I'll Remember
"I'll Remember" | ||||
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Single by Madonna | ||||
from the album With Honors | ||||
B-side | "Secret Garden" | |||
Released | March 8, 1994 | |||
Genre | Pop | |||
Length | 4:23 | |||
Label | ||||
Songwriter(s) |
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Producer(s) |
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Madonna singles chronology | ||||
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Music video | ||||
"I'll Remember" on YouTube |
"I'll Remember" is a song by American singer Madonna for the 1994 film With Honors. It was released by Maverick and Warner Bros. Records on March 8, 1994, as the lead single from the film's soundtrack album. It was a radical change in image and style for Madonna, who had received huge backlash due to the release of her book Sex, the studio album Erotica and the film Body of Evidence. Warner Bros. decided to release the song for the film after noting most of her previous soundtrack singles had achieved commercial success. It utilizes a synthesized keyboard arrangement to bring about a continuously reverberating heartbeat sound. Madonna's voice is supported by backing vocals.
Music critics praised the song, hailing it as one of her best works. It was nominated for Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or for Television at the 37th Grammy Awards and Best Original Song at the 52nd Golden Globe Awards. "I'll Remember" was also a commercial success, peaking at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 and becoming her fourth number-one hit on the Adult Contemporary chart. It also topped the singles charts in Canada and Italy. The music video of "I'll Remember", directed by Alek Keshishian, portrayed Madonna singing the song in a stylized recording studio. Her look and style were compared to the imagery of the music video of previous single "Rain". The androgynous portrayal of Madonna in the final shot was praised for breaking gender barriers. "I'll Remember" did not appear on any Madonna album, but was later included in the ballads collection Something to Remember (1995).
Background
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/20110626_090_All-Starr-Band-in-Paris_Richard-Page_bass_WP_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-20110626_090_All-Starr-Band-in-Paris_Richard-Page_bass_WP_%28cropped%29.jpg)
The year 1992 saw the release of the book Sex by Madonna. However, the book, which contained explicit sexual imagery and pictures of voyeuristic fantasies, was negatively accepted by the critics as well as some of her fans.[1] Madonna's fifth studio album Erotica and the film Body of Evidence were released at the same time; both failed to garner critical and commercial acclaim. Hence she decided to re-invent her image, to connect with her fans and repair the damage that her provocative image had caused to her career.[1] "I'll Remember" was one of the songs that was developed for this purpose. The ballad was initially a collaboration between musician Richard Page and Patrick Leonard, before Madonna reworked the track for Alek Keshishian's film With Honors (1994). According to Page, "Madonna was brought in... she changed all my lyrics for the better. She really did a great job."[2] Regarding her feelings for the song, Madonna commented,
"I think most of the time when my records come out, people are so much distracted by so much fanfare and controversy that nobody pays attention to the music. [...] I can't tell you how painful the idea of singing 'Like a Virgin' or 'Material Girl' (1984) is to me now. I didn't write either of those songs, and wasn't digging very deep then. I also feel more connected emotionally to the music I'm writing now, so it's more of a pleasure to do it."[3]
Produced by Madonna and Leonard, "I'll Remember" was released as the lead single from the soundtrack album of With Honors. Madonna's own label, Maverick, was charged with the task of putting together the soundtrack album. They decided to include "I'll Remember", after noticing that all of her soundtrack releases have been commercially successful.[1]
Composition
[edit]According to author Rikky Rooksby, the song is written in the style of Album-oriented rock (AOR) by bands like Boston or Foreigner. It is slowed down from the tempo of rock songs and utilizes a steadily reverberating synth keyboard to bring on the effect of a heartbeat. "I'll Remember" has characteristics of late Seventies song apart from the arrangement and the low bass. Madonna sings in a low-key voice which is almost overshadowed by the synth arrangement. Lyrically the song talks about Madonna looking back on a good love affair.[4] According to Alex Balk from The Awl, the lyrics were inspirational, especially the line "I learned to let go of the illusion that we can possess", which is answered by Madonna herself that "I remember, happiness".[5]
The song starts with a C major chord sequence and is used on the flattened seventh key of the sequence. But the actual key of the song is D major. It is set in a time signature of common time with a moderate tempo of 120 beats per minute. Madonna's voice spans from F♯3 to G4.[6] A much stronger arrangement of drums are used in the second verse.[4] The chorus uses the chord sequence of D–G–Bm–A while the first two lines of each verse uses the chord progression of C–D–C–D7–C–D–Bm–A. During the intermediate line "I learned to let go of the illusion that we can possess", the structure changes to D/F♯–Bm–G–D–A–G–A.[6] Backing vocals are used on the later choruses for support with the strings, cascading down to a minor arrangement before the third one. The song ends with fading out and devoid of any musical climax.[4]
A number of remixes were issued alongside the regular version. The maxi-single had four different versions, three being those of "I'll Remember" and the fourth being a live version of the Erotica track, "Why's It So Hard", performed on The Girlie Show World Tour. According to Jose F. Promis from AllMusic, "the mixes of [the song] were conjured by William Orbit, giving each version an ethereal, spacey, and very mellow feel". The "Guerilla Beach" mix was different from the original version, making it more adult contemporary oriented, while the "Orbit Remix" remained similar to the actual version.[7]
Critical response
[edit]Author Christopher Feldman in his book, Billboard Book of Number 2 Singles, described the song as a "tender ballad."[1] Billboard music editor Timothy White called the song as lilting and one of Madonna's classics in his book Music to My Ears: The Billboard Essays : Portraits of Popular Music in the '90s.[3] He also complimented the song for talking about a dead relationship.[8] Larry Flick stated that it finds Madonna "inside an easy-paced pop chugger that is etched with slightly Caribbean percussion. Subdued synth pulses frame Madonna's pensive performance."[9] Troy J. Augusto from Cash Box said that "this tender, down-tempo stroll that will serve to re-introduce the ambitious one to her old friends at top 40 radio—folks who, based on some of her recent, questionable material, might have wondered if the girl’s best work was well behind her. Actually, the sky’s the limit with this smoothly textured, deliberately paced song (produced by Patrick Leonard and Madonna) that will perform well in all hit and adult formats. After a number of stinkers, it’s nice to hear her return to her greatest strength, the moody power ballad."[10]
John Hamilton from Idolator called it a "pulsating ballad", adding it as "at once lilting and powerful".[11] Author Rikky Rooksby noted the song as one of Madonna's biggest ever singles and a stronger cut.[4] Pan-European magazine Music & Media commented that she "becomes more ambient with every release", adding that this song "further cements this impression."[12] James Hamilton from Music Week's RM Dance Update deemed it a "sweetly warbled quovery slow roller".[13] John Kilgo from The Network Forty said that the song is "compared as a half-beat faster than the earlier Madonna smash, "Live To Tell," the production grooves while the lyrics are ballad-like."[14] Terry Staunton from NME declared it as "a flat ballad about fond memories of days gone by."[15] Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine praised it as a "soundtrack gem".[16] Pete Stanton from Smash Hits gave it three out of five, viewing it as "a slow, uneventful, but quite charming tune."[17] Author J. Randy Taraborrelli in his biography of Madonna called the song a beautiful one. According to him, "it sounds like a flick theme too, equipped with smart chords and big emotion. It is reminiscent of another movie theme of Madonna's, 'Live to Tell' (1986)."[18] Music critique Peter Buckley noted that the song was atmospheric and one of Madonna's best works, showing her ability to stay in touch with and adapt to musical developments.[19]
"I'll Remember" earned nominations for Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or for Television at the 37th Grammy Awards and Best Original Song at the 52nd Golden Globe Awards.[20][21] Robbie Daw from Idolator listed it as one of "Madonna’s 10 Best Songs That Radio Forgot", saying that "Madge has lost many friends and lovers over the years, but here she turns lemons into lemonade by cherishing the good times and learning from 'the way that you changed me'."[22] Journalist Matthew Rettenmund listed the "Guerilla Beach" remix of the song at number nine on his list of "The 25 Best Madonna Remixes", describing it as "spacey" and believing it to be "markedly superior to the lovely but unassuming original".[23] In 2014, Graham Greymore from Queerty listed "I'll Remember" as one of the "12 Most Underrated Madonna Songs Of All Time".[24] While ranking Madonna's singles, in honor of her 60th birthday, The Guardian's Jude Rogers placed "I'll Remember" at number 42, praising its "atmospheric" verses.[25]
Chart performance
[edit]In the United States, the song debuted at number 35 on the Hot 100 chart for the Billboard issue dated April 2, 1994, and it sold 12,000 units in the first week.[26][27] After eight weeks, the song reached a peak of number two on the chart on May 28, 1994 behind "I Swear" by All-4-One.[28] It stayed there for four weeks. The song became the fifth single by Madonna to peak at the number two position and tied her with Elvis Presley for the most number two songs on the Hot 100. However, this record was broken by Madonna in 1998, when her single "Frozen" peaked at two.[29] The song also topped the Adult Contemporary chart for four consecutive weeks, becoming Madonna's fourth number-one for this chart following "Live to Tell", "La Isla Bonita", and "Cherish".[30] The single spent a total of 26 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on June 14, 1994. It was one of the best-selling singles of 1994, having sold 500,000 copies within that year.[31][32]
In Canada, the song debuted at 52 on the Canadian RPM Singles Chart.[33] After seven weeks it reached the top of the chart for the RPM issue dated May 16, 1994.[34] The song was present on the chart for 24 weeks,[35] and was ranked at number two on the Year-end RPM chart for 1994.[36] In the United Kingdom it debuted at ten on the chart and reached seven the next week. It was present for a total of eight weeks on the chart.[37] According to the Official Charts Company, "I'll Remember" has sold 100,090 copies in the United Kingdom, as of August 2008.[38] Across Europe, the song became a top 40 hit in Belgium, France and Netherlands. The song reached the top-twenty in Iceland and Switzerland, and the top-ten in Australia, Ireland and Sweden. It peaked just outside the top 40 in Germany.[39][40][41]
Music video
[edit]![Refer to caption.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f8/Ill-remember_044.jpg/220px-Ill-remember_044.jpg)
The accompanying music video for "I'll Remember" was directed by Alek Keshishian, who had previously directed the live performance versions of "Like a Virgin" (1984) and "Holiday" (1983) from the Truth or Dare documentary and also the music video of her single "This Used to Be My Playground" (1992).[42] The video featured production credits by Diane Greenwalt, editing by Patrick Sheffield and photography by Stephen Ramsey.[43] According to Jerry Ryan from creative production team Steele,
"I'll Remember" had multiple projection screen fills and classic theatre atmospherics (like smoke haze and the flickering light beams from a projection booth) added. The theatre walls and ceiling had digital enhancements. A sound booth was completely created from scratch to accompany a crane shot down to Madonna. All the movie inserts were treated to appear to be within the theater and all Madonna's close ups and medium shots were individually treated for facial beauty enhancements.[44]
The video features Madonna in a stylized recording studio singing the song with back up singers. The video was compared to the music video of Madonna's single "Rain" (1993).[45] Her look in the video, consists of blue-black icy hair, bright blue eyes and a long dark dress with a beaded necklace around her neck.[45] Madonna's face was mainly shot above her head, with her face looking up just ahead of the camera focus. Sometimes she looks to a video screen behind her which plays the scenes from the film, as if to take inspiration for her singing.[45] Other times she is accompanied by her back-up singers, mainly during the chorus, and sometimes she sings alone.[46]
The music video ends with a shot of Madonna watching herself recording the song. In this last scene she is dressed in a long black coat and holds a cigarette in her hand.[46] Scholars noted that this last shot clearly illustrates the gender paradox of Madonna, because as she watches her female form singing the song, she herself is dressed in an androgynous way, holding a cigarette, which is associated as one of the symbolic forms of male supremacy.[47] Feminist writer Martha Leslie Allen lauded the video, as well as Madonna, "for breaking free of the conventional portrayal of women yet again, and displaying their duality."[48] The video can be found on Madonna's 2009 compilation, Celebration: The Video Collection.[49]
Track listing and formats
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Credits and personnel
[edit]Credits are adapted from "I'll Remember" 7-inch vinyl single liner notes.[39]
- Madonna – songwriter, vocals
- Patrick Leonard – songwriter, drums, keyboard, production
- Richard Page – songwriter
- Dean Parks – acoustic guitar
- Jimmy Johnson - fretless bass
- Suzie Katayama – cello
Charts
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Weekly charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
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Year-end charts[edit]
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Certifications and sales
[edit]Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
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Australia (ARIA)[79] | Gold | 35,000^ |
United Kingdom | — | 100,090[38] |
United States (RIAA)[31] | Gold | 500,000[32] |
Summaries | ||
Worldwide | — | 1,000,000[80] |
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. |
Release history
[edit]Region | Date | Format(s) | Label(s) | Ref. |
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United States | March 8, 1994 |
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[31] | |
United Kingdom | March 21, 1994 | [81] |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c d Feldman 2000, p. 255
- ^ Page, Richard (2011). Solo Acoustic (DVD). Little Dume Recordings. 608938682567.
- ^ a b White 1997, p. 303
- ^ a b c d Rooksby 2004, p. 86
- ^ Balk, Alex (August 15, 2011). "Remembering "I'll Remember (Theme from 'With Honors')". The Awl. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
- ^ a b "Madonna Ciccone – I'll Remember – Sheet Music (Digital Download)". Musicnotes.com. Alfred Publishing. Retrieved August 31, 2014.
- ^ F. Promis, Jose. "I'll Remember > Madonna". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
- ^ White, Timothy (September 30, 1995). "Album Review: Something to Remember". Billboard. Archived from the original on March 9, 2013. Retrieved August 18, 2009.
- ^ Flick, Larry (March 26, 1994). "Single Reviews" (PDF). Billboard. p. N55. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
- ^ Augusto, Troy J. (April 2, 1994). "Pop Singles — Reviews: Pick of the Week" (PDF). Cash Box. Retrieved February 27, 2022.
- ^ Hamilton, John (November 20, 2014). "The 50 Best Pop Singles Of 1994 (Featuring New Interviews With Ace Of Base, TLC, Lisa Loeb, Real McCoy & Haddaway)". Idolator. Archived from the original on September 25, 2022. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
- ^ "New Releases: Singles" (PDF). Music & Media. April 9, 1994. p. 8. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
- ^ Hamilton, James (April 2, 1994). "Dj directory" (PDF). Music Week, in Record Mirror (Dance Update Supplemental Insert). p. 7. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
- ^ "Mainstream: Music Meeting" (PDF). The Network Forty. March 18, 1994. p. 20. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
- ^ Staunton, Terry (March 26, 1994). "Singles". NME. p. 48. Retrieved August 17, 2023.
- ^ Cinquemani, Sal (November 9, 2001). "Madonna: GHV2 music review". Slant Magazine. Archived from the original on June 30, 2009. Retrieved August 17, 2009.
- ^ Stanton, Pete (March 16, 1994). "New Singles". Smash Hits. p. 53. Retrieved December 29, 2022.
- ^ Taraborrelli 2002, p. 242
- ^ Buckley 2003, p. 625
- ^ "The 37th Grammy Nominations". Los Angeles Times. January 6, 1995. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
- ^ "Film, TV Nominees for the Golden Globes". Los Angeles Times. December 23, 1994. Archived from the original on June 19, 2012. Retrieved October 11, 2010.
- ^ Daw, Robbie (January 25, 2012). "Madonna's 10 Best Songs That Radio Forgot". Idolator. SpinMedia. Archived from the original on February 27, 2018. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
- ^ Rettenmund, Matthew (March 4, 2013). "Improving Upon Perfection: The 25 Best Madonna Remixes". BoyCulture.com. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
- ^ Greymore, Graham (October 11, 2014). "Something To Remember: The 12 Most Underrated Madonna Songs Of All Time". Queerty. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
- ^ Rogers, Jude (August 16, 2018). "Every one of Madonna's 78 singles – ranked!". The Guardian. Retrieved August 26, 2018.
- ^ "The Billboard Hot 100: Week Ending April 2, 1994". Billboard. April 2, 1994. Retrieved August 18, 2009.
- ^ Sandiford-Waller, Theda (November 16, 1996). "HOT 100 Singles Spotlight". Billboard. Vol. 106, no. 46. p. 95. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved February 7, 2022.
- ^ "The Billboard Hot 100: Week Ending May 28, 1994". Billboard. May 28, 1994. Retrieved August 18, 2009.
- ^ Bronson, Fred (April 4, 2008). "Chart Beat Chat: You Are There". Billboard. Retrieved August 18, 2009.
- ^ "Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks: Week Ending June 11, 1994". Billboard. June 11, 1994. Retrieved August 18, 2009.
- ^ a b c "American single certifications – Madonna – I'll Remember". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
- ^ a b "Best-Selling Records of 1994". Billboard. Vol. 107, no. 3. January 21, 1995. p. 57. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved February 7, 2014.
- ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 2428". RPM. RPM Library Archives. March 28, 1994. Archived from the original on December 16, 2014. Retrieved August 18, 2009.
- ^ a b "Top RPM Singles: Issue 2477." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
- ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 2585". RPM. RPM Library Archives. September 5, 1994. Archived from the original on December 16, 2014. Retrieved August 18, 2009.
- ^ a b "Top 100 Hit Tracks Of 1994". RPM. RPM Library Archives. December 14, 1994. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved November 24, 2010.
- ^ a b "Madonna: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
- ^ a b Jones, Alan (August 19, 2008). "The Immaculate Guide To 50 Years Of Madonna". Music Week. UBM plc. Archived from the original on August 21, 2008. Retrieved June 11, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Madonna – I'll Remember" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
- ^ a b "The Irish Charts – Search Results – I'll Remember". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
- ^ a b "Madonna – I'll Remember" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved October 17, 2018.
- ^ Cross 2007, p. 290
- ^ Madonna (1990). The Immaculate Collection (VHS). Warner Music Vision.
- ^ "Idol: STEELE". Madonnatribe. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
- ^ a b c Clerk 2002, p. 112
- ^ a b "I'll Remember – Madonna". MTV. September 9, 2008. Archived from the original on December 5, 2008. Retrieved August 18, 2009.
- ^ Association, Michigan Sociological (1999). "Michigan sociological review". 13–15. Michigan: University of Michigan. Retrieved August 18, 2009.
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(help) - ^ Allen, Martha Scott (1996). "Media report to women". 24. California: University of California. Retrieved August 17, 2009.
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(help) - ^ Greenblatt, Leah (August 26, 2009). "Madonna's 'Celebration' track list revealed: Are the greatest hits all there?". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
- ^ "Madonna – I'll Remember". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
- ^ "Top RPM Adult Contemporary: Issue 2492." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
- ^ a b Lwin, Nanda (2000). Top 40 Hits: The Essential Chart Guide. Music Data Canada. p. 173. ISBN 1-896594-13-1.
- ^ "Hits of the World" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 106, no. 18. April 30, 1994. p. 59. Retrieved November 7, 2016.
- ^ "Adult Contemporary Europe Top 25" (PDF). Music & Media. May 14, 1994. p. 22. Retrieved May 28, 2023.
- ^ Nyman, Jake (2005). Suomi soi 4: Suuri suomalainen listakirja (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Tammi. ISBN 951-31-2503-3.
- ^ "Madonna – I'll Remember" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
- ^ "Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 (28.04.1994 – 04.05.1994)". Dagblaðið Vísir (in Icelandic). April 28, 1994. p. 20. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
- ^ "Top 10 Sales in Europe" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 11, no. 21. May 21, 1994. p. 24. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
- ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Madonna" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
- ^ "Madonna – I'll Remember" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
- ^ "Madonna – I'll Remember". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
- ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved April 29, 2019.
- ^ "Madonna – I'll Remember". Singles Top 100. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
- ^ "Madonna – I'll Remember". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
- ^ "Madonna Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
- ^ "Madonna Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
- ^ "Madonna Chart History (Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
- ^ "Madonna Chart History (Rhythmic)". Billboard. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
- ^ "U.S. Cash Box Charts" (PDF). popmusichistory. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
- ^ "Official Singles Downloads Chart on 15/3/2024 15 March 2024 - 21 March 2024". Official Charts. March 15, 2024. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
- ^ "ARIA Top 50 Singles for 1994". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved May 1, 2021.
- ^ "RPM Top 100 AC tracks of 1994". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. December 12, 1994. Retrieved May 1, 2021.
- ^ "1994 Year-End Sales Charts: Eurochart Hot 100 Singles" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 11, no. 52. December 24, 1994. p. 12. Retrieved November 28, 2019.
- ^ "Jaarlijsten 1994" (in Dutch). Stichting Nederlandse Top 40. Archived from the original on November 2, 2003. Retrieved November 29, 2019.
- ^ "Årslista Singlar – År 1994" (in Swedish). Topplistan. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved July 2, 2019.
- ^ "Top 100 Singles 1994". Music Week. January 14, 1995. p. 9.
- ^ a b "The Year In Music". Billboard. Vol. 106, no. 52. December 24, 1994. pp. 9, 12, 28. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved March 10, 2013.
- ^ "The CASH BOX Year-End Charts: 1994 . TOP 50 POP SINGLES". Cash Box. December 31, 1994. Archived from the original on September 13, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
- ^ Ryan 2011, p. 174
- ^ Bego 2000, p. 292
- ^ "Single Releases". Music Week. March 19, 1994. p. 21.
Bibliography
[edit]- Bego, Mark (2000). Madonna: Blonde Ambition. Cooper Square Press. ISBN 978-0-8154-1051-5.
- Buckley, Peter (2003). The Rough Guide to Rock. Rough Guides. ISBN 1-84353-105-4.
- Clerk, Carol (2002). Madonnastyle. Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-8874-9.
- Cross, Mary (2007). Madonna: A Biography. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-33811-3.
- Feldman, Christopher (2000). Billboard Book of Number 2 Singles. Watson-Guptill. ISBN 0-8230-7695-4.
- Rooksby, Rikky (2004). The Complete Guide to the Music of Madonna. Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-9883-3.
- Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010. Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing.
- Taraborrelli, Randy J. (2002). Madonna: An Intimate Biography. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-2880-4.
- White, Timothy (1997). Music to My Ears: The Billboard Essays : Portraits of Popular Music in the '90s. An Owl Book. H. Holt. ISBN 0-8050-5596-7.
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