Michel Djotodia
Michel Djotodia | |
---|---|
![]() Djotodia in 2020 | |
7th President of the Central African Republic | |
In office 24 March 2013 – 10 January 2014 | |
Prime Minister | Nicolas Tiangaye |
Preceded by | François Bozizé |
Succeeded by | Alexandre-Ferdinand Nguendet (acting) |
Personal details | |
Born | Michel Am-Nondokro Djotodia 1949 (age 74–75) Gordil, Vakaga, French Equatorial Africa (now Central African Republic) |
Political party | Union of Democratic Forces for Unity |
Other political affiliations | Séléka |
Spouse | |
Signature | ![]() |
Michel Am-Nondokro Djotodia (born c. 1949) is a Central African politician who was President of the Central African Republic from 2013 to 2014. He was the first Muslim to hold that office in the predominantly Christian country.[nb 1][3][4] Djotodia was a leader of the almost entirely Muslim[4][5][6][7] Séléka rebel coalition in the December 2012 rebellion against President François Bozizé. Following a peace agreement, Djotodia was appointed to the government as First Deputy Prime Minister for National Defense in February 2013. When the peace agreement unravelled, Séléka captured Bangui and Djotodia took power on 24 March 2013. He promised to lead a transition to new elections in which he would not be a candidate, but his time in office was marked by escalating sectarian violence, and he was ultimately pressured into resigning by regional leaders on 10 January 2014.
Background and early rebel activities
[edit]Djotodia was born in Gordil, Vakaga, French Equatorial Africa (modern day Central African Republic),[8] reportedly in 1949.[9][10] He is Muslim, and as one, he is part of a religious minority population in the mostly Christian Central African Republic.[3][4] He lived in the Soviet Union for about 10 years. While he was there, he furthered his tertiary studies in the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia and became fluent in Russian,[11][12] got married and had children. When he returned to Vakaga he was regarded as an intellectual, well-educated man who spoke various languages in addition to French and Sango. Although he was noted for being politically ambitious he was an obscure figure, little known outside his native region,[12] and worked in the civil service.[11] He was a tax official during the 1980s.[13]
Having studied economic planning in the Soviet Union, Djotodia worked at the Central African Republic's Ministry of Planning and subsequently at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.[9] He served for a time as Consul in the Sudanese city of Nyala.[8]
Djotodia soon became involved in a milieu of rebel activity; he was one of the founders and leading members of the Union of Democratic Forces for Unity rebel group in 2006.[13] He lived in exile in Cotonou, Benin during the war. In November 2006 he was arrested together with his spokesman Abakar Sabon without trial by Beninese forces at the behest of the government of Central African President François Bozizé.[14][15] They were released in February 2008 after agreeing to participate in peace talks with the CAR government.[16]
Rebellion
[edit]In December 2012, Djotodia was a key leader in the Séléka rebel coalition when it succeeded in rapidly taking control of a large portion of the country. At peace talks in January 2013, President Bozizé agreed to appoint a prime minister from the opposition and incorporate the rebels into the government. Following negotiations, a national unity government, headed by Prime Minister Nicolas Tiangaye, was appointed on 3 February 2013; it was composed of Bozizé supporters, the opposition, and rebels. Djotodia received the key post of First Deputy Prime Minister for National Defense.[17]
Presidency
[edit]The peace agreement unraveled in March 2013, as Séléka resumed seizing towns, accusing Bozizé of failing to keep his promises. The rebels kept their five ministers, including Djotodia, from going to Bangui. Djotodia said that rebel soldiers made the decision, not himself.[18] There was speculation that, while Djotodia may have been content with his prominent new government post, others in Séléka wanted to take power outright.[13] After days of fighting, the rebels captured Bangui on 24 March 2013, forcing Bozizé to flee the country, and Djotodia declared himself President. Djotodia said that there would be a three-year transitional period and that Tiangaye would continue to serve as Prime Minister.[19]
Djotodia promptly suspended the constitution and dissolved the government, as well as the National Assembly.[20] He then reappointed Tiangaye as Prime Minister on 27 March 2013.[21] Top military and police officers met with Djotodia and recognized him as President on 28 March 2013.[22] A new government headed by Tiangaye was appointed on 31 March 2013; Djotodia retained the defense portfolio.[23]
On 3 April 2013, African leaders meeting in Chad declared that they did not recognize Djotodia as President; instead, they proposed the formation of an inclusive transitional council and the holding of new elections in 18 months, rather than three years as envisioned by Djotodia. Speaking on 4 April, Information Minister Christophe Gazam Betty said that Djotodia had accepted the proposals of the African leaders; however, he suggested that Djotodia could remain in office if he were elected to head the transitional council.[24] Djotodia accordingly signed a decree on 6 April for the formation of a transitional council that would act as a transitional parliament. The council was tasked with electing an interim president to serve during an 18-month transitional period leading to new elections.[25]
The transitional council, composed of 105 members, met for the first time on 13 April 2013 and immediately elected Djotodia as interim President; there were no other candidates.[26] A few days later, regional leaders publicly accepted Djotodia's transitional leadership, but, in a symbolic show of disapproval, stated that he would "not be called President of the Republic, but Head of State of the Transition". According to the plans for the transition, Djotodia would not stand as a candidate for President in the election that would conclude the transition.[27]
In the months that followed Séléka's takeover, the group was criticized for continuing to perpetrate violence against civilians. Djotodia was formally sworn in as President on 18 August 2013. On that occasion he said that he hoped to be "the last of my countrymen to have to take up arms in order to come to power". He also vowed that he would not stand as a presidential candidate.[28]
Resignation
[edit]Sectarian violence between Muslims and non-Muslims continued to escalate, and Djotodia faced pressure from regional leaders and the international community due to his apparent inability to control the situation. Djotodia resigned as President at a summit held in N'Djamena on 10 January 2014.[29] He then went into exile in Benin on 11 January.[30] He was welcomed at Cotonou Airport by Benin's Foreign Minister Nassirou Bako Arifari, who said that Benin received Djotodia "at the request of member states of the Economic Community of Central African States" as a "contribution to the search for peace in central Africa."[31]
Séléka announced in July 2014 that Djotodia had been restored as leader of the group.[32]
Notes
[edit]- ^ Apart from President Bokassa's brief supposedly financially induced, and soon renounced, conversion to Islam in 1976.[1][2]
- ^ Jacqueline Cassandra Woodfork (2006). Culture and Customs of the Central African Republic. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. xviii (Chronology). ISBN 0313332037. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
20 October 1976: Bokassa announces his conversion to Islam ... 4 December 1976: ... Bokassa renounces Islam
- ^ Brian Titley (2002). Dark Age: The Political Odyssey of Emperor Bokassa. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. p. 79. ISBN 0773524185. Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
The ace up Gadhaffi's sleeve was his oil money. ... Bokassa, of course, was rewarded more than all the others, collecting a cheque for one million U.S. dollars.
- ^ a b Patrick Fort, "Religious tensions rise in Central African Republic" Archived 22 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine, AFP, 1 April 2013. "Michel Djotodia, the self-proclaimed president, became the first Muslim leader of the country after seizing power in a bloody 24 March coup that ousted president Francois Bozize, creating days of chaos and looting."
- ^ a b c David Smith (22 November 2013). "Unspeakable horrors in a country on the verge of genocide". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
Michel Djotodia declared himself president – the first Muslim to rule this majority Christian nation of 4.6 million people.
- ^ The Economist: "The Central African Republic - Ever darker" Archived 11 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine 8 November 2013.
- ^ BBC: "Central African Republic: Religious tinderbox" Archived 10 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine 4 November 2013.
- ^ Africa Report: "CAR: Muslim-Christian tension on the rise, since coup" By Konye Obaji Ori Archived 16 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine 6 November 2013
- ^ a b Fournier 2012.
- ^ a b Patrick Fort, "Djotodia: Central Africa's rebel boss-turned-president" Archived 18 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine, AFP, 13 April 2013.
- ^ Rius, Juan Fandos; Bradshaw, Richard (2016). Historical Dictionary of the Central African Republic. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 225. ISBN 9780810879928.
- ^ a b Larson 2013.
- ^ a b Lombard 2013.
- ^ a b c Scott Sayare, "Mystery Shrouds Rise and Aims of Rebel at Helm of Central African Republic" Archived 7 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, 14 April 2013, page A11.
- ^ Debos 2008, p. 231.
- ^ Mehler 2007, p. 209.
- ^ Amnesty International 2009.
- ^ Xinhua 2013.
- ^ Hippolyte 2013.
- ^ Aboa 2013.
- ^ BBC & 2013-03-25.
- ^ AFP & 2013-27-26.
- ^ Aboe & 2013-03-28.
- ^ "Central Africa rebels form government" Archived 18 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine, AFP, 1 April 2013.
- ^ Ange Aboa, "C.African Republic leader accepts regional transition road map", Reuters, 4 April 2013.
- ^ "C. Africa strongman forms transition council" Archived 18 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine, AFP, 6 April 2013.
- ^ "Rebel boss Djotodia elected interim C.Africa leader" Archived 18 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine, AFP, 13 April 2013.
- ^ "Regional leaders recognise C.African Republic rebel chief" Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Reuters, 18 April 2013.
- ^ "Ex-rebel sworn in as Central African Republic president" Archived 17 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Reuters, 18 August 2013.
- ^ "Central African Republic president, PM resign at summit: statement". Reuters. Archived from the original on 13 October 2015. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
- ^ "Central African Republic's capital tense as ex-leader heads into exile" Archived 14 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Reuters, 11 January 2014.
- ^ "CAR ex-leader heads for exile in Benin" Archived 13 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Al Jazeera, 12 January 2014.
- ^ Crispin Dembassa-Kette, "Central Africa Republic's ousted leader back in charge of Seleka" Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Reuters, 12 July 2014 (in French).
References
[edit]- UN Integrated Regional Information Networks (2 November 2006). "Central African Republic: Rebels Call for Dialogue After Capturing Key Town". Bangui, CAR. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
- Debos, Marielle (1 April 2008). "Fluid Loyalties in a Regional Crisis: Chadian 'Ex-Liberators' in the Central African Republic". African Affairs. 107 (427): 225–241. doi:10.1093/afraf/adn004. ISSN 0001-9909. JSTOR 27667022.
- Mehler, Andreas (31 October 2007). "V. Central Africa". In Melber, Henning; Walraven, Klaas (eds.). Africa Yearbook Volume 3: Politics, Economy and Society South of the Sahara in 2006. Brill. ISBN 9789004162631.
- Mehler, Andreas (1 March 2011). "Rebels and parties: the impact of armed insurgency on representation in the Central African Republic". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 49 (1): 115–139. doi:10.1017/s0022278x10000674. ISSN 0022-278X. JSTOR 23018880. S2CID 154346557.
- Fournier, Vincent (24 December 2012). "Duel entre François Bozizé et Michel Am Nondokro Djotodia, leader de Séléka". Jeune Afrique. p. 1. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
- "Centrafrique: Michel Djotodia déclare être le nouveau président de la république centrafricaine" (in French). Radio France International. 24 March 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2013.
- Larson, Krista (28 March 2013). "C. African Republic rebel leader faces challenges". Dakar, Senegal. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
- Lombard, Louisa (25 March 2013). "Meet the polygot who just took over the Central African Republic". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
- RFI (24 March 2013). "Centrafrique: Michel Djotodia déclare être le nouveau président de la République centrafricaine". RFI. Retrieved 24 March 2013.
- Marboua, Hyppolyte; Krista Larson (18 March 2013). "Central African Republic rebels threaten new fight". Associated Press News. Ban. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
- Aboa, Ange; Paul-Marin Ngoupana (25 March 2013). "C.African Republic rebel chief to name power-sharing government – AlertNet". Reuters AlertNet. Bangui. Archived from the original on 16 April 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
- AFP (27 March 2013). "Centrafrique: Nicolas Tiangaye reconduit Premier ministre". Le Point.fr. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
- Aboe, Ange (28 March 2013). "C.African Republic army chiefs pledge allegiance to coup leader – AlertNet". Bangui. Archived from the original on 1 April 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
- "CAR rebels 'suspend constitution'". BBC. 26 March 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
- Farouk, Chothia. "Michel Djotodia: Central African Republic rebel leader". BBC. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
External links
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- 1949 births
- Living people
- People from Vakaga
- Gula people
- Central African Republic Muslims
- Heads of state of the Central African Republic
- Defense ministers of the Central African Republic
- Central African Republic diplomats
- Leaders who took power by coup
- Central African Republic exiles
- Central African Republic people imprisoned abroad
- Prisoners and detainees of Benin
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia alumni
- People of the Central African Republic Civil War