Imo Incident
| Imo Incident | |
| Hangul | 임오군란 |
|---|---|
| Hanja | 壬午軍亂 |
| Revised Romanization | Imo gullan |
| McCune–Reischauer | Imo kullan |
The Imo Incident, also known as Imo mutiny, was a military revolt of some units of the Korean military in Seoul on July 23, 1882.[1] "Imo" is 壬午 in Chinese/Japanese characters, and is 임오 in Korean.
Background
A variety of causes for this brief disturbance have been put forward. In part, some explain the flare-up of violence by pointing to provocative policies and conduct by Japanese military advisors who had been in Korea since 1881.[2]
According to other sources, the revolt broke out in part because of Emperor Gojong's support for reform and modernization. The revolt was also explained in part as a reaction to Gojong's support for Japanese military advisors.[3] Some sources credit rumor as the spark which ignited violence. Some were worried by the prospect of incorporating Japanese officers in a new army structure.[4]
The disturbance is sometimes characterized as the "Imo Mutiny" (Imo kullan), and its cause is attributed to a dispute about unpaid wages.[5] It has also been called the "Soldier's riot"; and the unplanned flare-up of violence is said to have been a reaction to finding sand and bad rice in soldiers' rations.[6]
Japanese accounts of the disturbance identify it as the "Jingo Incident" (壬午事変, Jingo-jihen).[7] Whatever its causes, violence did erupt;[4] and the incident produced unplanned consequences.
Disturbance
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Dissatisfaction with the Korean government was the initial focus of the violence. Some government officials were killed by the rioters. Homes of high government ministers were destroyed and Changdeok Palace was occupied by soldiers. The rioting general population of Seoul swelled the ranks of the dissatisfied army units.[8]
In the midst of the chaos, the regent father of the king, Daewongun, took power and tried to re-establish order. He supported soldiers' complaints.[4]
Anti-Japanese riots
Anti-Japanese sentiments among the rioters developed and grew. The Japanese legation was overrun.[9]
Hanabusa Yoshitada, the Japanese minister to Korea and his aides were forced to flee the legation.[10] They escaped to the sea in a small boat and were rescued by a British ship, the Flying Fish. During the day of rioting, a number of Japanese were killed, including Horimoto Reijo.[9]
Consequences
The Chinese dispatched troops;[3] and three warships were sent to Seoul.
In the aftermath of rioting, Daewongun was accused of fomenting the disturbance and its violence.[10] Heungseon Daewongun was arrested by Chinese troops.[4] He spent 3 years in China and returned to Korea in 1885.
The Japanese government sent Ambassador Hanabusa back to Seoul. His security was ensured by four naval warships, three cargo ships and a battalion of armed soldiers.[10]
Notes
- ^ In the name "Imo incident," the noun "Imo" refers to the 5th moon cycle of the Korean calendar (of 1882). In other words, the "Imo incident" occurred during Imo, which was a time period encompassing the Gregorian date of July 23, 1882.
- ^ Tsuru, Shigeto. (2000). The Political Economy of the Environment: the Case of Japan, p. 45., p. 45, at Google Books
- ^ a b Pratt, Keith L. et al. (1999). "Imo Incident" in Korea: A Historical and Cultural Dictionary, pp. 184-185., p. 184, at Google Books
- ^ a b c d Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric et al. (2005). "Jingo-jihen" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 422., p. 422, at Google Books
- ^ Rhee, Syngman et al. (2001). iB8R0oEH3kEC, p. 166, at Google Books
- ^ Kang, Jae-eun et al. (2006). The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism, p. 462., p. 462, at Google Books; 임오군란 壬午軍亂, Doosan Encyclopedia
- ^ In the name "Jingo Incident", the noun "Jingo" refers to the year 1882.
- ^ Kang, p. 462-463., p. 462, at Google Books
- ^ a b Kang, p. 463., p. 463, at Google Books
- ^ a b c Iwao, Seiichi. (2002). "Saimoppo jōyaku" in Dictionnaire historique du Japon, Vol. II, p. 2314., p. 2314, at Google Books
References
- Iwao, Seiichi. (2002). Dictionnaire historique du Japon (Vol. I), (Vol. II) (with Teizō Iyanaga, Susumu Ishii, Shōichirō Yoshida et al.). Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. 10-ISBN 2-7068-1632-5; 13-ISBN 978-2-7068-1632-1; OCLC 51096469
- Kang, Jae-eun and Suzanne Lee. (2006). The Land of Scholars : Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism. Paramus, New Jersey: Homa & Sekey Books. 10-ISBN 1-931907-37-4; 13-ISBN 978-1-931907-37-8; OCLC 60931394
- Keene, Donald (2002). Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-12341-8.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Kim, Jinwung (2012). A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict. New York: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-00024-6.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 10-ISBN 0-674-01753-6; 13-ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 48943301
- Ono, Giichi and Hyoye Ouchi. (1922). War and Armament Expenditures of Japan. New York: Oxford university Press. OCLC 1390434
- Pratt, Keith L., Richard Rutt and James Hoare (1999). Korea: A Historical and Cultural Dictionary. London: RoutledgeCurzon. 10-ISBN 0700704647/13-ISBN 9780700704644; 10-ISBN 0-7007-0463-9; 13-ISBN 978-0-7007-0463-7; OCLC 470644847
- Rhee, Syngman and Han-Kyo Kim. (2001). The Spirit of Independence: a Primer of Korean Modernization and Reform. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 10-ISBN 0824822641/13-ISBN 9780824822644/10-ISBN 0824823494; 13-ISBN 978-0-8248-2349-8; OCLC 237455991
- Tsuru, Shigeto. (1999). The Political Economy of the Environment: the Case of Japan. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.10-ISBN 0774807636/13-ISBN 9780774807630; OCLC 43284065
