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Oskemen

Coordinates: 49°59′N 82°37′E / 49.983°N 82.617°E / 49.983; 82.617
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Oskemen
Өскемен Template:Kk icon
Усть-Каменогорск Template:Ru icon
Flag of Oskemen
Flag
Official seal of Oskemen
Seal
Oskemen is located in Kazakhstan
Oskemen
Oskemen
Location in Kazakhstan
Coordinates: 49°59′N 82°37′E / 49.983°N 82.617°E / 49.983; 82.617
Country Kazakhstan
RegionEast Kazakhstan Region
Founded1720
Incorporated (city)1868
Government
 • Akim (mayor)Zhaksylyk Omar
Area
 • Total540 km2 (210 sq mi)
Elevation
283 m (928 ft)
Population
 (2013)
 • Total321,251
 • Density590/km2 (1,500/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+6 (ALMT)
Postal code
F0*****[1]
Area code+7 7232
Vehicle registrationF, 16
Websitewww.oskemen.kz
"Kamenogorsk" redirects here. Not to be confused with Kamennogorsk.

Oskemen (Kazakh: Өскемен, romanized: Óskemen) or Ust-Kamenogorsk (Russian: Усть-Каменого́рск) is the administrative center of East Kazakhstan Region of Kazakhstan. It is served by Oskemen Airport. Population: 303,720 (2009 Census results);[2] 310,950 (1999 Census results).[2]

Name

The city has two official names.[3] In the Kazakh language, its name is Өскемен/Óskemen and in the Russian language, its known as Усть-Каменогорск. Both names appear on the seal of the city.[4]

History

The city was founded in 1720 at the confluence of the Irtysh and Ulba rivers as a fort and trading post named Ust-Kamennaya.[5] It was established according to the order of the Russian Emperor Peter the Great, who sent a military expedition headed by major Ivan Vasilievich Likharev in the search of Yarkenda gold. Likharev’s expedition directed up the Irtysh river to Zaysan Lake. There, at the confluence of the Ulba and the Irtysh rivers the new fortress was laid – the Ust-Kamennaya Fortress. The Ust-Kamennaya Fortress appeared on the map of the Russian Empire, the very southern end of the Irtysh line.[6] In 1868 the city became the capital of the Semipalatinsk Oblast. It was the site of Georgy Malenkov's 30-year internal exile, during which he managed a local hydroelectric plant.[7]

The city developed into a major mining and metallurgical center during the Soviet period. Mining of non-ferrous metals, especially uranium, beryllium, tantalum, copper, lead, silver and zinc remain important. It is a center for the construction industry producing manufactured housing and ferroconcrete articles. The post-war industrial history of the city is very closely intertwined with the Soviet nuclear bomb project, and the city was therefore kept closed to outsiders. One of the main industrial enterprises, the Ulba Metal Works (UMW) which produced and still produces uranium products, was kept entirely secret despite it employing thousands of workers. An explosion at the UMW's beryllium production line in 1990 led to the diffusion of a highly toxic beryllium-containing "cloud" over the city. The health effects of this incident are not entirely known, partly because the incident was kept secret by the Soviet authorities. Kazakhs who have visited the city state it is highly polluted which has led to alarmingly high cancer rates (as of 2014).

Economy

The highest lock in the world is the Oskemen Lock[8] and lies at Ablaketka where it allows river traffic to pass around a hydroelectric dam on the Irtysh river. It has a drop of more than 40m.[9]

Since the opening of the Three Gorges locks in China, the upper lock of that five-lock cascade is theoretically on a par with this lock, but its full drop will be used only in extreme cases, while the Oskemen Lock is designed for permanent use at this height.

A new car plant owned jointly by AvtoVAZ and Azia Avto, which will produce 120,000 cars a year, will be opened in 2016.[10]

Higher education

Main article: List of universities in Kazakhstan § Oskemen

Sports

Religion

Russian Orthodox Church
Mosque in Oskemen

There are 32 religious unions, presenting 15 religious confessions, including Christian, Muslim and non-traditional religions. There are 21 cultural buildings in the city: among them Orthodox Christian churches and mosques.[13] However, in 2017 a court fined and banned Oskemen's New Life Protestant Church for singing religious songs at a summer camp.[14]

Transport

The city has an international airport, Oskemen Airport.

Until its closure in March 2018, the most popular form of public transport was the tram, although its share in total traffic was less than the bus network. The tram has been restarted sometime end of 2018. The tram is running Mai 2019.

Intercity bus service is available at two bus stations. The most extensive network, with more than 35 lines, is at the railway station, which is located by the Sports Palace on Novoshkolnaya Street. From this station, buses not only serve cities within Kazakhstan, but also Russian cities such as Krasnoyarsk. The route network at the second station covers a smaller area with 17 lines.

Climate

Oskemen has a continental climate with intermittent precipitation. The coldest months are November through March. Record low temperatures range from −49 °C in January to 4 °C in July, and record highs range from 8 °C in January to 43 °C in July.

Ecology

The number of enterprises in Oskemen is very high relatively to the number of people living there. There are about 169 firms according to the data from 2002.[15] Most of them are industrial firms, which work on mining and processing raw materials and mostly heavy metals. To name a few there are several giants among those enterprises that all are situated in just one city:

  1. Kazzinc is a major fully integrated zinc producer with considerable copper, precious metals and lead credits. The company was established in 1997 through the merger of Eastern Kazakhstan's three main non-ferrous metal companies - Ust-Kamenogorsk Lead and Zinc Combinate, Leninogorsk Polymetallic Combinate and Zyryanovsk Lead Combinate. The company continues to develop seeking to have its stable position among the world's five lowest cost zinc producers. Apart from zinc it produces on a large-scale lead, silver, copper, and many more.[16]
  2. Titanium-Magnesium plant specializes on production and selling nonferrous metals.[17]
  3. Ulba metallurgical plant produces hi-tech uranium, beryllium and tantalum products for the needs of atomic engineering, electronics, metallurgical and other spheres of operation. The company is among the leaders in production of their specific goods.[18]
  4. Apart from the mining and processing companies, there are numerous thermoelectric power stations and about five hydropower plants concentrated around the Ust-Kamenogorsk region of Eastern Kazakhstan.

As it should be expected all of the plants have their own contribution to the pollution of atmosphere, water, and the soil. This city’s situation is different from other cities like Almaty where the most part of the ecological problem comes from the car emissions. Here the atmosphere of the city holds the by-products of the heavy metals production as different as nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, Zn, Cd, Cl, As, C, Be, phenol, benzol, NaOH, NH3, radioactivity etc. in general there are about 170 polluting components found in the city.[15]

There are 3 impact points that are influenced in Oskemen. The atmosphere is hit most. With a poor urban ventilation (the average percentage of calm 48%),[15] with a large number of vehicles and stationary sources relevance of air pollution in Oskemen is not in doubt. The concentration of harmful substances in the air is increasing each year because of the nature of the companies which are looking for increases in the production and profits. As usual, the pollution is enhanced by the low quality of car fuels and increase in the number of cars. As a result of all this, Oskemen is often recognized as one of the most polluted regional centers of Kazakhstan.

The most polluted rivers of the Republic are those flowing through the territory of the East Kazakhstan region, where the highest index of surface water pollution is observed in the mining areas and enrichment of polymetallic ores.[15] Mostly the water is affected through the industrial wastes and the storages of waste. Contamination of the water with lead, selenium, cadmium, nitrates spreads on many kilometers as a consequence of which a few drinking water intakes in the Western part of the city are closed or to be closed.

The soil close to the industry territories holds the solid wastes of the firms and becomes less suitable for planting. An increasing number of industrial waste requires a large area for the storage of waste.[15]

As a result of large production of uranium and presence of other radioactive elements such thorium, radon or radioactive dust the radioactive background of the city is remarkable with the zones of radioactive anomaly which are spread around the city.[15]

Oskemen is known to be the leader in Kazakhstan by the number of people having respiratory problems and the diseases of immune system. The statistics shows that the most frequent diseases are respiratory diseases and the urogenital system diseases. In the last years, the number of people having cancer is also increasing.

Culture

The city has three cinemas (although during the Soviet era, there were a lot more), three museums, a drama theater with Russian and Kazakh (since 2000) troupes, the Boris Alexandrov Sports Palace.

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Kazakhstan

Twin towns – Sister cities

Oskemen is twinned with:

People

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Postal codes of East Kazakhstan region (Oskemen)
  2. ^ a b "Население Республики Казахстан" [Population of the Republic of Kazakhstan] (in Russian). Департамент социальной и демографической статистики. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
  3. ^ "oskemen.vko.gov.kz / ГлавнаяОпросы". oskemen.vko.gov.kz. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  4. ^ "Ust-Kamenogorsk city, Kazakhstan overview, history, photos". aboutkazakhstan.com. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  5. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica on-line
  6. ^ "Информация о городе". www.oskemen.kz. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
  7. ^ "RUSSIA: The Quick & the Dead". TIME. July 22, 1957. Retrieved August 1, 2010.
  8. ^ Ryszard, Daniel; Paulus, Tim (2018). Lock Gates and Other Closures in Hydraulic Projects. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 672. ISBN 9780128096130. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  9. ^ "Latest". Waterways World. Retrieved August 1, 2010.
  10. ^ http://tengrinews.kz/kazakhstan_news/120-tyisyach-kazahstanskih-avto-v-god-budut-proizvodit-v-ust-kamenogorske-245229/
  11. ^ "На чемпионате РК по ринк-бенди команда ЗКО заняла первое место". timeskz.kz. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  12. ^ https://translate.google.co.uk/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=https://prosports.kz/news/266814
  13. ^ "Domestic policy". www.oskemen.kz. April 19, 2001. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
  14. ^ Release International Magazine Nov/Dec 2017
  15. ^ a b c d e f "About the ecological situation of the environment of the city of Oskemen". www.greensalvation.org. March 20, 2002. Retrieved April 10, 2016.
  16. ^ "About us". www.kazzinc.com. n.d. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
  17. ^ "Ust-Kamenogorsk Titanium Magnesium Plant JSC (UTMK)". www.kase.kz. n.d. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
  18. ^ "Company purposes". www.ulba.kz. n.d. Retrieved April 10, 2016.


49°59′N 82°37′E / 49.983°N 82.617°E / 49.983; 82.617

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