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Voiced velar fricative

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For consonants followed by superscript ˠ, see Velarization.
Voiced velar fricative
ɣ
IPA Number141
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɣ
Unicode (hex)U+0263
X-SAMPAG
Braille⠨ (braille pattern dots-46)⠛ (braille pattern dots-1245)

The voiced velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in various spoken languages. It is not found in English today, but did exist in Old English. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɣ⟩, a Latinized variant of the Greek letter gamma, ⟨γ⟩, which has this sound in Modern Greek. It should not be confused with the graphically similar ⟨ɤ⟩, the IPA symbol for a close-mid back unrounded vowel. The symbol ɣ is also sometimes used to represent the velar approximant, though that is more accurately written with the lowering diacritic: [ɣ̞] or [ɣ˕]. The IPA also provides a dedicated symbol for a velar approximant, [ɰ], though there can be stylistic reasons to not use it in phonetic transcription.

There is also a voiced post-velar fricative (also called pre-uvular) in some languages. For voiced pre-velar fricative (also called post-palatal), see voiced palatal fricative.

Features

Features of the voiced velar fricative:

Occurrence

Some of the consonants listed as post-velar may actually be trill fricatives.

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Abaza бгъьы [bɣʲə] 'leaf'
Adyghe чъыгы [t͡ʂəɣə]ⓘ tree
Alekano [gamó] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ɣɑmɤʔ] 'cucumber'
Aleut agiitalix [aɣiːtalix] 'with'
Angor [ranihı] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ɾɑniɣə] 'brother'
Angas γür [ɣyr] 'to pick up'
Arabic Modern Standard[1] غريب [ˈɣɑriːb] 'stranger' May be velar, post-velar or uvular, depending on dialect.[2] See Arabic phonology
Some Iraqi dialects[3] رأس [ʁ̟ɑʔs] 'head' Post-velar.[3] Corresponds to [r] in other dialects.[3] See Arabic phonology
Asturian gadañu [ɣaˈd̪ãɲʊ] 'scythe' Allophone of /ɡ/ in almost all positions
Azerbaijani [[[Azeri alphabet|ağac]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ɑɣɑd͡ʒ] 'tree'
Basque[4] [[[Basque alphabet|hego]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [heɣo] 'wing' Allophone of /ɡ/
Catalan[5] [[[Catalan orthography|figuera]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [fiˈɣeɾə] 'fig tree' Allophone of /ɡ/. See Catalan phonology
Chechen гӀала / [ġala] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ɣaːla] 'town'
Czech bych byl [bɪɣ bɪl] 'I would be' Allophone of /x/. See Czech phonology
Danish Older Standard[6][7] [talg] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈtˢalˀɣ] 'tallow' More often an approximant [ɰ].[6] Depending on the environment, it corresponds to [ʊ̯], [ɪ̯] or [j] in young speakers of contemporary Standard Danish.[7] See Danish phonology
Dawsahak ? [zoɣ] 'war'
Dinka ɣo [ɣo] 'us'
Dutch Netherlandic [[[Dutch orthography|liegen]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈliɣə(n)] 'to lie' Intervocallic allophone of [χ ~ x], written ⟨g⟩. See Dutch phonology
Some dialects [[[Dutch orthography|gaan]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ɣaːn] 'to go' More common in northern dialects.[8] See Dutch phonology
Georgian[9] ღარიბი [ɣɑribi] 'poor' May actually be post-velar or uvular
German[10][11] [[[German orthography|damalige]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈdaːmaːlɪɣə] 'former' Intervocalic allophone of /g/ in casual speech.[10][11] See German phonology
Ghari [cheghe] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [tʃeɣe] 'five'
Greek γάλα/gála [ˈɣɐlɐ] 'milk' See Modern Greek phonology
Gujarati વાઘણ [ʋɑ̤̈ɣəɽ̃] 'tigress' See Gujarati phonology
Gweno [ndeɣe] 'bird'
Gwich’in [videeghàn] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [viteːɣân] 'his/her chest'
Haitian Creole [diri] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [diɣi] 'rice'
Hän [dëgëghor] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [təkəɣor] 'I am playing'
Hebrew Yemenite מִגְדָּל [miɣdal] 'tower' See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindi[12] ग़रीब [ɣ̄əriːb] 'poor' Post-velar.[12] See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Icelandic [[[Icelandic orthography|saga]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language code: ic (help) [ˈsaːɣaː] 'saga' See Icelandic phonology
Irish [[[Irish orthography|dhorn]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ɣoːɾˠn̪ˠ] 'fist' See Irish phonology
Istro-Romanian[13] gură [ɣurə][stress?] 'mouth' Corresponds to [g][in which environments?] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Iwaidja [mulaɣa] 'hermit crab'
Japanese[14] はげ/[[[Romanization of Japanese#Hepburn|hage]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [haɣe] 'baldness' Allophone of /ɡ/, especially in fast or casual speech. See Japanese phonology
Kabardian гын [ɣən]ⓘ 'powder'
Lezgian гъел [ɣel] 'sleigh'
Limburgish[15][16][17][18] [gaw] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ɣɑ̟β̞] 'quick' The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.
Lithuanian humoras [ˈɣʊmɔrɐs̪] 'humour' Preferred over [ɦ]. See Lithuanian phonology
Luxembourgish[19] [Kugel] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈkʰuːɣəl] 'ball' Also described as uvular [ʁ].[20] Appears only in a few words.[19][20] See Luxembourgish phonology
Malay Kelantan dialect راماي/[[[Malay alphabet|ramai]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ɣamaː] 'crowded (with people)' /r/ in Standard Malay is barely articulated in almost all of the Malay dialects in Malaysia. Usually it is uttered as guttural R at initial and medial position of a word. See Malay phonology
Terengganu dialect
Negeri Sembilan dialect [ɣamai̯]
Pahang dialect [ɣamɛ̃ː]
Sarawak dialect [ɣamɛː]
Macedonian Berovo accent [[[Macedonian orthography|дувна]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈduɣna] 'it blew' Corresponds to etymological /x/ of other dialects, before sonorants. See Maleševo-Pirin dialect and Macedonian phonology
Bukovo accent [[[Macedonian orthography|глава]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈɡɣa(v)a] 'head' Allophone of /l/ instead of usual [ɫ]. See Prilep-Bitola dialect
Navajo [’aghá] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ʔaɣa] 'best'
Ngwe Mmockngie dialect [nøɣə̀] 'sun'
Northern Qiang ? [ɣnəʂ] 'February'
Occitan Gascon [digoc] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [diˈɣuk] 'said (3sg.)'
Pashto غاتر [ɣɑtər] 'mule'
Persian حقیقت [hæɣiːˈɣæt] 'truth' See Persian phonology
Polish [[[Polish alphabet|niechże]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈɲeɣʐɛ] 'let [intensified]' (imperative particle) Allophone of /x/ before voiced consonants. See Polish phonology
Portuguese European[21][22] [[[Portuguese orthography|agora]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [əˈɣɔɾə] 'now' Allophone of /ɡ/. See Portuguese phonology
Some Brazilian dialects[23] mármore [ˈmaɣmuɾi] 'marble', 'sill' Allophone of rhotic consonant (voiced equivalent to [x], itself allophone of /ʁ/) between voiced sounds, most often as coda before voiced consonants.
Punjabi ਗ਼ਰੀਬ [ɣəɾiːb] 'poor'
Ripuarian Colognian[citation needed] [noch ein[en]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈnɔɣ‿ən] 'another one' Allophone of word-final /x/; occurs only immediately before a word that starts with a vowel.[citation needed] See Colognian phonology
Kerkrade dialect[24] vroage [ˈvʁoə̯ɣə] [translation needed] Occurs only after back vowels.[24]
Romani γoines [ɣoines] 'good'
Russian Southern дорога [dɐˈro̞ɣa] 'road' Corresponds to /ɡ/ in standard
Standard угу [uɣu] 'uh-huh' Usually nasal, /g/ is used when spoken. See Russian phonology
Sardinian Nuorese dialect [súghere] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈsuɣɛrɛ] 'to suck' Allophone of /ɡ/
Scottish Gaelic [[[Scottish Gaelic orthography|laghail]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ɫ̪ɤɣal] 'lawful' See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian[25] ових би / [[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|ovih bi]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ǒ̞ʋiɣ bi] 'of these... would' Allophone of /x/ before voiced consonants.[25] See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Sindhi غم [ɣəmʊ] 'sadness'
Spanish amigo [a̠ˈmiɣo̟] 'friend' Ranges from close fricative to approximant.[26] Allophone of /ɡ/, see Spanish phonology
Swahili ghali [ɣali] 'expensive'
Swedish Westrobothnian[27] [jag] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [jɑ̝ːɣ] 'I' Allophone of /ɡ/. Occurs between vowels and in word-final positions.
Tajik ғафс [ɣafs] 'thick'
Tamazight aɣilas (aghilas) [aɣilas] 'leopard'
Turkish [[[Turkish alphabet|ağa]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [aɣa] 'agha' Deleted in most dialects. See Turkish phonology
Tutchone Northern [ihghú] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ihɣǔ] 'tooth'
Southern [ghra] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ɣra] 'baby'
Urdu غریب [ɣəriːb] 'poor' See Hindustani phonology
Uzbek[28] ёмғир/[yomgʻir] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ʝɒ̜mˈʁ̟ɨɾ̪] 'rain' Post-velar.[28]
Vietnamese[29] [[[Vietnamese alphabet|ghế]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ɣe˧˥] 'chair' See Vietnamese phonology
West Frisian [drage] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈdraːɣə] 'to carry' Never occurs in word-initial positions.
Yi ꊋ/[[[Yi script|we]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ɣɤ˧] 'win'

See also

References

  1. ^ Watson (2002), pp. 17 and 19-20.
  2. ^ Watson (2002), pp. 17, 19–20, 35-36 and 38.
  3. ^ a b c Watson (2002), p. 16.
  4. ^ Hualde (1991), pp. 99–100.
  5. ^ Wheeler (2005), p. 10.
  6. ^ a b Grønnum (2005:123)
  7. ^ a b Basbøll (2005:211–212)
  8. ^ Pieter van Reenen; Nanette Huijs (2000). "De harde en de zachte g, de spelling gh versus g voor voorklinker in het veertiende-eeuwse Middelnederlands" (PDF). Taal en Tongval, 52(Thema nr.), 159–181 (in Dutch). Retrieved 2009-05-04.
  9. ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
  10. ^ a b Krech et al. (2009:108)
  11. ^ a b Sylvia Moosmüller (2007). "Vowels in Standard Austrian German: An Acoustic-Phonetic and Phonological Analysis" (PDF). p. 6. Retrieved March 9, 2013.
  12. ^ a b Kachru (2006), p. 20.
  13. ^ Pop (1938), p. 30.
  14. ^ Okada (1991), p. 95.
  15. ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:159)
  16. ^ Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998:110)
  17. ^ Peters (2006:119)
  18. ^ Verhoeven (2007:221)
  19. ^ a b Trouvain & Gilles (2009), p. 75.
  20. ^ a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 68.
  21. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 92.
  22. ^ Mateus & d'Andrade (2000), p. 11.
  23. ^ Barbosa & Albano (2004), p. 228.
  24. ^ a b Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997:17)
  25. ^ a b Landau et al. (1999:67)
  26. ^ Phonetic studies such as Quilis (1981) have found that Spanish voiced stops may surface as spirants with various degrees of constriction. These allophones are not limited to regular fricative articulations, but range from articulations that involve a near complete oral closure to articulations involving a degree of aperture quite close to vocalization
  27. ^ http://runeberg.org/nfaq/0347.html
  28. ^ a b Sjoberg (1963), p. 13.
  29. ^ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.

Bibliography

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