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Hurricane Dorian

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For other storms of the same name, see Tropical Storm Dorian.
Not to be confused with Hurricane Doria or Typhoon Durian.

Hurricane Dorian
Category 5 major hurricane (SSHWS/NWS)
Hurricane Dorian at peak intensity while making landfall in Abaco Island in the Bahamas on September 1
FormedAugust 24, 2019 (August 24, 2019)
DissipatedCurrently active
(Extratropical after September 9)
(Post-tropical after September 7)
Highest winds1-minute sustained: 185 mph (295 km/h)
Lowest pressure910 mbar (hPa); 26.87 inHg
Fatalities46 direct, 5 indirect
Damage≥ $7 billion (2019 USD)
Areas affectedLesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, The Bahamas (especially Abaco Island and Grand Bahama), East Coast of the United States, Atlantic Canada
Part of the 2019 Atlantic hurricane season
History

Effects

Other wikis

Hurricane Dorian was a long-lived, extremely powerful and destructive Category 5 hurricane that devastated the northwestern Bahamas and caused significant damage to the Southeastern United States and Atlantic Canada. It was the fifth depression, fourth named storm, second hurricane, and the first major hurricane of the 2019 Atlantic hurricane season. The hurricane caused catastrophic damage to Grand Bahama and Abaco Island, with at least 70,000 people left homeless.

Dorian developed from a tropical wave on August 24 in the Central Atlantic. From August 26 to August 28, the storm affected Caribbean nations and territories devastated by hurricanes Irma and Maria in 2017. Extensive precautionary measures were taken to mitigate damage, especially in Puerto Rico, where one person died. Damaging winds primarily affected the Virgin Islands where gusts reached 111 mph (179 km/h). The system gradually intensified while moving toward the Lesser Antilles, before becoming a hurricane on August 28. Elsewhere in the Lesser Antilles, impacts from the storm were relatively minor.

Rapid intensification ensued, and on August 31, Dorian intensified into a Category 4 major hurricane. On the following day, Dorian reached Category 5 intensity, peaking with one-minute sustained winds of 185 mph (295 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 910 millibars (26.87 inHg). This Category 5 hurricane made landfall in the Bahamas in Elbow Cay, just east of Abaco Island, on September 1 at 16:40 UTC. This made Dorian the strongest known tropical cyclone to impact the northwestern Bahamas. Dorian made another landfall on Grand Bahama near the same intensity several hours later.

After moving over the Bahamas, Dorian slowed its forward motion considerably, remaining essentially stationary over the Abaco Islands and Grand Bahama Island from September 1 to September 3. The ridge of high pressure steering Dorian westward then collapsed on September 2, causing Dorian to stall just north of Grand Bahama for about a day. Shortly after, a combination of cold water upwelling and an eyewall replacement cycle weakened Dorian to a Category 2 hurricane by the next day.

In preparation for the storm, the states of Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina and Virginia all declared a state of emergency and many coastal counties from Florida to North Carolina issued mandatory evacuation orders. On the morning of September 3, Dorian began to move slowly towards the north-northwest. Dorian completed its eyewall replacement cycle and moved over warmer waters off the Florida east coast, regaining Category 3 intensity by midnight on September 5.

In the early hours of September 6, Dorian weakened to Category 1 intensity as it picked up speed and turned northeast. At 12:35 UTC on September 6, Dorian made landfall in the U.S. at Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. Dorian then began to fluctuate in intensity between Category 1 and 2 as it sped northeastward toward Nova Scotia and began extratropical transition. It became post-tropical on the morning of September 7, making landfall on Nova Scotia at 22:15 UTC later that day with 100 mph (155 km/h) winds.

Dorian's 185 mph (295 km/h) sustained winds at landfall ties it with the 1935 Labor Day hurricane as the strongest landfalling Atlantic hurricane, measured by sustained winds. Damage in the Bahamas was catastrophic due to the prolonged and intense storm conditions, including heavy rainfall, high winds and storm surge, with thousands of homes destroyed and at least 43 deaths recorded.[1] Property damages were estimated at $7 billion for the Bahamas.[2] Damage estimates in the U.S. and Canada are currently unknown.

Meteorological history

Main article: Meteorological history of Hurricane Dorian
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

On August 19, 2019, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) identified a tropical wave—an elongated trough of low air pressure—within a monsoon trough over Guinea and Senegal in western Africa. Convective activity associated with the wave was limited by an abundance of Saharan dust in the region.[3] Propagating west over the tropical Atlantic Ocean, the system remained disorganized for several days.[4] On August 23, a defined area of low pressure consolidated at the surface and thunderstorm activity increased.[5] The system acquired sufficient organized convection to be classified as Tropical Depression Five at 15:00 UTC on August 24. At this time the system was situated 805 mi (1,300 km) east-southeast of Barbados. A deep ridge imparted continued westward movement of the depression, steering it toward the Lesser Antilles.[6] A small cyclone, it soon developed a defined inner-core with a 12 mi (18 km) wide eye-like feature. This marked the system's intensification into a tropical storm, at which time it was assigned the name Dorian by the NHC.[7] Thereafter, moderate wind shear and surrounding dry air limited further organization.[8] Rainbands gradually wrapped more around Dorian on August 25–26, though convection remained inconsistent.[9][10]

Strongest landfalling Atlantic hurricanes†
Rank Hurricane Season Wind speed
mph km/h
1 "Labor Day" 1935 185 295
Dorian 2019
3 Irma 2017 180 285
4 Janet 1955 175 280
Camille 1969
Anita 1977
David 1979
Dean 2007
9 "Cuba" 1924 165 270
Andrew 1992
Maria 2017
Source: HURDAT,[11] AOML/HRD[12]
†Strength refers to maximum sustained wind speed
upon striking land.

Dorian continued moving west and came extremely close to Barbados, bringing tropical storm-force winds and heavy rain.[13] It then started moving northwestward toward Saint Lucia. At 10:00 UTC on August 27, Dorian made landfall on the island of Saint Lucia as a tropical storm, briefly disrupting the core of the storm, before entering the Caribbean Sea.[14] The storm underwent a center relocation further north, to the west of Martinique, causing the island to experience tropical storm-force winds as well.[15] Dorian had been predicted to travel northwest and pass over or near the Dominican Republic or Puerto Rico,[16] possibly allowing their mountainous terrain to weaken the tropical storm. At that time, dry air and wind shear were expected to prevent Dorian from attaining hurricane status—although just barely.[17] However, Dorian took a more northerly track than expected, causing it to pass to the east of Puerto Rico and hit the US Virgin Islands. On August 28, Dorian intensified into a Category 1 hurricane as it approached Saint Thomas in the US Virgin Islands, where hurricane-force winds were recorded; at 18:00 UTC that day, Dorian made landfall on Saint Thomas at Category 1 intensity.[18][19] However, the hurricane's small size prevented mainland Puerto Rico from experiencing hurricane- or tropical storm-force winds, although this was not the case for the Spanish Virgin Islands.[20]

Once the system moved north past the Virgin islands, the storm entered a more favorable environment. However, dry air was still in the system from its journey through the Caribbean sea and the Lesser Antilles, and this gave the storm an erratic, lopsided look. There was no more dry air afterwards, so the storm began to mix out the dry air, and on the next day, the system started to rapidly intensify, reaching Category 2 status early on August 30.[21] Rapid intensification continued, and the storm eventually reached major hurricane status several hours later, on the same day.[22] This strengthening trend came to a halt for the remainder of the day, but soon resumed.[23] The system continued strengthening, and on August 31, Dorian attained Category 4 major hurricane status.[24] Dorian reached Category 5 intensity on the following day.[25] On the morning of September 1, a dropsonde deployed by a NOAA aircraft measured a wind gust of 176 knots (326 km/h; 203 mph) at the surface. With one-minute sustained winds of 180 mph (285 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 913 mbar (27.0 inHg), the NHC noted that Dorian was the strongest hurricane in modern records to affect the northwestern Bahamas.[26]

Hurricane Dorian as seen from the International Space Station on September 2, 2019

At 16:40 UTC on September 1, Hurricane Dorian made landfall on Great Abaco Island in the Bahamas, with one-minute sustained winds of 185 mph (298 km/h), wind gusts over 220 mph (355 km/h), and a central barometric pressure of 911 millibars (26.9 inHg).[27][28] The storm's central pressure bottomed out at 910 millibars (26.87 inHg) within a few hours, as Dorian reached its peak intensity during landfall.[29] Storm chaser Josh Morgerman observed a pressure of 913.4 mbar (26.97 inHg) in Marsh Harbour.[30] Hurricane Dorian's forward speed decreased around this time, slowing to a westward crawl of 5 mph (8.0 km/h).[29] At 02:00 UTC on September 2, Dorian made landfall on Grand Bahama near the same intensity, with the same sustained wind speed.[31] Afterward, Dorian's forward speed slowed to just 1 knot (1.2 mph; 1.9 km/h), as the Bermuda High that was steering the storm westward weakened. Later that day, the storm began to undergo an eyewall replacement cycle to the north of Grand Bahama; the Bermuda High to the northeast of Dorian also collapsed, causing Hurricane Dorian to stall just north of Grand Bahama.[32][33] Around the same time, the combination of the eyewall replacement cycle and upwelling of cold water caused Dorian to begin weakening, with Dorian dropping to Category 4 status at 06:00 UTC.[34] Due to the absence of steering currents, Hurricane Dorian stalled north of Grand Bahama for about a day.[35][36] Hurricane Dorian subsequently weakened to a Category 2 storm on September 3, before beginning to move northwestward at 15:00 UTC, parallel to the east coast of Florida, with Dorian's wind field expanding during this time.[36]

While moving northwestward, Dorian gradually reorganized. At 06:00 UTC on September 5, Dorian moved over the warm waters of the Gulf Stream and completed its eyewall replacement cycle, reintensifying into a Category 3 hurricane off the coast of South Carolina.[37] But several hours later, high wind shear began to take its toll, causing the storm to weaken to a Category 2 hurricane, and later to Category 1.[38] On September 6 at 12:35 UTC, Dorian made landfall in Cape Hatteras, North Carolina with winds of 90 mph (150 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 956 mb (28.2 inHg).[39] Dorian began to transition into an extratropical cyclone as it moved quickly northeastwards, completing its transition on September 7. The storm simultaneously restrengthened due to baroclinic processes, generating Category 2-equivalent winds before making landfall in Nova Scotia, Canada.[40]

Preparations

Caribbean

At 09:00 UTC on August 25, a tropical storm watch was issued for the island of Barbados.[41] Later that day, more watches and warnings were issued for more of the islands. A hurricane watch was also issued at 15:00 UTC August 26 for Saint Lucia.[42][43][44] Late on August 26, a tropical storm watch was issued for Puerto Rico.[45]

In Barbados, Prime Minister Mia Mottley ordered the closure of all schools and advised the nation's residents to remain indoors for the duration of the storm. Infra worked to clear public drains island-wide.[46] Thirty-eight shelters opened island-wide, with 103 residents seeking refuge in them. All public services were suspended for the duration of the storm.[47][48] Homeless persons were transported to shelter by emergency personnel.[49] On August 26, St. Lucia prime minister Allen Chastanet announced that the nation would "shut down" for the duration of Dorian and all residents were mandated to stay home.[50] Numerous people ignored this warning, however, and the police detained several people who refused to return home.[51] LIAT cancelled multiple flights across the Lesser Antilles due to the storm.[52] The Department of Infrastructure, Ports and Energy placed all heavy machinery and equipment owners on standby to assist in cleanup and relief efforts.[53] In Dominica, Prime Minister Roosevelt Skerrit ordered all public sector workers to remain home and prepare for the storm.[54] The devastation from Hurricane Maria in 2017 brought greater vigilance from the public, and Skerrit assured residents that the nation was "better place now" than after Maria and there would be "no shutting of the country" for Dorian. The Ministry of Public Works mobilized heavy machinery and the police were placed on high alert to more effectively respond to emergency calls.[55] Small craft advisories and flash flood watches were issued for the island.[56]

The Puerto Rico National Guard was activated for potential relief efforts ahead of the hurricane

With Puerto Rico also recovering from Hurricane Maria in 2017, Governor Wanda Vázquez Garced declared a state of emergency for the territory on August 27.[19] The following day, the Puerto Rico National Guard was activated to support any relief operations related to the storm. Hundreds of vehicles, generators, and water trucks were fueled and filled to be ready for deployment.[57] Fears centered around the still-unstable power grid which was largely destroyed by Maria. In some areas, power lines remained affixed to palm trees.[46] Hundreds of utility workers were deployed to quickly fix any power outages.[58] Top government officials reported adequate supplies ahead of the storm; however, some local governors indicated a lack of generators and proper public shelters.[46] An estimated 30,000 homes still had damaged roofs from the 2017 hurricane.[59] Residents boarded up windows with plywood and stocked up on bottled water and generators.[46] All government offices and schools closed for the duration of the hurricane. Territory-wide, 360 shelters with a collective capacity of 48,500 persons opened; 24,000 cots were distributed to these shelters.[19] Private organizations worked quickly in Vieques to ensure the safety of residents. Fearing isolation from mainland Puerto Rico, ViequesLove established a 32-radio network to keep residents, church leaders, emergency responders, and businesses connected and informed of the hurricane. Volunteers supplied the island's local shelter with a generator.[58]

Similar to Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands were still recovering from hurricanes Irma and Maria in 2017.[60] A state of emergency was declared for the United States Virgin Islands on August 28,[19] and a curfew was enacted for the duration of the hurricane. All airports and seaports suspended operations.[61] The Government of the British Virgin Islands opened seven shelters territory-wide. A mandatory curfew was put in place from 2:00 p.m. on August 28 to 6:00 a.m. on August 29.[62] Auguste George Airport, Virgin Gorda Airport, and Terrance B. Lettsome International Airport closed for the duration of the storm.[63] The majority of the British Virgin Islands' clinics and hospitals suspended operations during the hurricane; however, a few remained open.[64]

Bahamas

A warning to take immediate cover was issued on the NHC twitter account, at 11 a.m. EDT on September 1, 2019, as Dorian made landfall in Elbow Cay, Bahamas, at 16:40 UTC as a Category 5 hurricane.[65][66] Samuel Butler, the assistant commissioner for the Royal Bahamas Police Force told residents "if you do not heed to the warning [...] we know that the end could be fatal" and Don Cornish, the administrator with the City of Freeport told others seeking shelter at Old Bahama Bay Hotel "that is not a good idea [...] reconsider that decision".[67]

Mainland United States

President Trump at a FEMA briefing on the hurricane

Florida

On August 28, Florida governor Ron DeSantis declared a state of emergency for 26 counties in the hurricane's expected path.[58][68] This later expanded to the entire state on August 29. First responders distributed sandbags in many counties. Residents began stocking up on supplies throughout the state. In Brevard County, locals worked to trim large tree branches to protect power lines.[69] The University of Central Florida, Stetson University, Rollins College, and Daytona State College cancelled classes between August 30 and September 3.[70] In addition, the Florida Institute of Technology, University of North Florida, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Florida Atlantic University, University of South Florida, and the University of Miami cancelled classes for at least one day on top of the three-day Labor Day weekend.

The Florida State League and Gulf Coast League of Minor League Baseball both cancelled the remainder of the regular season and the playoffs due to the hurricane.[71][72] In college football, the game between the Florida State Seminoles and the Boise State Broncos originally scheduled for 7 p.m. on August 31 in Jacksonville was moved to 12:00 p.m. on August 31 in Tallahassee to move the game out of the path of the storm.[73] The Orlando Pride of the National Women's Soccer League postponed their game against the Washington Spirit from August 31 to October 5.[74]

Kay Ivey, Governor of Alabama, announced that the Alabama National Guard will be sending up to fifty support personnel to Florida to aid in recovery efforts.[75][76] On September 1, Governor DeSantis stated that 4,500 members of the United States National Guard have been activated to help aid those affected by Dorian, saying that the hurricane is "way too close for comfort."[77]

On Sunday, September 1, Jacksonville, Florida, announced mandatory evacuations for Monday, September 2, taking effect at 8 a.m. The city bridges closed when wind speeds of 40 mph (64 km/h) were recorded. Emergency shelters opened at 10 a.m. on Monday.[78] Broward County Public Schools will be closed Tuesday;[79] all city and government offices, as well as all Duval County Public Schools, St. Johns County Public Schools, and Brevard Public Schools will be closed for Tuesday and Wednesday. Neptune Beach, Jacksonville Beach, and Atlantic Beach will closed Sunday night.[78] On September 2, a curfew was set in place for Flagler County that will start at 7 p.m. Tuesday until further notice.[80] Legoland Florida and parts of Walt Disney World were closed on Tuesday.[81] The parts not closed stayed open until either 2 p.m or 3 p.m. EST.[82] It was announced on Tuesday that Walt Disney World would fully open back up for Wednesday.[83]

Uber started offering fee waivers on roundtrip rides to and from shelters for up to $20.[84] Comcast started offering free Wifi to everyone in Florida, Verizon is providing unlimited calling, data, and texting for customers, and AT&T is waiving data overage charges for residents.[85]

On Tuesday, September 3, 115 general shelters and 48 special needs shelters were open across the state of Florida.[86]

Georgia

On August 28, Georgia governor Brian Kemp declared a state of emergency for coastal counties of Georgia that are in the forecast path of the hurricane, including Brantley, Bryan, Camden, Charlton, Chatham, Effingham, Glynn, Liberty, Long, McIntosh, Pierce and Wayne counties.[87] Governor Kemp added several more counties on Wednesday, September 4, bringing the total number of counties under emergency to 21.[88] Atlanta Motor Speedway opened their campgrounds free of charge to evacuees of Hurricane Dorian.[89] The Georgia State Park System waived parking and pet fees at their parks and made many campgrounds available for evacuees.[90] Georgia State University offered free tickets to their September 7 football game to any evacuees.[91] The College of Coastal Georgia announced campus closures for both Tuesday and Wednesday following Labor Day. Savannah State University also cancelled classes Tuesday. The Georgia coast began experiencing tropical storm force wind gusts and Dorian's outer rain on Wednesday, September 4.[92]

South Carolina

The South Carolina National Guard and Governor Henry McMaster conduct a briefing on the hurricane

On August 31, South Carolina governor Henry McMaster declared a state of emergency for the entire state after the path of Dorian shifted to affect South Carolina as a strong hurricane.[93]

On September 1, during a news conference, Governor McMaster announced that mandatory evacuations for Jasper, Beaufort, Colleton, Charleston, Berkeley, Dorchester, Georgetown, and Horry counties will go into effect on Monday, September 2, at noon. State government offices and schools in the counties previously mentioned will be closed until further notice, starting Tuesday.[94] Due to the evacuations, many colleges including College of Charleston and Coastal Carolina University were closed from Tuesday until further notice.

North Carolina

On August 30, North Carolina governor Roy Cooper declared a state of emergency for the entire state, due to the hurricane.[95] Charlotte Motor Speedway opened their campgrounds free of charge to evacuees of Hurricane Dorian.[96] In Durham, a large statewide hurricane shelter opened inside the former Sears store at the Northgate Mall.[97]

The University of North Carolina at Wilmington cancelled classes for the week of September 3 and issued a mandatory evacuation of the campus.[98] Over the Labor Day weekend, several school districts announced plans to close ahead of expected evacuations. New Hanover County, Pender County and Brunswick County, all in the Cape Fear region, cancelled public schools on September 4-5, as did several private schools and community colleges.[99]

Early voting for most counties in the special election in North Carolina's 3rd congressional district and for some counties in the special election for the 9th congressional district was also temporarily halted after Wednesday, September 4 as a result, until the North Carolina State Board of Elections could decide what action to take. [100] Ultimately, Karen Brinson Bell, the Board's Executive Director, would opt to use her emergency powers to extend early voting hours for the 9th district through Saturday, September 7, but only in four harder-hit counties that actually closed polling sites [101], and to have other counties further inland which did not close polling sites[102] end early voting on Friday, September 6, as originally prescribed under state law, in order to make the most of the district's resources. [103] Likewise, the Board extended early voting hours through Saturday for 11 counties[104] in the 3rd district, but not for 6 other affected counties [105] suffering from "power outages, poor conditions or a lack of workers."[106][107]

Further north, along the Outer Banks in Dare County a mandatory evacuation order was given on September 2, 2019. Visitors and tourists were required to evacuate by noon on September 3, while residents were required to evacuate by 6:00 a.m. on September 4.[108] The state's ports will be closed starting at 1 p.m. on Wednesday, September 4, until further notice. On September 3, Governor Cooper has activated more than 300 members of the North Carolina National Guard to help aid in recovery efforts.[109]

Virginia

On September 2, Virginia governor Ralph Northam declared a state of emergency ahead of Dorian's anticipated impact on coastal Virginia on Thursday, saying, “Hurricane Dorian is a serious storm, and current predictions indicate that it may affect parts of Virginia. I am declaring a state of emergency to ensure that localities and communities have the appropriate level of assistance, and to coordinate the commonwealth's response to any potential impacts from Hurricane Dorian. I encourage Virginians to take all necessary precautions to make sure they are prepared as well."[110][111]

Elsewhere

In Tennessee, Bristol Motor Speedway opened one of their campgrounds free of charge to evacuees of Hurricane Dorian.[112] In Ocean City, Maryland, officials closed the seawall and removed items from the beach and boardwalk; swimming restrictions were also put into place.[113][114] In Rehoboth Beach, Delaware, swimming restrictions were also put into place, while the portion of the weekend Sandcastle Contest to take place on September 6 was cancelled.[114] Along the Jersey Shore in New Jersey, officials in Margate City prepared sandbags in case of flooding from the storm while officials in Brigantine removed lifeguard stands and boats from the beach.[115]

Alabama controversy

President Trump receives an update on Hurricane Dorian on August 29, 2019. This map was later altered to show Dorian impacting Alabama
President Trump displays the altered map in a video published by the White House on September 4, 2019

On September 1, President Donald Trump tweeted that Alabama, among other states, "will most likely be hit (much) harder than anticipated."[116] By that time, no weather forecaster was predicting that Dorian would impact Alabama, and the eight National Hurricane Center forecast updates over the preceding 24 hours showed Dorian steering well away from Alabama and moving up the Atlantic coast.[117][118] The Birmingham, Alabama office of the National Weather Service (NWS) contradicted Trump minutes later, saying that Alabama "will NOT see any impacts from Dorian".[119] On September 4 in the Oval Office, Trump displayed a modified version of National Hurricane Center's August 29 diagram of Dorian's projected track. The modification was done with a black marker and extended the cone of uncertainty of the hurricane's possible path into southern Alabama. Modifying official government weather forecasts is illegal in the United States.[120][121]

Trump said he did not know how the map came to be modified and defended his claims, stating he had "a better map" with models that "in all cases [showed] Alabama was hit." Later on September 4, Trump tweeted a map by the South Florida Water Management District dated August 28, showing numerous projected paths of Dorian. Trump falsely asserted "almost all models" showed Dorian hitting Alabama, even though the map showed most predicted paths would not enter Alabama. A note on the map stated it was "superseded" by National Hurricane Center publications and that it was to be discarded if there were any discrepancies.[117][122]

Trump continued to insist he was correct on September 5, as the media noted that the incident resulted in the hashtag "Sharpiegate" trending on Twitter. The White House confirmed that the modification was made with a Sharpie marker, one of which was on Trump's desk when the modified map was shown.[117][123]

On September 6, NOAA published a statement from an unidentified spokesperson in support of Trump's initial claim, including that NHC models "demonstrated that tropical-storm-force winds from Hurricane Dorian could impact Alabama."[124] The statement also argued that the tweet from the Birmingham NWS office was incorrect because it "spoke in absolute terms that were inconsistent with probabilities from the best forecast products available at the time." NOAA's September 6 statement contradicted with NOAA's own September 1 statement that the "current forecast path of Dorian does not include Alabama". The September 6 statement led to pushback from meteorologists, including from the president of the NWS Employees Organization who commented that the statement was "political", "utterly disgusting and disingenuous", and with "no scientific basis".[125][126] The Washington Post reported that the NOAA had twice ordered National Weather Service employees not to provide "any opinion" on Hurricane Dorian and to "only stick with official National Hurricane Center forecasts". The first order came after Trump's September 1 comments and the Birmingham, Alabama National Weather Service's contradiction of Trump. The second order came on September 4, after Trump displayed the altered map.[127]

Atlantic Canada

As Dorian approached Atlantic Canada, hurricane and tropical storm warnings were issued for Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland.[128] On September 6, the Halifax Regional Municipality encouraged residents living along the eastern shores of Nova Scotia to evacuate, citing expected high winds, heavy rainfall, and waves up to 15 m (49 ft) in height.[129] The Nova Scotia Emergency Management Office implored residents to secure easily dislodged objects to prevent high winds from turning them into projectiles, drawing comparisons to Hurricane Juan of 2003.[130] Nova Scotia Power set up an emergency operations center and mobilized 1,000 personnel, including forestry crews, damage assessors, as well as power line technicians from adjacent provinces, to prepare for Dorian's impacts.[131] WestJet, Air Canada, and Porter Airlines issued travel advisories for the weekend and waived rebooking fees for flights to and from affected areas.[132]

Impacts

Deaths and damage by territory
Territory Fatalities Damage
(2019 USD) 		Ref
Windward Islands 0 Unknown
Leeward Islands 0 Unknown
Bahamas ≥44 $7 billion [133][2]
United States Puerto Rico 1 Unknown [134]
Florida 6 Unknown [135]
Georgia 0 Unknown
South Carolina 0 Unknown
North Carolina 2 Unknown [136]
Canada 0 Unknown
Totals: ≥53 ≥$7 billion

Caribbean

On August 26, winds began to pick up in the Lesser Antilles and water levels along the coast began to rise (storm surge).[46] Wind gusts in Barbados reached 55 mph (89 km/h),[137] downing trees and power lines.[48] Some residences in southern Barbados lost power and water service.[48][138] Overall, Dorian caused little damage in Barbados,[47] with only one home suffering damage in Saint Peter.[48] Isolated interruptions to power occurred on St. Lucia; no damage occurred otherwise in the nation.[139][140] In Martinique, heavy rains—peaking at 102 mm (4.0 in) in Rivière-Pilote—and winds up to 61 mph (98 km/h) caused some damage. Approximately 4,000 homes lost power and many streets became impassable due to flooding; one road was washed out.[141][142] Flooding affected some homes and businesses in Rivière-Pilote; however, overall damage was negligible.[142] Heavy showers in Dominica left multiple communities without power and water; however, effects were otherwise limited.[143] Rainfall extended north to Guadeloupe were accumulations reached 121 mm (4.8 in) in Matouba.[144]

Striking the Virgin Islands as an intensifying hurricane, Dorian brought strong winds and heavy rains to the region.[19] Buck Island, just south of Saint Thomas, experienced sustained winds of 82 mph (132 km/h) and a peak gust of 111 mph (179 km/h).[145] Wind gusts on Saint Thomas reached 75 mph (121 km/h).[146] Island-wide blackouts occurred on Saint Thomas and Saint John, while 25,000 customers lost power on Saint Croix.[19][147] The high winds downed trees across the islands.[19] Along the coast, multiple boats broke from their moorings and washed ashore.[148] One person died on Saint John during the hurricane; however, the cause of death is pending investigation and believed to be from natural causes.[61] Some flooding occurred on Tortola in the British Virgin Islands.[62] Significant flooding and some structural damage occurred along the outskirts of Road Town, including a mall that had its roof partially removed by storm-force gusts.[149][150] Downed trees knocked out power to some residences on Virgin Gorda.[151]

Owing to the hurricane's moving farther northeast than initially anticipated, its effects in Puerto Rico were relatively limited.[19] Wind gusts in Culebra reached 62 mph (100 km/h) and 35 mph (56 km/h) in San Juan. Approximately 23,000 households lost power across the territory.[19] No major damage was reported in Culebra.[19] A man in Bayamón died when he fell off his roof trying to clean drains in advance of the storm.[134]

Hurricane Dorian on September 1 making landfall on the Abaco Islands near peak intensity

Bahamas

Hurricane Dorian's destruction in the Bahamas
Main article: Effects of Hurricane Dorian in The Bahamas

Increased tides were experienced in the Bahamas ahead of the storm, with rip currents occurring as well. On September 1, 2019, hurricane conditions arrived in some of the Abaco Islands. A few hours later, destructive conditions arrived, with Hurricane Dorian making landfall as a Category 5 hurricane at 16:40 UTC, becoming the strongest hurricane in modern records to strike the northwestern Bahamas.[152] Around 12:30 PM AST, Category 5 winds arrived at the Bahamas with the eyewall. Gusts of over 200 mph (320 km/h) also occurred. Devastating storm surge of up to 23 feet swept away many buildings and submerged a large part of the affected areas.[153] At 7:00 (UTC) on September 2, 2019, Grand Bahama International Airport was underwater.[154] Minister of Agriculture Michael Pintard reported an estimated storm tide of 20 to 25 ft (6.1 to 7.6 m) at his home on Grand Bahama.[155] The Bahamas prime minister, Hubert Minnis, said "This is a deadly [...] monster storm".[156]

Marsh Harbour received "catastrophic damage", according to an ABC News team.[157] Over half of the homes had been damaged, Marsh Harbour International Airport's runway was underwater,[158] there was significant flooding on streets and beaches, damage to trees and with some home's roofs ripped off entirely.[159] The scene was described by an ABC reporter as "pure hell".[157] An eight-year-old boy drowned in the storm surge, while the boy's sister was also reported to be missing.[160][161] Four other people, along with the eight-year-old boy, were confirmed dead on the Abaco Islands, the prime minister told reporters on Monday.[162][163] By Wednesday, the death toll had been raised to twenty, according to the prime minister.[164][165] This soon increased to thirty by Thursday,[1] and to forty-three by Saturday. Property damage in the country were estimated at $7 billion, which is expected to make it by far the costliest storm in Bahamian history.[2]

Marsh Harbour Airport in Dorian's aftermath

The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) reported that as many as 13,000 homes were damaged or destroyed on Abaco Island. Extensive flooding is also believed to have caused water wells to be contaminated with seawater, creating an urgent need for clean water.[166]

Around 11:24 UTC on September 2, 2019, total power was lost on the island of New Providence,[167] the following day at 1:50 (UTC) 40% of power had been restored.[168]

Tropical storm conditions continued into Monday, September 2. At 2 p.m. EDT, a sustained wind of 56 mph (90 km/h) and a gust of 69 mph (110 km/h) at a NOAA Coastal Marine observing site at Settlement Point on the west end of Grand Bahama Island.[169]

On September 3, Prime Minister Hubert Minnis stated, "Our urgent task will be to provide food, water, shelter, safety and security. Additional food will be delivered by NEMA tomorrow." He went on to say that Dorian was "the greatest national crisis in our country's history."[170] The United Nations projected that as of Saturday, September 7, at least 70,000 people are homeless on Grand Bahama and the Abaco Islands.[171]

Mainland United States

Florida

On September 2, Florida began experiencing tropical storm-force winds. At 18:00 UTC (2 p.m. EDT), the pier in Juno Beach recorded a wind gust of 48 mph (75 km/h).[172] One death occurred in Indiatlantic, when a man fell three stories while boarding up his home.[173] During September 3 and 4, tropical storm force winds continued to move up the east coast of Florida, with the storm's eye staying about 100 miles away from landfall.[174]

Many areas along the Atlantic coast reporting gusts of over tropical storm force, especially at Cape Canaveral.[175] At 8 AM EDT on September 4 at St. Augustine Beach, a sustained wind of 46 miles per hour (74 km/h) and a gust of 59 miles per hour (95 km/h) was reported.[176] In Jacksonville, the city experienced tropical storm force winds on September 4 which blew around debris and knocked out power. A lifeguard rescued a woman pulled out by a rip current in Jacksonville Beach while other swimmers were ordered out of the water.[177]

South Carolina

By September 5, tropical-storm force winds arrived. Dorian also produced some flooding, especially in Charleston.[178] Over 160,000 buildings lost power.[179] A tornado was reported in Little River that damaged trees, roofing, and lifted a car.[180]

North Carolina

See also: List of United States tornadoes in September 2019 § September 5 event (Hurricane Dorian)

A fatality occurred in North Carolina on September 4, when an 85-year-old man fell off a ladder while boarding up his home, and another was confirmed dead on September 6, a 65-year-old man after he, too, fell off a ladder.[177][181] On September 5, several tornadoes spawned by Dorian were sighted in Onslow County.[180] At around 9 a.m. EST that day a tornado touched down in the town of Emerald Isle, causing severe damage to a recreational vehicle park and some mobile homes.[182] Flooding from the storm washed out a road in Sampson County.[183] On the next day, Dorian made landfall in Cape Hatteras, North Carolina as a Category 1 storm.[184] Several people on Ocracoke Island were trapped in their attics by flooding from the 4-to-7-foot (1.2 to 2.1 m) storm surge, requiring rescue by boats. People were airlifted off the island to shelters on the mainland while food and water were brought in to residents on the island. North Carolina Highway 12 along Ocracoke Island suffered damage from flooding.[185] More than 190,000 people in North Carolina lost power from the storm.[186]

Atlantic Canada

On September 7, 2019, at 5 p.m. EDT, Nova Scotia started to experience hurricane-force winds. By 7 p.m. EDT, the eye of the storm passed over Halifax while tropical storm conditions were being felt in Prince Edward Island.[187] As of September 8, approximately 402,103 customers in Nova Scotia lost power. Flooding was reported, roofs were torn off buildings, and a crane also collapsed onto a building being constructed.[188] Rainfall totals as of 9 PM was highest in Baccaro Point at 131 mm (5.2 in) and Kentville at 110 mm (4.3 in). 71.3 mm (2.81 in) was reported in Halifax, Nova Scotia's largest city.[189]

Aftermath

Bahamian prime minister Hubert Minnis praised the United States for "assisting us with all of our needs." President Donald Trump assured the Bahamian prime minister of help in relief efforts.[190] The Bahamas Paradise, Royal Caribbean, Norwegian, and Carnival cruise lines started sending water bottles and meals to the Bahamas. The Grand Celebration offered to give a chance for evacuees to evacuate to Florida free of charge, given they have the proper documentation.[191] On September 7, the Grand Celebration helped bring more than 1,100 evacuees to Florida. The company stated in a press release that "the cruise line spent nearly a full day clearing potential evacuees, including vetting their visa and passport documentation."[192] The Royal Carribean International also helped deliver more than 43,000 water bottles and 10,000 meals to the Bahamas.[191]

Records

Most intense landfalling Atlantic hurricanes
Intensity is measured solely by central pressure
Rank Hurricane Season Landfall pressure
1 "Labor Day"[nb 1] 1935 892 mbar (hPa)
2 Camille 1969 900 mbar (hPa)
Gilbert 1988
4 Dean 2007 905 mbar (hPa)
5 "Cuba" 1924 910 mbar (hPa)
Dorian 2019
7 Janet 1955 914 mbar (hPa)
Irma 2017
9 "Cuba" 1932 918 mbar (hPa)
10 Michael 2018 919 mbar (hPa)
Sources: HURDAT,[11] AOML/HRD,[12] NHC[194]

With sustained winds of 185 mph (295 km/h), Dorian is the strongest hurricane on record to strike the Bahamas since records began in 1851.[195][152]

Dorian is tied with the 1935 Labor Day hurricane for the highest sustained winds at landfall in an Atlantic hurricane;[196] by the same metric, it is also the strongest Atlantic hurricane since Wilma in 2005. As of pressure, it was the fifth hurricane with the lowest pressure upon landfall. Dorian is one of only two Category 5 hurricanes to make landfall on the Abaco Islands, the other having occurred in 1932,[197] and is the only such storm on record to have impacted Grand Bahama.[198]

Additionally, Dorian featured the highest sustained winds in an Atlantic hurricane recorded as far north as its latitude,[199] and was the strongest hurricane detected outside the main development region (MDR).[200] Dorian also tracked the least distance in a 24-hour period recorded for an Atlantic major hurricane since Hurricane Betsy in 1965.[200]

See also

References

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