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Brown hedgehog
European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus)

Erinaceidae is a family of small mammals in the order Eulipotyphla. A member of this family is called an erinaceid, and the family includes hedgehogs and gymnures. Erinaceidae is one of four families in the order Eulipotyphla.[1] They are found in Africa, Europe, and Asia, primarily in forests, shrublands, savannas, and grasslands, though some species can also be found in deserts, rocky areas, or caves. They range in size from the gymnures in the Hylomys genus, at 9 cm (4 in) plus a 1 cm (0.4 in) tail, to the moonrat, at 46 cm (18 in) plus a 30 cm (12 in) tail. Erinaceids are omnivorous and primarily eat insects and small vertebrates such as lizards, though they also consume plants, eggs, and fungi. Hedgehogs all have spines on their backs, while gymnures have fur. No erinaceids have population estimates, but the Hainan gymnure and Dinagat gymnure are categorized as endangered species.

The twenty-four extant species of Erinaceidae are divided into two subfamilies: Erinaceinae, containing sixteen hedgehog species in five genera, and Galericinae, containing eight gymnure species in five genera. A few extinct prehistoric Erinaceidae species have been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed.[2]

Conventions

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IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
 EX Extinct (0 species)
 EW Extinct in the wild (0 species)
 CR Critically Endangered (0 species)
 EN Endangered (2 species)
 VU Vulnerable (1 species)
 NT Near threatened (1 species)
 LC Least concern (19 species)
Other categories
 DD Data deficient (1 species)
 NE Not evaluated (0 species)

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the erinaceid's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted.

Classification

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The family Erinaceidae consists of two subfamilies: Erinaceinae, containing sixteen hedgehog species in five genera, and Galericinae, containing eight gymnure species in five genera.

Family Erinaceidae

Erinaceidae[3]  

Erinaceids

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The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by the reference work Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis, as supported by both the IUCN and the American Society of Mammalogists.[1]

Subfamily Erinaceinae

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Main article: Erinaceinae
Genus Atelerix – Pomel, 1848 – four species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Four-toed hedgehog

White hedgehog

A. albiventris
(Wagner, 1841) 		Western, central, and eastern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 17–23 cm (7–9 in) long[4]

Habitat: Savanna and grassland[5]

Diet: Invertebrates, as well as plants and small vertebrates[4] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[5]

North African hedgehog

Gray and white hedgehog

A. algirus
(Lereboullet, 1842)

Three subspecies
  • A. a. algirus
  • A. a. girbanensis
  • A. a. vagans
Northern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 20–25 cm (8–10 in) long[6]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[7]

Diet: Omnivorous, including arthropods, small vertebrates, carrion, and fungi[6] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[7]

Somali hedgehog

Gray and white hedgehog

A. sclateri
Anderson, 1895 		Somalia
Map of range 		Size: 20–27 cm (8–11 in) long, plus 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) tail[8]

Habitat: Grassland and savanna[9]

Diet: Believed to be omnivorous; primarily insects[8] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[9]

Southern African hedgehog

Gray and white hedgehog

A. frontalis
(Smith, 1831) 		Southern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 15–20 cm (6–8 in) long, plus 2 cm (1 in) tail[10]

Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland[11]

Diet: Omnivorous; primarily insects, as well as carrion, vegetables, fungi, and small vertebrates[10] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[11]

Genus Erinaceus – Linnaeus, 1758 – four species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Amur hedgehog

Brown hedgehog

E. amurensis
Schrenk, 1859 		Eastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 15–29 cm (6–11 in) long, plus 1–5 cm (0.4–2.0 in) tail[12]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[13]

Diet: Earthworms and other ground invertebrates, as well as small vertebrates and fruit[13] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[13]

European hedgehog

Brown hedgehog

E. europaeus
Linnaeus, 1758 		Europe, northwestern Asia, and New Zealand
Map of range 		Size: 13–27 cm (5–11 in) long, plus 2 cm (1 in) tail[14]

Habitat: Forest and grassland[15]

Diet: Omnivorous; primarily insects, as well as other invertebrates, eggs, small vertebrates, and carrion[14] 		 NT 


Unknown Population steady[15]

Northern white-breasted hedgehog

Brown hedgehog

E. roumanicus
Barrett-Hamilton, 1900 		Eastern Europe and western Asia (in blue)
Map of range 		Size: 13–30 cm (5–12 in) long, plus 1–5 cm (0.4–2.0 in) tail[16]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[17]

Diet: Omnivorous; primarily insects, as well as other invertebrates, eggs, small vertebrates, and carrion[18] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[17]

Southern white-breasted hedgehog

Brown hedgehog

E. concolor
Martin, 1838 		Western Asia (in orange)
Map of range 		Size: 13–30 cm (5–12 in) long, plus 1–5 cm (0.4–2.0 in) tail[16]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[19]

Diet: Omnivorous; primarily insects, as well as other invertebrates, eggs, small vertebrates, and carrion[18] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[19]

Genus Hemiechinus – Fitzinger, 1866 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Indian long-eared hedgehog

Drawing of gray hedgehog

H. collaris
(Gray, 1830) 		Western India and Pakistan
Map of range 		Size: 15–28 cm (6–11 in) long, plus 1–6 cm (0.4–2.4 in) tail[20]

Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, and desert[21]

Diet: Omnivorous; primarily invertebrates and insects, as well as small vertebrates, eggs, carrion, fruit, and seeds[20] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[21]

Long-eared hedgehog

Brown hedgehog

H. auritus
(Gmelin, 1770) 		Western and central Asia
Map of range 		Size: 12–27 cm (5–11 in) long, plus 1–5 cm (0.4–2.0 in) tail[22]

Habitat: Shrubland and desert[23]

Diet: Omnivorous; primarily invertebrates and insects, as well as eggs, fruit, vegetables, and small vertebrates[22] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[23]

Genus Mesechinus – Ognew, 1951 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Daurian hedgehog


M. dauuricus
(Sundevall, 1842) 		East-central Asia
Map of range 		Size: About 24 cm (9 in) long, plus 3 cm (1 in) tail[20]

Habitat: Forest and grassland[24]

Diet: Beetles and other invertebrates, as well as small reptiles, bird eggs and nestlings, rodents, and carrion[24] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[24]

Hugh's hedgehog

Brown hedgehog

M. hughi
(Thomas, 1908) 		Central China
Map of range 		Size: About 24 cm (9 in) long, plus 3 cm (1 in) tail[20]

Habitat: Grassland[25]

Diet: Omnivorous; primarily invertebrates and insects, as well as small vertebrates, eggs, carrion, fruit, and seeds[20] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[25]

Genus Paraechinus – Trouessart, 1879 – four species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Bare-bellied hedgehog

Brown hedgehog

P. nudiventris
(Horsfield, 1851) 		Southern India
Map of range 		Size: 14–28 cm (6–11 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) tail[26]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[27]

Diet: Insects, as well as small vertebrates, eggs, and scorpions[20] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[27]

Brandt's hedgehog

Brown hedgehog

P. hypomelas
(Brandt, 1836) 		Western Asia
Map of range 		Size: 14–28 cm (6–11 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) tail[26]

Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, and desert[28]

Diet: Insects, as well as small vertebrates, eggs, and scorpions[20] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[28]

Desert hedgehog

Gray hedgehog

P. aethiopicus
(Ehrenberg, 1832) 		Northern Africa and Arabian Peninsula
Map of range 		Size: 14–23 cm (6–9 in) long[29]

Habitat: Desert, inland wetlands, grassland, shrubland, and savanna[30]

Diet: Insects, as well as other invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles, and eggs[29] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[30]

Indian hedgehog

Brown hedgehog

P. micropus
(Blyth, 1846) 		Western India and Pakistan
Map of range 		Size: 14–28 cm (6–11 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) tail[31]

Habitat: Shrubland and desert[32]

Diet: Insects, as well as other invertebrates, small vertebrates, and eggs[31] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[32]

Subfamily Galericinae

[edit]
Main article: Galericinae
Genus Echinosorex – Blainville, 1836 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Moonrat

Gray long-tailed hedgehog

E. gymnura
(Raffles, 1822)

Two subspecies
  • E. g. alba
  • E. g. gymnura
Southeast Asia
Map of range 		Size: 26–46 cm (10–18 in) long, plus 16–30 cm (6–12 in) tail[33]

Habitat: Forest[34]

Diet: Invertebrates, as well as frogs, fish, and fruit[35] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[34]

Genus Hylomys – Müller, 1839 – three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Dwarf gymnure


H. parvus
Robinson & Kloss, 1916 		Sumatra island in Indonesia
Map of range 		Size: 9–15 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) tail[36]

Habitat: Forest[37]

Diet: Invertebrates, as well as fruit[36] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[37]

Long-eared gymnure


H. megalotis
Jenkins & Robinson, 2002 		Laos
Map of range 		Size: 9–15 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) tail[36]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and rocky areas[38]

Diet: Invertebrates, as well as fruit[36] 		 DD 


Unknown Unknown[38]

Short-tailed gymnure

Brown hedgehog

H. suillus
Müller, 1840

Seven subspecies
 Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 9–15 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) tail[36]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[39]

Diet: Invertebrates, as well as fruit[39] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[39]

Genus Neohylomys – Shaw & Wong, 1959 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Hainan gymnure

Pelts and skull of brown hedgehogs

N. hainanensis
Shaw & Wong, 1959 		Hainan island, China
Map of range 		Size: 12–15 cm (5–6 in) long, plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail[40]

Habitat: Forest and caves[41]

Diet: Insects, worms, and plants[40] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[41]

Genus Neotetracus – Trouessart, 1909 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Shrew gymnure

Black-and-white photo of two hedgehogs

N. sinensis
Trouessart, 1909 		Southern China
Map of range 		Size: 10–13 cm (4–5 in) long, plus 4–7 cm (2–3 in) tail[40]

Habitat: Forest[42]

Diet: Insects, worms, and plants[40] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[42]

Genus Podogymnura – Mearns, 1905 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Dinagat gymnure


P. aureospinula
Heaney & Morgan, 1982 		Philippines
Map of range 		Size: 19–22 cm (7–9 in) long, plus 5–8 cm (2–3 in) tail[16]

Habitat: Forest[43]

Diet: Insects, worms, and birds[16] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[43]

Mindanao gymnure


P. truei
Mearns, 1905 		Philippines
Map of range 		Size: 13–15 cm (5–6 in) long, plus 4–7 cm (2–3 in) tail[44]

Habitat: Forest[45]

Diet: Insects, worms, and carrion[44] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[45]

References

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  1. ^ a b Wilson, Reeder, pp. 212-219
  2. ^ "Fossilworks: Erinaceidae". Paleobiology Database. University of Wisconsin–Madison. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
  3. ^ He, K.; Chen, J.-H.; Gould, G. C.; Yamaguchi, N.; Ai, H.-S.; Wang, Y.-X.; Zhang, Y.-P.; Jiang, X.-L. (2012). "An Estimation of Erinaceidae Phylogeny: A Combined Analysis Approach". PLoS ONE. 7 (6): e39304. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...739304H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039304. PMC 3380021. PMID 22745729.
  4. ^ a b Nichols, Jennifer (2023). "Atelerix albiventris". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on April 1, 2023. Retrieved December 18, 2023.
  5. ^ a b Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Atelerix albiventris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T40602A115174097. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T40602A22324217.en.
  6. ^ a b Everett, Andrew (2012). "Atelerix algirus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on January 29, 2023. Retrieved December 18, 2023.
  7. ^ a b Amori, G.; Hutterer, R.; Kryštufek, B.; Yigit, N. (2022). "Atelerix algirus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T27926A22324424. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T27926A22324424.en.
  8. ^ a b Kingdon, p. 36
  9. ^ a b Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Atelerix sclateri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T2275A115061435. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T2275A22324040.en.
  10. ^ a b King, Wendy (2004). "Atelerix frontalis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on December 19, 2023. Retrieved December 18, 2023.
  11. ^ a b Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Atelerix frontalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T2274A115061260. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T2274A22324102.en.
  12. ^ Smith; Xie, p. 293
  13. ^ a b c Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Erinaceus amurensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T40604A115174360. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T40604A22325640.en.
  14. ^ a b Roberts, Colin (2011). "Erinaceus europaeus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on June 2, 2020. Retrieved December 18, 2023.
  15. ^ a b Amori, G. (2016). "Erinaceus europaeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T29650A2791303. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T29650A2791303.en.
  16. ^ a b c d Nowak, p. 174
  17. ^ a b Amori, G.; Hutterer, R.; Kryštufek, B.; Yigit, N.; Mitsainas, G.; Palomo, L. (2021) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Erinaceus roumanicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T136344A197508156. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T136344A197508156.en.
  18. ^ a b Nowak, p. 175
  19. ^ a b Amori, G.; Hutterer, R.; Kryštufek, B.; Yigit, N.; Mitsainas, G.; Palomo, L. (2021) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Erinaceus concolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T40605A197506348. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T40605A197506348.en.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g Nowak, pp. 178–179
  21. ^ a b Molur, S. (2016). "Hemiechinus collaris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T40608A22324478. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T40608A22324478.en.
  22. ^ a b Ballenger, Liz (2023). "Hemiechinus auritus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved December 18, 2023.
  23. ^ a b Stubbe, M.; Samiya, R.; Ariunbold, J.; Buuveibaatar, V.; Dorjderem, S.; Monkhzul, T.; Otgonbaatar, M.; Tsogbadrakh, M.; Zagorodniuk, I.; Hutterer, R.; Kryštufek, B.; Yigit, N.; Mitsainas, G.; Palomo, L. (2021) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Hemiechinus auritus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T40607A197510528. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T40607A197510528.en.
  24. ^ a b c Stubbe, M.; Samiya, R.; Ariunbold, J.; Buuveibaatar, V.; Dorjderem, S.; Monkhzul, Ts.; Otgonbaatar, M.; Tsogbadrakh, M.; Tsytsulina, K. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Mesechinus dauuricus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T40612A115175251. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T40612A22325286.en.
  25. ^ a b Smith, A. T.; Johnston, C. H.; Lunde, D. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Mesechinus hughi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T13209A115111114. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T13209A22325137.en.
  26. ^ a b Nowak, p. 177
  27. ^ a b Chakraborty, S.; Srinivasulu, C.; Molur, S. (2017). "Paraechinus nudiventris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T39594A22326706. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T39594A22326706.en.
  28. ^ a b Bhattacharyya, T.; Srinivasulu, C.; Molur, S. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Paraechinus hypomelas". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T40610A115174910. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T40610A22326573.en.
  29. ^ a b Hall, Dustin (2002). "Paraechinus aethiopicus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on April 1, 2023. Retrieved December 18, 2023.
  30. ^ a b Hutterer, R. (2016). "Paraechinus aethiopicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T40606A22326233. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T40606A22326233.en.
  31. ^ a b Seitz, Megan (2006). "Paraechinus micropus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on December 19, 2023. Retrieved December 18, 2023.
  32. ^ a b Molur, S. (2016). "Paraechinus micropus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T40609A22326424. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T40609A22326424.en.
  33. ^ Nowak, p. 173
  34. ^ a b Cassola, F. (2016). "Echinosorex gymnura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T40603A22326807. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T40603A22326807.en.
  35. ^ Fox, David L. (2023). "Echinosorex gymnura". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on December 19, 2023. Retrieved December 18, 2023.
  36. ^ a b c d e Nowak, p. 171
  37. ^ a b Clayton, E. (2018). "Hylomys parvus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T10589A22325019. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T10589A22325019.en.
  38. ^ a b Chiozza, F. (2016). "Hylomys megalotis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T136193A22324783. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T136193A22324783.en.
  39. ^ a b c Chiozza, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Hylomys suillus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T40611A115175083. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T40611A22324887.en.
  40. ^ a b c d Nowak, p. 172
  41. ^ a b Johnston, C.; Smith, A. T. (2016). "Neohylomys hainanensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T10588A22326961. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T10588A22326961.en.
  42. ^ a b Smith, A. T.; Johnston, C. H. (2016). "Neotetracus sinensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T10590A22325953. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T10590A22325953.en.
  43. ^ a b Clayton, E. (2018). "Podogymnura aureospinula". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T17829A22326149. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T17829A22326149.en.
  44. ^ a b Rasmussen, Andrew (2007). "Podogymnura truei". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on February 2, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2023.
  45. ^ a b Heaney, L.; Balete, D.; Tabao, M. (2016). "Podogymnura truei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T17828A22326078. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T17828A22326078.en.

Sources

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