German Bolivians
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| Different estimates: | |
| Languages | |
| Bolivian Spanish, German, and Plautdietsch. Yiddish is spoken by German-Jewish communities. | |
| Religion | |
| Christianity (Protestantism, Lutheranism, Reformed, Mennonite, Amish, Roman Catholicism) and Judaism. | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Germans Austrian Americans German Mexican German Brazilians German Argentines German diaspora |
German Bolivians are Bolivians of full, partial, or predominantly German descent, or German-born people residing in Bolivia.
Waves of immigration
[edit]German immigrants began to arrive in Bolivia in the 18th century, and many more arrived in the 19th century.[3] During World War II, Bolivia ceased diplomatic relations with Germany and expelled many Germans.[3] Many German Jews immigrated to Bolivia during the war.[4] Inti SA, Bolivia's largest pharmaceutical company, was founded by German immigrant Ernesto W. N. Schilling Huhn.[5]
A substantial and growing part of the Germanic population in Bolivia are Plautdietsch-speaking Mennonites from Russia, who are of Dutch and Prussian descent. These Mennonites started to immigrate in the 1950s, with large waves of immigrants in the 1960s and 1970s, mainly from Mexico and Paraguay. In 2012 there were 23,818 church members in congregations of these Mennonites, indicating a total population of about 70,000.[6] The total population of German Mennonites in Bolivia was estimated at 60,000 by Lisa Wiltse in 2010.[7] See also: Mennonites in Bolivia.
Education
[edit]German schools:
Historic German schools:[8]
Notable German Bolivians
[edit]- Ronald Rivero Kuhn, footballer
- Hugo Banzer, military officer, twice President
- Germán Busch, military officer and President
- Luciano Durán Böger, writer and poet
- Enrique Hertzog, physician and President
- Pato Hoffmann, actor and theater director
- Noel Kempff, biologist and environmentalist
- Jaime Mirtenbaum Zenamon, classical guitarist and composer
- Alberto Natusch, military officer and dictator
- Erwin Sánchez Freking, footballer
- Achim von Kries, German military officer
- Blanca Wiethüchter, writer and poet
- Jorge Wilstermann, aviator
- Lidia Gueiler Tejada, politician (the first female President of Bolivia, and the second woman in the Americas to ever become chief of state).
- Luis Gamarra Mayser, singer and songwriter
- Rodrigo Mendoza Heinrich, American War Hero
- Pedro Kramer, Historian and diplomat
See also
[edit]- Bolivia–Germany relations
- Immigration to Bolivia
- Mennonites in Bolivia
- History of the Jews in Bolivia
References
[edit]- ^ Adalberto Kopp (2015). Las colonias menonitas en Bolivia. Fundación Tierra. p. 57. ISBN 978-99974-821-6-7.
- ^ Eberhard, David M., Gary F. Simons, & Charles D. Fennig (2019). "Plautdietsch". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Archived from the original on 2019-04-02. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b "Los alemanes hicieron industria de la grande". La Razón. June 29, 2009. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011.
- ^ "El Refugio en Latinoamerica". Holocaust Encyclopedia. U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
- ^ Oblitas, Mónica (February 2, 2007). "Stege: 100 años, un buen comienzo". Los Tiempos. Archived from the original on May 22, 2015. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
- ^ http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Bolivia&oldid=103617 Bender, Harold S., Martin W. Friesen, Menno Ediger, Isbrand Hiebert and Gerald Mumaw. "Bolivia." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. June 2013. Web. 11 Feb 2014.
- ^ "Lisa wiltse – the mennonites of manitoba, bolivia". 26 August 2010.
- ^ "Deutscher Bundestag 4. Wahlperiode Drucksache IV/3672" ( Archived 2016-03-12 at the Wayback Machine). Bundestag (West Germany). 23 June 1965. Retrieved on 12 March 2016. p. 18-19/51.
