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2023 Bavarian state election

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2023 Bavarian state election
← 2018 8 October 2023 (2023-10-08) 2028 →
All 203 seats in the Landtag of Bavaria (including 23 overhang and leveling seats)
102 seats needed for a majority
Turnout6,902,684 (73.3%)
Increase 1.1%
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Markus Söder Hubert Aiwanger Katrin Ebner-Steiner
Martin Böhm
Party CSU FW AfD
Last election 85 seats, 37.2% 27 seats, 11.6% 22 seats, 10.2%
Seats won 85 37 32
Seat change Steady Increase 10 Increase 10
Popular vote 5,059,571 2,163,849 2,000,435
Percentage 37.0% 15.8% 14.6%
Swing Decrease 0.2% Increase 4.3% Increase 4.4%
  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
 
Leader Katharina Schulze
Ludwig Hartmann 		Florian von Brunn Martin Hagen
Party Greens SPD FDP
Last election 38 seats, 17.6% 22 seats, 9.7% 11 seats, 5.1%
Seats won 32 17 0
Seat change Decrease 6 Decrease 5 Decrease 11
Popular vote 1,972,725 1,140,753 413,887
Percentage 14.4% 8.4% 3.0%
Swing Decrease 3.2% Decrease 1.3% Decrease 2.1%
Map of the election, showing the winner of each single-member district and the distribution of list seats in the constituencies.
Government before election

Second Söder cabinet
CSU—FW

Government after election

Third Söder cabinet
CSU—FW

The 2023 Bavarian state election was held on 8 October 2023 to elect the members of the 19th Landtag of Bavaria. The outgoing government was a coalition of the Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU) and the Free Voters of Bavaria (FW) led by Minister-President of Bavaria Markus Söder. The 2023 Hessian state election was held the same day.

The CSU remained the largest party with only a slight decline to 37%. The Free Voters improved to second place with 16%, their best result to date. The opposition Alternative for Germany (AfD) was a close third on 15%. The Greens declined to 14%, followed by the Social Democratic Party (SPD) on a historic low of 8%. The Free Democratic Party (FDP) fell to 3% and lost their seats.[1]

Overall, the incumbent coalition increased its majority thanks to the Free Voters' gains. The result, amidst a campaign dominated by federal issues such as immigration, was perceived as a blow for the federal government, with its three member parties – the SPD, Greens, and FDP – all suffering losses. The results also indicated the increasing popularity of the far-right AfD, which in previous months had moved into second place in federal opinion polling.[2][3]

Election organisation

[edit]

Election date and preparation deadlines

[edit]

According to the Bavarian Constitution, the election must be held on a Sunday "at the earliest 59 months, at the latest 62 months" after the preceding state election[4] unless the Landtag is dissolved early, in this case the new election shall be held at the latest on the sixth Sunday after the dissolution. The preceding state election took place on 14 October 2018. This would allow an election date between 17 September and 10 December 2023. The elections since 1978 have always taken place between mid-September and mid-October.[5] The Bavarian state government proposed 8 October 2023 as the election date on 15 November 2022[6] and officially set it on 13 December 2022 after hearing the parties to the state parliament.[7] At the same day elections of the Bezirktags, two District Administrators and some Mayors take place.[8]

The deadline for determining the population figures, which are decisive for the distribution of the 180 Landtag mandates among the seven Bavarian administrative districts and possible changes of the electoral districts, was 14 July 2021 (33 months after the election of the previous Landtag).[9] On this basis, the Bavarian Ministry of the Interior had to submit a constituency report to the Landtag until 36 months after the election.[10] This was done on 12 October 2021.[11]

Delegates to the internal meetings of the parties can be appointed at the earliest 43 months after the preceding election, i.e. 15 May 2022. The actual district candidates are eligible at the earliest 46 months after the preceding election, i.e. 15 August 2022.[12][13] The parties and other organised electoral groups which have not been represented continuously in the Bavarian Landtag or in the German Bundestag since their last election on the basis of their own election proposals (CDU, CSU, SPD, Free Voters of Bavaria, Alliance 90/The Greens, FDP, Die Linke, AfD) have to notify their intention to participate to the State Election Commissioner by the 90th day before the election.[14] The actual election proposals and any necessary signatures have to be submitted by the 73rd day before the election.[15]

Electoral system

[edit]

The Landtag is elected using mixed-member proportional representation. Every voter has two votes, one for a candidate in their local constituency and one for a candidate in their regional district.[16] Both votes are taken into account in the allocation of seats according to proportional representation. The election law was changed in 2022 to use the Sainte-Laguë method.[17] There is no state-wide proportional representation; regional seats are allocated within the seven administrative districts, which are referred to as "constituencies" (Wahlkreise) in the constitution.[18] An open-list system is used for the regional seats. Only parties and electoral groups that win at least 5% of the total votes (sum of first and second votes) in Bavaria participate in the allocation of seats. The regional "constituencies" are divided into local "electoral districts" (Stimmkreise),[19] in each of which one MP is directly elected.[20] The number of local "electoral districts" is about half of the seats in the regional "constituency".

Campaign

[edit]

Free Voters

[edit]

In August 2023, the Süddeutsche Zeitung reported on a pamphlet with antisemitic contents that Hubert Aiwanger may have authored and distributed at his high school some 35 years ago as a 17-year-old.[21] Aiwanger admitted to carrying copies in his satchel but denied writing the document. His older brother, a student at the same school at the time, later took responsibility for writing the antisemitic pamphlet itself.[22] The Süddeutsche Zeitung drew some criticism for publishing the story six weeks before the election, without conclusive evidence and without talking to Aiwanger before publication.[23] Bavarian premier Markus Söder demanded that Aiwanger answer 25 questions on the matter, including whether Aiwainger had actively distributed the antisemitic pamphlet. Aiwanger claimed multiple times to "not remember."[24] Aiwanger's responses were heavily criticised as short and evasive.[25]

In his response to a question about other incidents, Aiwanger shortly mentioned that he remembers an unrelated incident in the arts class and noted a caution against breach of secrecy.[26]

Despite the story, Aiwanger's party, Free Voters, saw an increase in support in the polls.[27][28][29]

AfD

[edit]

On 4 October 2023, Tino Chrupalla was at an election campaign appearance in Ingolstadt. Before his speech he collapsed and came to the intensive care unit of a local hospital. What exactly led to the hospitalisation is unclear.[30]

Parties

[edit]

The table below lists parties represented in the 18th Landtag of Bavaria.

Name Leaders Ideology 2018 result 2023[31]
Votes (%) Seats Seats
CSU Christian Social Union in Bavaria
Christlich-Soziale Union in Bayern 		Markus Söder Christian democracy 37.2%
85 / 205
82 / 205
Grüne Alliance 90/The Greens
Bündnis 90/Die Grünen 		Thomas von Sarnowski
Eva Lettenbauer 		Green politics 17.6%
38 / 205
38 / 205
FW Free Voters of Bavaria
Freie Wähler Bayern 		Hubert Aiwanger Conservatism 11.6%
27 / 205
27 / 205
AfD Alternative for Germany
Alternative für Deutschland 		Stephan Protschka German nationalism
Right-wing populism 		10.2%
22 / 205
17 / 205
SPD Social Democratic Party of Germany
Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands 		Florian von Brunn
Ronja Endres 		Social democracy 9.7%
22 / 205
21 / 205
FDP Free Democratic Party
Freie Demokratische Partei 		Martin Hagen Classical liberalism 5.1%
11 / 205
12 / 205
Independents - - -
0 / 205
8 / 205

Opinion polls

[edit]

Graphical summary

[edit]
LOESS graph

Party polling

[edit]
Polling firm[32] Fieldwork date Sample size CSU Grüne FW AfD SPD FDP Linke Lead
2023 state election 8 Oct 2023 – 37.0 14.4 15.8 14.6 8.4 3.0 1.5 21.2
Wahlkreisprognose 3–6 Oct 2023 985 37.5 15.5 15 14 8 3 1 22
Forschungsgruppe Wahlen 4–5 Oct 2023 1,209 37 16 15 14 9 3 – 21
Wahlkreisprognose 30 Sep – 3 Oct 2023 1,002 37 15 15 14 7.5 4 1.5 22
INSA 25 Sep – 2 Oct 2023 1,000 36 15 15 14 9 4 2 21
Civey 24 Sep – 1 Oct 2023 2,121 37 15 15 14 9 4 1 22
Forschungsgruppe Wahlen 25–28 Sep 2023 1,222 36 16 15 14 9 4 – 20
Infratest dimap 25–27 Sep 2023 1,512 36 15 16 14 9 4 – 20
Wahlkreisprognose 14–20 Sep 2023 1,021 37 15 17.5 13.5 8.5 3 1 19.5
Civey 13–20 Sep 2023 5,002 38 14 14 13 9 4 2 24
GMS 13–18 Sep 2023 1,004 36 14 17 14 9 3 1 19
Infratest dimap 5–9 Sep 2023 1,171 36 15 17 13 9 3 – 19
Forschungsgruppe Wahlen 4–7 Sep 2023 1,254 36 16 16 12 9 4 – 20
Wahlkreisprognose 4–7 Sep 2023 1,004 41 13.5 15.5 15 6.5 3.5 1 25.5
GMS 4–6 Sep 2023 1,003 38 13 16 14 8 4 1 22
Civey 30 Aug – 6 Sep 2023 5,003 36 15 12 17 10 4 1 19
INSA 1–5 Sep 2023 1,000 37 14 15 14 9 4 2 22
Wahlkreisprognose 31 Aug – 4 Sep 2023 1,400 42 12.5 11.5 15 10 4 1 27
Civey 9–23 Aug 2023 5,502 38 15 12 13 10 4 2 23
Wahlkreisprognose 14–19 Aug 2023 1,892 37 12.5 13.5 18 11 3 1 19
Civey 26 Jul – 9 Aug 2023 5,505 39 16 11 12 11 4 2 23
GMS 2–8 Aug 2023 1,002 39 14 12 14 9 4 3 25
Wahlkreisprognose 27–31 Jul 2023 1,042 40 13.5 10.5 16.5 10 3 0.5 23.5
Forsa 24–28 Jul 2023 1,012 39 14 14 13 9 4 2 25
INSA 17–24 Jul 2023 1,000 38 15 11 14 11 5 2 23
Civey 30 Jun – 14 Jul 2023 5,500 38 17 12 11 12 3 2 21
Wahlkreisprognose 29 Jun – 4 Jul 2023 1,300 39 14.5 10.5 16 9 4 1.5 23
GMS 28 Jun – 3 Jul 2023 1,006 40 15 12 13 9 4 2 25
Civey 2–6 Jun 2023 5,501 40 16 11 10 11 4 2 24
GMS 31 May – 5 Jun 2023 1,001 41 14 11 12 10 4 2 27
Wahlkreisprognose 21–24 May 2023 1,100 41 12.5 12 12 10 6 1.5 28.5
INSA 16–22 May 2023 1,000 40 15 11 12 11 5 2 25
Infratest dimap 9–13 May 2023 1,176 39 16 12 12 11 4 – 23
Civey 28 Apr – 12 May 2023 5,503 43 17 10 9 10 3 2 26
GMS 26 Apr – 2 May 2023 1,005 41 16 9 10 11 4 3 25
Forsa 20–28 Apr 2023 1,009 41 15 10 10 10 4 2 26
Civey 1 May – 14 May 2023 5,503 42 17 10 9 10 4 2 25
Wahlkreisprognose 31 Mar – 6 Apr 2023 1,000 44 14.5 12 9.5 7.5 5 1 29.5
INSA 27 Mar – 3 Apr 2023 1,000 40 18 9 11 10 5 2 22
Civey 3–17 Mar 2023 5,502 41 18 10 9 10 4 1 23
Wahlkreisprognose 14–19 Feb 2023 1,008 43 17.5 12 10 6 4 1 25.5
Forsa 8–16 Feb 2023 1,022 42 16 10 9 10 3 – 26
Civey 2–16 Feb 2023 5,503 39 18 12 10 9 4 2 21
Wahlkreisprognose 13–17 Jan 2023 1,040 43 17.5 13 8 8 4 1 25.5
Civey 29 Dec – 12 Jan 2023 5,499 42 17 10 9 9 4 3 25
Infratest dimap 4–9 Jan 2023 1,190 38 18 10 13 9 4 – 20
INSA 2–9 Jan 2023 1,000 40 19 10 10 10 5 2 21
GMS 28 Dec 2022–3 Jan 2023 1,003 41 18 10 10 9 4 2 23
Civey 2–16 Dec 2022 5,502 40 16 12 11 9 3 2 24
Wahlkreisprognose 2–5 Dec 2022 1,944 43 17.5 11.5 12 7 4 1 25.5
Civey 6–20 Nov 2022 5,501 41 17 10 10 10 3 2 24
Wahlkreisprognose 29 Oct–3 Nov 2022 1,040 42 19 11.5 11 6 5.5 1 23
GMS 19–25 Oct 2022 1,002 39 18 10 13 9 4 2 21
Forsa 17–25 Oct 2022 1,083 41 18 11 8 10 3 2 23
INSA 10–17 Oct 2022 1,000 39 20 9 10 10 6 2 19
Civey 30 Sep – 14 Oct 2022 5,501 39 21 11 9 10 4 1 18
Infratest dimap 7–11 Oct 2022 1,157 37 18 11 12 10 3 – 19
GMS 14–20 Sep 2022 1,004 40 18 10 11 8 6 2 22
Civey 3–17 Sep 2022 5,511 40 19 9 9 10 4 2 21
Wahlkreisprognose 6–13 Sept 2022 1,371 42 21 8 8 6 8 2 21
Civey 29 Jul – 12 Aug 2022 5,501 37 20 10 9 10 5 2 17
Wahlkreisprognose 1–3 Aug 2022 1,100 41 22 9.5 6 11 5 1 19
Civey 1–15 Jul 2022 5,505 38 22 10 8 9 5 2 16
Wahlkreisprognose 22–29 Jun 2022 1,000 39.5 18.5 10 7 12 6 1 21
INSA 20–27 Jun 2022 1,000 37 20 10 9 10 7 2 17
GMS 15–20 Jun 2022 1,002 40 20 9 8 9 5 2 20
Civey 3–17 Jun 2022 5,501 39 19 9 8 11 6 2 20
Forsa 23 May–3 Jun 2022 1,049 40 20 10 7 9 6 1 20
Civey 29 Apr – 13 May 2022 2,458 36 18 9 8 15 6 2 18
Forsa 27 Apr–13 May 2022 1,235 39 20 11 6 10 5 2 19
Wahlkreisprognose 27 Apr–3 May 2022 1,053 40 15 7 7 16 7 2 24
GMS 20–25 Apr 2022 1,005 38 16 8 9 13 7 3 22
Civey 1–15 Apr 2022 3,009 35 18 10 6 15 8 2 17
GMS 23–28 Feb 2022 1,002 37 15 8 9 13 8 4 22
Wahlkreisprognose 18–23 Feb 2022 1,700 36.5 15 8 9 16 7 2 20.5
Infratest dimap 13–17 Jan 2022 1,171 36 16 8 10 14 7 – 20
GMS 29 Dec 2021–3 Jan 2022 1,005 35 15 8 10 14 9 2 20
Wahlkreisprognose 8–14 Dec 2021 1,430 33.5 16.5 11 8 16.5 8 2 17
INSA 4–11 Oct 2021 1,000 32 15 8 8 20 11 2 12
2021 federal election 26 Sep 2021 – 31.7 14.1 7.5 9.0 18.0 10.5 2.8 13.7
GMS 21–27 Jul 2021 1,003 39 20 9 8 9 7 3 19
INSA 12–19 Jul 2021 1,000 37 22 10 8 10 8 3 16
Forsa 10–17 May 2021 1,016 38 22 9 9 7 6 3 16
INSA 22–27 Apr 2021 1,400 36 24 9 9 9 7 3 12
GMS 24–29 Mar 2021 1,005 40 20 9 9 8 6 3 20
Wahlkreisprognose 13–18 Mar 2021 – 37 20 12 7.5 10 6 3 17
GMS 10–15 Feb 2021 1,003 47 18 8 8 8 4 3 29
INSA 21–26 Jan 2021 1,016 46 18 8 7 9 5 3 28
Infratest dimap 7–11 Jan 2021 1,000 48 19 8 7 7 3 3 29
GMS 29 Dec 2020–4 Jan 2021 1,005 48 18 7 8 8 4 2 30
Wahlkreisprognose 6–13 Nov 2020 – 47 18 8 8 6 4 3 29
GMS 4–9 Nov 2020 1,004 46 18 6 8 8 4 3 28
GMS 7–12 Oct 2020 1,003 46 19 7 8 8 4 3 27
Infratest dimap 30 Sep–5 Oct 2020 1,001 45 21 7 8 8 3 3 24
Wahlkreisprognose 27–31 Aug 2020 – 46 18 10 8 6.5 4 3.5 28
GMS 17–20 Aug 2020 1,005 47 18 6 7 9 3 3 29
Wahlkreisprognose 11–14 Aug 2020 – 43 21 9 7.5 9.5 4 2 22
INSA 5–10 Aug 2020 1,001 47 18 7 7 10 3 3 29
GMS 22–27 Jul 2020 1,004 49 19 5 7 7 3 3 30
Infratest dimap 15–22 Jul 2020 1,003 49 20 5 7 7 3 3 29
Wahlkreisprognose 11–16 Jun 2020 – 50 16 9 5 8 5 2 34
GMS 9–16 Jun 2020 1,002 48 16 8 6 9 4 3 32
Infratest dimap 20–25 May 2020 1,000 48 19 8 5 9 3 3 29
INSA 19–25 May 2020 1,014 46 17 8 7 10 4 3 29
GMS 28 Apr–4 May 2020 1,006 47 15 9 7 10 3 3 32
Wahlkreisprognose 20–23 Apr 2020 – 50 13.5 8 6.5 11 4 2.5 36.5
Wahlkreisprognose 4–8 Apr 2020 – 49 21 6.5 5.5 8.5 3 2 28
Infratest dimap 2–6 Apr 2020 1,003 49 17 8 6 10 – 3 32
Civey 15 Mar – 5 Apr 2020 4,535 44.1 19.6 8.1 8.6 9.3 3.1 3.2 24.5
Wahlkreisprognose 16–20 Mar 2020 – 46 23.5 7.5 6 7.5 3 3 22.5
Wahlkreisprognose 5 Mar 2020 – 40.5 26 9 6.5 8 3 3.5 14
GMS 17–24 Feb 2020 1,006 38 20 11 11 9 3 4 18
Infratest dimap 8–13 Jan 2020 1,004 36 25 10 10 7 4 3 11
GMS 27 Dec – 2 Jan 2020 1,004 38 20 10 10 8 6 4 18
GMS 1–7 Oct 2019 1,005 37 22 11 10 8 5 3 15
INSA 16–23 Sep 2019 1,034 36 22 10 11 9 5 3 14
GMS 17–22 Jul 2019 1,003 37 22 11 9 7 5 3 15
GMS 18–24 Jun 2019 1,005 37 23 9 9 8 5 3 14
2019 EP election 26 May 2019 – 40.7 19.1 5.3 8.5 9.3 3.4 2.4 21.6
Civey 29 Mar – 26 Apr 2019 5,016 36.4 20.8 9.7 8.3 10.3 5.8 3.3 15.6
Civey 1–29 Mar 2019 4,515 38.1 20.3 10.1 8.3 9.5 5.4 3.2 17.8
Forsa 22–25 Jan 2019 1,003 38 23 12 8 6 5 3 15
Infratest dimap 3–7 Jan 2019 1,003 35 21 13 8 9 6 3 14
GMS 27 Dec – 2 Jan 2019 1,003 38 18 11 10 9 5 4 20
2018 state election 14 Oct 2018 – 37.2 17.6 11.6 10.2 9.7 5.1 3.2 19.6

Minister-President polling

[edit]
Polling firm Fieldwork date Sample
size 		Lead
Söder
CSU 		Hartmann
Grüne 		Aiwanger
Free Voters 		Böhm
AfD 		von Brunn
SPD
Forschungsgruppe Wahlen 8 Oct 2023 – 57 14 – – – 43
Wahlkreisprognose 3–6 Oct 2023 985 44 13 13 10 5 31
Forschungsgruppe Wahlen 4–5 Oct 2023 1,209 54 20 – – – 34
Wahlkreisprognose 30 Sep – 3 Oct 2023 1,002 41 14 12 9 4 27
Forschungsgruppe Wahlen 25–28 Sep 2023 1,222 54 19 – – – 35
Wahlkreisprognose 14–20 Sep 2023 1,021 50 11 14 9 3 36
Forschungsgruppe Wahlen 4–7 Sep 2023 1,254 54 19 – – – 35
Wahlkreisprognose 4–7 Sep 2023 1,004 52 10 15 9 4 37
INSA 1–5 Sep 2023 1,000 45 7 13 – – 32
Wahlkreisprognose 31 Aug – 4 Sep 2023 1,400 48 7 8 9 8 39
Wahlkreisprognose 14–19 Aug 2023 1,892 43 9 14 9 7 29
Wahlkreisprognose 14–19 Feb 2023 1,008 55 10 13 – 10 42
Wahlkreisprognose 13–17 Jan 2023 1,040 53 15 12 – 9 38

Election result

[edit]
Summary of the 8 October 2023 election results for the Landtag of Bavaria[33]
Party Constituency[a] Party list[b] Total
seats 		+/-
Votes % Seats Votes %
Christian Social Union 2,527,810 37.0 85 2,531,761 37.1 85 0
Free Voters of Bavaria 1,078,037 15.8 2 1,085,812 15.9 37 +10
Alternative for Germany 1,008,195 14.7 0 992,240 14.5 32 +10
Alliance 90/The Greens 983,631 14.4 4 989,094 14.5 32 -6
Social Democratic Party of Germany 587,964 8.6 0 552,789 8.1 17 -5
Free Democratic Party 205,677 3.0 0 208,210 3.1 0 -11
Ecological Democratic Party 127,419 1.9 0 117,805 1.7 0 0
The Left 101,357 1.5 0 99,521 1.5 0 0
Bavaria Party 72,325 1.1 0 57,155 0.8 0 0
Grassroots Party 55,600 0.8 0 63,889 0.9 0 New
Animal Protection Party 25,811 0.4 0 43,981 0.6 0 0
Die PARTEI 32,378 0.5 0 31,776 0.5 0 0
Volt Germany 15,785 0.2 0 25,909 0.4 0 New
V-Partei³ 11,061 0.2 0 11,764 0.2 0 0
Party of Humanists 3,609 0.1 0 10,417 0.2 0 0
Total 6,836,659 100.00 91 6,822,123 100.00 203 -2
Invalid 58,425 0.8 72,715 1.1
Turnout 6,895,807 73.1 +0.8
Registered voters 9,430,600
Winners of constituency seats
  CSU
  FWB
  GRÜNE
  1. ^ Erststimmen, local "Stimmkreis" votes
  2. ^ Zweitstimmen, regional "Wahlkreis" votes
Popular vote
CSU
 
 37.04%
FW
 
 15.84%
AFD
 
 14.65%
Grünen
 
 14.44%
SPD
 
 8.35%
FDP
 
 3.03%
ÖDP
 
 1.80%
LINKE
 
 1.47%
BP
 
 0.95%
Others
 
 2.43%
Seats
CSU
 
 41.87%
FW
 
 18.23%
AFD
 
 15.76%
Grünen
 
 15.76%
SPD
 
 8.37%

Aftermath and state government formation

[edit]

After the election, the state government was again formed as a coalition between CSU and FW. Markus Söder was re-elected Minister-President by the Landtag on 31 October, with 120 votes for, 76 votes against, and two abstentions.[34] He formed the Third Söder cabinet.

AfD politician Daniel Halemba was elected to the Bavarian State Parliament in the 2023 Bavarian state election.[35] On 27 October, three days before the constituent session, an arrest warrant was issued against him. Halemba was arrested on the morning of 30 October 2023 in Kirchheim unter Teck on suspicion of incitement to hatred and the use of signs of anti-constitutional organizations.[36]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Germany: Scholz coalition battered in Bavaria, Hesse polls". Deutsche Welle. 9 October 2023.
  2. ^ "German conservative opposition wins 2 state elections, with far-right making gains". Associated Press. 8 October 2023.
  3. ^ "German voters move further to the right". Deutsche Welle. 9 October 2023.
  4. ^ Artikel 16 (1) Satz 3 Bayerische Verfassung
  5. ^ "Election Results 1946-2018" (PDF).
  6. ^ Süddeutsche Zeitung: Bayern soll am 8. Oktober wählen
  7. ^ Petr Jerabek: Termin steht: Bayerische Landtagswahl am 8. Oktober 2023, BR24 am 13. Dezember 2022
  8. ^ "Statistisches Landesamt Bayern: Election dates". Retrieved 2023-05-30.
  9. ^ Artikel 21 (1) Bayerisches Landeswahlgesetz
  10. ^ Artikel 5 (5) Bayerisches Landeswahlgesetz
  11. ^ "Constituency Report" (PDF).
  12. ^ Landtagswahl 2023: Fristen für die Aufstellung der Bewerber
  13. ^ Artikel 28 (2) Bayerisches Landeswahlgesetz
  14. ^ Artikel 24 Bayerisches Landeswahlgesetz
  15. ^ Artikel 26 Bayerisches Landeswahlgesetz
  16. ^ Artikel 36 Bayerisches Landeswahlgesetz
  17. ^ Gesetz zur Änderung des Landeswahlgesetzes vom 23. Mai 2022 (GVBl. S. 218) §1 Nr. 9
  18. ^ Artikel 14 (1) Bayerische Verfassung
  19. ^ Artikel 5 Bayerisches Landeswahlgesetz
  20. ^ Artikel 43 Bayerisches Landeswahlgesetz
  21. ^ "Aiwanger soll als Schüler antisemitisches Flugblatt verfasst haben". sueddeutsche.de (in German). 2023-08-25. Retrieved 2023-08-28.
  22. ^ "Bavarian premier summons Aiwanger over antisemitism scandal". dw.com. 28 August 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
  23. ^ "Kritik an der Berichterstattung der SZ". Deutschlandfunk (in German). 2023-08-25. Retrieved 2023-08-28.
  24. ^ "Flugblatt-Affäre: 25 Fragen: Das sind Aiwangers Antworten". www.zdf.de (in German). 2023-09-03. Retrieved 2023-09-06.
  25. ^ tagesschau.de. "Nordrhein-Westfalen: "Er ist kein Opfer, er ist Täter" – Deutliche Kritik an Aiwanger". tagesschau.de (in German). Retrieved 2023-09-06.
  26. ^ "25 Fragen von Söder: Das sind Aiwangers Antworten". www.br.de. 3 September 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2023. Mir ist neben einem Vorfall im Kunstunterricht, der mit der aktuellen Diskussion nichts zu tun hat, nichts in Erinnerung (Anmerkung: Allgemein ist dafür Sorge zu tragen, dass der Schutzraum Schule nicht ausgehöhlt wird. ... [Apart from an incident in art class, which has nothing to do with the current discussion, nothing comes to my mind (Note: In general, care must be taken to ensure that the protective space of school is not undermined. ...]
  27. ^ [1]
  28. ^ [2]
  29. ^ [3]
  30. ^ "AfD: Was über die Fälle Chrupalla und Weidel bekannt ist". tagesschau.de (in German). Retrieved 2023-10-05.
  31. ^ "Fraktionen im Landtag". Retrieved 2023-02-18.
  32. ^ "Sonntagsfrage zur Landtagswahl in Bayern". Wahlrecht.de (in German). Retrieved 2022-05-07.
  33. ^ "Ergebnisse in der Grafikansicht für Gesamtbayern". Landtagswahl (in German). 2023-10-24. Retrieved 2023-11-06.
  34. ^ Jerabek, Petr; Wengert, Jonas (2023-10-31). "Landtag wählt Söder erneut zum bayerischen Ministerpräsidenten". BR24 (in German). Retrieved 2023-10-31.
  35. ^ "Far-right German politician arrested after 'Sieg Heil' salutes heard". The Guardian. Reuters. 30 October 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  36. ^ "AfD-Abgeordneter Halemba verhaftet: Verdacht der Volksverhetzung". BR24 (in German). 30 October 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
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