- "The Kyrgyz Khanate was established in Tian Shan by Khan Ajmet " [15]